Botanical Name: Abies pindrow Royle

Local Name: Achar

Common Names: Zarnab (U); West Himalayan Silver Fir (Eng.)
Habit: Tall coniferous tree of temperate regions
Part Used: Bark, leaves, trunk, cones
Local Uses: The leaves are used as substitute for tea. The plant provides useful timber for
building purposes. Wood is used in furniture, bridges, matches industry and beams. Branches are used for
burning purposes; leaves are used for placing fruits in crates. Cones are used as fuel and decoration.

Botanical Name: Acacia modesta Wall

Local Name: Palosa
Common Names: Phulai (U)
Habit: Tree
Part Used: Gum, leaves, flowers, sticks, wood
Local Uses: Gum is used as tonic, also used for curing of dysentery and weakness, stimulant and
demulcent. Branches are used as toothbrush. Leaves used as fodder for goats. Also used in fencing, as fuel
wood and by honeybees.

Botanical Name: Achyranthus aspera L.

Family: Amaranthaceae
Local Name: Gishkay
Common Names: Puthkanda (U)
Habit: A perennial wasteland herb
Part Used: Root, whole plant
Local Uses: Root infusion is used for removing stones from kidneys. Decoction of the plant is
diuretic, laxative and stomachic.

Botanical name: Acorus calamus L.

Local Name: Skhawaja.
Common names: Warch (U); Sweet flag (Engl.)
Habit: Herb of moist places
Part Used: Rhizome
Local Uses: The dried rhizome is crushed to powder and used in dysentery and chronic diarrhea.
The powder is mixed with mustard oil and applied externally for rheumatism. The rhizome is given to
children to bite during teething.

Botanical Name: Adiantum venestum D.Don.

Synonym: Adiantum capillus-veneris
Family: Adiantaceae
Local Name: Sumbal
Common Names: Persoshan (U); Maiden Hair Fern (Eng.)
Habit: Shade and moisture loving small fern
Part Used: Fronds, whole plant
Local Uses: Ornamental, fronds are used for curing scorpion bites. Juice of the frond is
expectorant, emetic and diuretic.

Botanical Name: Adiantum nigrum L.

Family: Adiantaceae
Local Name: Sumbal
Habit: Shade and moisture loving fern
Part Used: Fronds, whole plant
Local Uses: Ornamental, fronds are used for curing scorpion bites.
Botanical Name: Aesculus indica (Wall. ex. Cambl.) Hk.f.
Family: Hippocastanaceae
Local Name: Jawaz
Common Names: Horse Chestnut (Eng.)
Habit: A large deciduous tree of temperate areas
Part Used: Fruits, leaves, wood
Local Uses: Leaves are used as fodder. Nuts are colic, used for the cure of chest diseases in
horses, donkeys and mules. Wood is used in making furniture, agricultural appliances, gun buts, used for
burning purposes. Shade tree.

Botanical Name: Ailanthus altissima (Mill) Swingle

Family: Simarubaceae
Local Name: Backyanra
Common Names: Tree of Heaven (Eng.)
Habit: Large size fast growing cultivated tree
Part Used: Leaves, trunk, and bark
Local Uses: Leaves are used as fodder for cattle. The wood is used for construction and making
low class furniture, also used in making bee boxes and water-mill pulley. It is used as fuel wood. It is
considered as an invader species. Bark is anthelmintic. Bark juice is mixed with milk for curing dysentery
and diarrhea.

Botanical Name: Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex. Benth.

Family: Lamiaceae
Local Name: Khwaga Bootei
Common Names: Kauri Booti & Neel Khanti (U)
Habit: Shade loving herb growing in crevices
Part Used: Whole plant
Local Uses: Used as internal colic, also used for the treatment of achenes, decoction is useful for
curing jaundice, hypertension and sore throat.

Botanical Name: Allium cepa Linn,

Local Name: Piaz
Habit: A cultivated vegetable
Part Used: Bulbs, Leaves
Uses: The bulbs are stimulant. The leaves are diuretic, aphrodisiac and expectorant. Used
extensively (both fresh and dry) in cooking as spices and condiment. It is also antiseptic. Its juice is applied
to soothes the irritation caused by scorpion and hornet sting. Onion juice is administrated in Tobacco
poisoning. Its juice is also used as and ink by wizards. The script is invisible until it is exposed to sunlight or
smoke, after exposing beautiful pale brown orange writting appears on paper. It is also kept kept by the
Drads with them while crossing high altitude passes as it enhances the intake of oxygen.

Botanical Name: Allium sativum Linn

Local Name: Ooga
Habit: A common cultivated vegetable
Part Used: Bulbs, Leaves
Uses: Used extensively in cooking as flavouring agent, specie carminative, aromatic and
condiment. It is effective in heart diseases and hypertension. It is diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and
antiseptic. Decoction is effective in hysteria, flatulence, asthma and whooping cough. It is also used in
epilepsy. It is famous superstitiously if one keeps it evils (ghost) will stay away from him.
Botanical Name: Alnus nitida Endl
Local Name: Geiray
Habit: Tree growing along water courses.
Part Used: Wood, catkins
Uses: Wood is used as fuel, also used for making agriculture appliances. It is very useful to
prevent soil erosion. Catkins are used in cosmetics.

Botanical Name: Amaratus viridis Linn.

Syn: Amaranthus gracilis Linn
Local Name: Chalwaey
Habit: Annual herb every common in summer.
Part Used: Whole plant
Uses: Cooked as pot herb fresh fodder, used as emollient

Botanical Name: Andrancne cordifolia Muell.

Local Name: Krachay
Habit: A perennial herb
Part Used: Leaves, fruits
Uses: Vermifuge for cattle.

Botanical Name: Amaranthus spinosus Linn

Local Name: Chalwaey
Habit: A common annual weed at waste places
Part Used: Whole plant, leaves
Uses: Leaves are used as vegetable, it is fodder for sheep

Botanical Name: Apluda mutica Linn

Local Name: Wakha
Habit: Common grass
Part Used: Whole plant
Uses: It serves as fresh and dry fodder.

Botanical Name: Arisaema flavum schott

Local Name: Marjarai
Habit: Perennial herb of moist shady habitat.
Part Used: Rhizome, fruit.
Uses: The rhizome is poisnous. The red fruit is also poisonous causing numbness of
tongue. It is also believed to help in tracing bears.

Botanical Name: Artemisia scoporia Waldst and Ket.

Syn: Artemisia trichophylla Wall. Ex DC
Local Name: Jaukay
Habit: Leaves, shoots,seeds
Part Used: Leaves, shoots, seeds
Uses: Respiratory stimulant, anthelimintic and purgative. Used as cure for ear ache. Used
for burning. Shoots are used for making brooms for sweeping lawns and roofs of muddy houses, also used
in making edges of mud roofs. It is used for naming persons i.e Jaukay Sobidar.

Botanical Name: Aristida cyanatha Neez ex Steud

Local Name: Wakha
Habit: Common grass growing everywhere in plains and foot hills.
Part Used: Whole plant
Uses: Fresh and dry fodder for cattle
Botanical Name: Asparagus officinalis Linn.
Local Name: Tendorai
Habit: Perennial herb.
Part Used: Young shoots
Uses: Young shoots are used as vegetable.

Botanical Name: Asphodelus tenuifolius Cavan

Local Name: Piazakay, Oogakaey
Habit: Common spring weed
Part Used: Fresh leaves.
Uses: It is cooked with maize bread. Used as a condiment.

Botanical Name: Avena sativa Linn.

Local Name: Jamdar
Habit: An annual weed of wheat field.
Part Used: Whole plant
Uses: It is used as fodder for cattle.

Botanical Name: Berberis lycium Royle

Local Name: Kwaray
Habit: Spiny shrub of exposed places
Part Used: Leaves, stem, root, bark, branches.
Uses: Stomachic, intestinal colic, expectorant. Used in diarrhea, diuretic. Used in the
treatment of internal wound. Used in piles. It is also used in jaundice and other liver disorders. The fruits are
edible it is also used in fencing and Hedges specially against procopines. Name of a place “Kwaray”,
notorious for local wine distilleries.

Botanical Name: Bergenia himalyca Boriss

Local Name: Makanpat
Habit: Rhizomatous plant of shady moist habitat.
Part Used: Rhizome
Uses: It is used for discharge of pus in animals. It is used as a tonic, also used in muscular
pain.

Botanical Name: Brassica camapestris Linn.

Local Name: Sharshum
Habit: A cultivated vegetable and oil seed crop.
Part Used: Leaves, seeds
Uses: Young leaves and flowering tops are used as vegetable. Oil is extracted from seeds
which is used in cooking, massage of body and hair, used as ointment. Seed cakes locally known as “Khal”
is obtained after extracting oil and are used as fodder for cattle.

Botanical Name: Brassica campestris Linn . Var. rapa.

Local Name: Tepar
Habit: A cultivated vegetable
Part Used: Leaves, roots
Uses: Leaves and root is common vegetable. It is good for stomach and ulcer problems.

Botanical Name: Brassica olaraceae Linn . Var. botrytis

Local Name: Ghobi
Habit: A cultivated vegetable.
Part Used: Flower
Uses: Common vegetable. It usually causes gas trouble.
Botanical Name: Buxus sempervirense HK.f.
Local Name: Shamshad
Habit: Shrub growing under trees
Part Used: Whole plant, leaves, stem.
Uses: Used as fuel, also used in Rheumatism. It is diaphoretic, purgative, poisonous and
febrifuge, used in making wooden spoons and utensils.

Botanical Name: Calotropic procera (Willd.) R.Br.

Syn: Asciepias procera Willd.
Local Name: Spulmaey
Habit: Common weed of waste, dry and exposed.
Part Used: Whole plant.
Uses: Plant parts are crushed with raw sugar (gur) to make a paste which is applied over to
dog bites. Leaves are smoked to cure asthma and cough. Latix is utilized commonly in skin disorders. It is
poisonous.

Botanical Name: Calendula arvensis Linn.

Local Name: Zair gulae.
Habit: An annual wild herb.
Part Used: Leaves, flowers
Uses: The leaves and flowers are given to children who are suffering from scrofula. It is
used as tonic, it is diaphoretic and anthelmentic. The powdered leaf is used as snuff for the discharge of
mucus. It is honey bee species.

Botanical Name: Calendula officinale Linn.

Local Name: Zair gulae
Habit: A cultivated ornamental herb.
Part Used: Flowers, leaves.
Uses: Flowers and shoots are used to treat wounds. Flowers along with honey are
stimulant, astringent and antispasmodic. Honey bee species.

Botanical Name: Canabis sativa Linn.

Syn: Canabis indica Lamk.
Local Name: Bhang
Habit: An annual wild herb of waste places.
Part Used: leaves, flowering tops.
Uses: Sedative, tonic, narcotic, anodyne refrigerant. Juice added with milk and nuts to
make “Tandai” a cold drink which produces a pleasant excitement. “Charas” is also prepared from it. Honey
bee species.

Botanical Name: Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Bth ex HK.f.

Syn: Boucerosia edulis Edgew.
Local Name: Pamankay
Habit: A succulent perennial herb.
Part Used: Succulent stem
Uses: Vegetable, it is carminative. It is used by patients with diabetes. It is also used in
hypertension.

Botanical Name: Conyza canadensis Conquist

Local Name: Malloch
Habit: Common wild herb.
Part Used: Vegetative portion.
Uses: Fresh fodder, homeostatic, stimulant, diuretic,astringent, used in diarrhea and
dysentery.
 Botanical Name: Capsella bursa-pastoris (Linn.) Medic.
Local Name: Bambaisa
Habit: An annual weed.
Part Used: Leaves, flowering tops, seeds.
Uses: It is less commonly used as vegetable. Seeds are stimulant, diuretic astringent, also
used in dropsy. It is serves as fresh fodder.

Botanical Name: Capsicum annum Linn.

Local Name: Ghat Marchakay
Habit: An annual cultivated herb.
Part Used: Fruits
Uses: Vegetable, condiment, carminative. It is used as flavouring agent in rice.

Botanical Name: Celtis caucasica Linn.

Local Name: Tagha
Habit: A medium to tall size tree of foot hills
Part Used: Leaves, fruits, wood
Uses: Fuel wood, used in making agricultural tools, leaves are used as fodder, fruits are
edible which are refrigerant, also applied in colic, amenorrhoea and allergy.

Botanical Name: Clematis grata Wall.

Local Name: Ghrazela
Habit: Common wild climbing herb.
Part Used: Vegetative portion.
Uses: Fodder for sheep.

Botanical Name: Chenopodium album Linn.

Local Name: Sarmay
Habit: An annual wild weed of fields.
Part Used: Vegatative portion, roots.
Uses: It is used as pot herb, laxative, anthelmintic, roots used in Jaundice and urinary
problems. Also serves as a fresh fodder.

Botanical Name: Convolulus arvensis Linn.

Local Name: Prewatai
Habit: An annual climbing herb.
Part Used: Vegetative part
Uses: Fresh fodder, purgative, also applied in skin disorders. Wheat field weed.

Botanical Name: Colocasia esculentum Linn.

Local Name: Kachaloo
Habit: Cultivated vegetable
Part Used: Leaves, Underground stem.
Uses: Common vegetable, demulcent.

Botanical Name: Cotonester microphylla Wall

Local Name: Kharawa
Habit: A medium sized shrub.
Part Used: Whole plant.
Uses: It is used for thatching and sheltering roof. Used as fuelwood. It is also used for
fencing.
Botanical Name: Colchicum Luteum Baker.
Local Name: Suranjan-e-sherin
Habit: Rhizomatous plant of moist temperate forests.
Part Used: Rhizome
Uses: Used as blood purifier, it is laxative and aphrodisiac.

Botanical Name: Citrulus colocynthis Shard.

Syn: Cucumis colocynthis Linn
Local Name: Kalkundaey
Habit: A prostrate herb found in dry maize fields.
Part Used: Fruit
Uses: Fruit is administrated to cattle for intestinal disorders. Its juice is given in dropsy,
fruits are bitter and poisonous, careless use may proves fatal. Children play with the fruits.

Botanical Name: Coriandrum sativum Linn.

Local Name: Dhanyal
Habit: An annual cultivated herb
Part Used: Leaves, seeds
Uses: Condiment, aromatic, stimulant, flavouring agent, carminative, used in piles,
increases the secretion of gastric juices, used as Corrigan, fragrance digestive, fruits decoction is given in
colic, seeds create apetite. Oil is extracted from it, also used in naming i.e. Danyal.

Botanical Name: Cucumis sativus Linn.

Local Name: Badrang
Habit: Prostrate to climbing herb.
Part Used: Fruits
Uses: It is extensively used as salad. It is refrigerant.

Botanical Name: Cucurbita Spp.

Local Name: Bindol
Habit: A cultivated climbing herb.
Part Used: Long snake like fruits
Uses: It is a common vegetable. It is stomachic

Botanical Name: Cucurbita maxima Linn.

Local Name: Khog Kadoo
Habit: A cultivated prostrate to climbing herb.
Part Used: Fruits, seeds, leaves, young shoots, flowers
Uses: Young shoots, flowers and fruits are used as vegetable. It is used in ulcer or other
digestive problems, stomachic. Famous “Kadoo halva” is prepared from the fruit. Fruit pulp is also used in
confectionery, Jams and Jelleys. Seeds are used as anthelmintic. Seeds are also used in confectionery and
cakes. The name “Kadoo” is termed for an idiot person.

Botanical Name: Cucurbita pepo Linn.

Local Name: Gharangy Kadoo
Habit: An annual prostrate to climbing cultivated herb.
Part Used: Fruit
Uses: Fruit is used as vegetable. It is diet for patients suffering from Jaundice, heart and
stomach problems.
Botanical Name: Daphne oloides Schreb. Syn: Daphne mucronata Royle
Local Name: Laighonai
Habit: Common chrub.
Part Used: Fruits
Uses: The fruits are edible. It is poisonous to animals. Its poultice is used for sweeping and
rheumatism. It is also used as fuelwood. It has beautiful flowers and can be used as ornamental plant.

Botanical Name: Datura innoxia Mill

Local Name: Dhatura/Mangaz
Habit: Common waste land herb.
Part Used: Leaves, seeds
Uses: Leaves are applied externally in selling of limbs. Extract of leaves is helpful in
toothache, headache and epilepsy. Leaves extract effect the nervous system, overdose may induce vomiting,
coma and even death. Seeds are antipyretic and narcotic.

Botanical Name: Debregeasia salicifolia (D. Don) Rendle Syn: Boehmeria salicifollia D.Don
Local Name: Ajlai
Habit: A water course shrub.
Part Used: Branches, wood and fruits.
Uses: Fruits are edible. It is used as fuelwood. Branches are used in thatching. It is also
used as Hedge plant.

Botanical Name: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P.Beauv.

Local Name: Wakha.
Habit: A common grass.
Part Uses: Whole plant.
Uses: It serves as fresh and dry fodder.

Botanical Name: Dicanthium annulatum (Forssk)

Local Name: Wahka
Habit: Common medium sized grass.
Part Uses: Whole plant.
Uses: It serves as fresh and dry fodder.

Botanical Name: Diospyrus lotus Linn. (Fig. 3)

Local Name: Toor amlook
Habit: A wild medium sized tree.
Part Uses: Fruit, wood, leaves.
Uses: The wood is used in furniture. It is also used as fuel wood. Fruit are edible which are
carminative, putgative and causes flatulence, leaves serves as fodder.

Botanical Name: Diospyrus kaki Linn .(Fig. 4)

Local Name: Ziar Amlook
Habit: This Japanese persimmon is grafted in the local Diospyrus lotus.
Part Uses: Fruit, wood.
Uses: It is very common commercial fruit tree of Malam Jabba valley. It is used in dry and
fresh form and is very delicious. It is laxative. The wood is utilized as fuel.

Botanical Name: Diplachne fusca (L.) P. Beauv.

Local Name: Bangaya
Habit: A medium sized grass of dry habitat.
Part Uses: Whole plant.
Uses: It is used as fodder for cattle.
Botanical Name: Dodonea viscosa (L.) Jacq. (Fig. 5)
Local Name: Ghwaraskay.
Habit: A shrubby plant of exposed dry habitat.
Part Uses: Leaves, seed, wood.
Uses: It is used as astringent. It is used as rheumatism, swelling and burns. It is used in
thatching and fencing. Its shoots are tied to make brooms. It is fragrant. It is also planted as ornamental and
hedge plant.

Botanical Name: Dryopteris stewartii More K ze.

Local Name: Unknown.
Habit: A fern of moist shady areas.
Part Uses: Young fronds.
Uses: It serves as ornamental plant.

Botanical Name: Fragaria indica Andrew.

Local Name: Da Zamki Toot.
Habit: A perennial prostrate herb.
Part Uses: Fruits.
Uses: Fruits are edible and are laxative.

Botanical Name: Echinops graffithianus Boiss.

Local Name: Unknown
Habit: A common spiny weed of exposed sites.
Part Uses: Roots and stem.
Uses: It is considered as spiny weed. Stem and leaves are diuretic and aphrodiasic.

Botanical Name: Equisetum arvense Linn.

Local Name: Bandakay.
Habit: A tall narrow herb of moist habitat.
Part Uses: Shoots.
Uses: The extract of shoots mixed with mustered oil I used as hair tonic and antilice. It is
used for cleaning and washing utensils.

Botanical Name: Ehretia obtusifolia Hochst . ex DC. (Fig . 6)

Syn: Ehretia obvata R. Br.
Local Name: Ghada botay.
Habit: A medium sized shrub.
Part Uses: Leaves, braches.
Uses: Leaves serves as fodder for cattle, fuel wood.

Botanical Name: Euphorbia helioscopa Linn.

Local Name: Prewatka.
Habit: An annual weed of fields.
Part Uses: Shoots, roots and latex.
Uses: It is cathartic, anthelmintic. Juice is applied to eruption; latex is poisonous and causes
swellings on skin. It also causes irritation. It is also used as fish poison. When it is cooked with other pot
herb, it depresses its flavour.

Botanical Name: Euphoriba prostrata Ait.

Local Name: Warmaga.
Habit: A prostrate annual herb.
Part Uses: Whole plant.
Uses: The decoction and its paste is used for dermatophytes, specially ring worms. Paste is
also applied in skin diseases. It is grazed by goats. Bad looking weed in lawns.
 Botanical Name: Euphorbia wallichii Hk.f.
Local Name: Shangla
Habit: A common herb in moist temperate forests.
Part Uses: Latex, shoots.
Uses: It is poisonous; highly laxative causes severe diarrhea and dysentery. It is name of a
place i.e. Shanglapar District.

Botanical Name: Eriophorum comosum (Wall ex Roxb) Nees.

Local Name: Wakha
Habit: Grass of dry habitat.
Part Uses: Shoots
Uses: It is fodder of low quality.

Botanical Name: Eucalptus globulus.

Local Name: Lachi.
Habit: Tall cultivated tree.
Part Uses: Leaves, oil, stem.
Uses: Fuel wood, used in making furniture, beams. It is used as flavoring agent, antiseptic,
ant periodic. Leaves used in the form of cigarette for asthma. Introduced species. Honey bee species.

Botanical Name: Ficus carica Forsk

Local Name: Inzar
Habit: Medium sized cultivated tree.
Part Uses: Fruits, latex, leaves, wood.
Uses: It is laxative and demulcent. Used in constipation, piles and urinary bladder
problems. Latex is used to make removal of spines and thorns easy. It is considerd as a holy tree.
Superstitious stories are related, if one saw its flower will become rich. Inzargul (flower of fig) is used for a
person who meets after a long time, it is also name of a person. Fuel wood, fruits are also dried. Leaves
serve as fodder.

Botanical Name: Ficus palmate Forsk

Syn: Ficus varigata Roxb.
Local Name: Inzar
Habit: A medium sized wild tree growing on slopes.
Part Uses: Fruits, latex, leaves, wood.
Uses: Laxative, demulcent. Used in constipation, piles and bladder diseases. Fruits are used
both dry and fresh. It is holy, superstitious and used for naming. Leaves are used as fodder. Braches are used
as fuelwood.

Botanical Name: Gentiana kurroo Royle.

Local Name: Unknown
Habit: Small herb is exposed habitat.
Part Uses: Corms, root.
Uses: Root is tonic, stomachic, febrifuge. Used for fattening of horses.

Botanical Name: Geranium collinum Steph ex Willd.

Local Name: Srazella
Habit: A perennial herb.
Part Uses: Whole plant.
Uses: Decoction of plant is antipyretic tonic and also used for curing cough and cold.
Botanical Name: Gymnosporia royleana Wall ex Lawson
Local Name: Soor azghay.
Habit: A spiny shrub of foot hills
Part Uses: Whole plant.
Uses: Young shoots are fodder for goat. It is also used as a hedge plant and fuel wood.

Botanical Name: Hedera nepalensis K. Koch.

Local Name: Da Wano kalay.
Habit: Tall liana climbing trees.
Part Uses: Leaves.
Uses: It is used as fresh fodder. Juice is used in first aid. It is ornamental. It is famous as an
anticancer.

Botanical Name: Helianthus annuus Linn.

Local Name: Nwar parast.
Habit: A tall cultivated herb.
Part Uses: Seed, flowers.
Uses: Seeds yield edible oil used as best oil for cooking, seeds are laxative and diuretic. It
is planted for ornamental purposes. Honey bee species.

Botanical Name: Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. Ex. Roem. & Schult.
Local Name: Barwaza.
Habit: A medium sized grass.
Part Uses: Leaves.
Uses: It is layered on the floors of old mosques and serves as a mat and insulting agent.

Botanical Name: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.

Syn: Hibiscus esculentus Linn.
Local Name: Bhindi.
Habit: A cultivated vegetable in summer.
Part Uses: Fruits
Uses: It is extensively used as vegetable. It is emollient, demulcent and diuretic, it causes
constipation.

Botanical Name: Indigeofera heterantha Wall. Ex Brand.

Syn: Indigeofera gerardiana Wall ex Baker.
Local Name: Ghoureja.
Habit: A medium sized shrub of exposed habitat.
Part Uses: Shoots, braches.
Uses: Shoots serve as fodder for goats. Young branches are twisted into ropes, they are tied
to make brooms for cleaning roofs and lawns. It is used for thatching and fencing. It serves as fuelwood,
wood ash is used for making snuff. It is honey bee species. Name of place i.e. Gjpireja.

Botanical Name: Ipomoea carica Jacq.

Syn: Ipomoea palmata Forssk.
Local Name: Unknown.
Habit: A wild climbing weed in maize field.
Part Uses: Whole plant.
Uses: It is used as fodder when weeded out.

Botanical Name: Jasminum humile Linn.

Local Name: Zair Rambail Chambail/Yasmin.
Habit: A wild ornamental climbing shrub.
Part Uses: Flowers, whole plant.
Uses: It is ornamental. Root decoction is used for curing ringworms.
 Botanical Name: Jasminum officinale Linn.
Local Name: Spin Rambail Chambail, Yasmin.
Habit: A wild cultivated ornamental plant.
Part Uses: Whole plant.
Uses: Diuretic, anthelmetic. Flowers used in skin diseases, headache. Used in mouth rash.
Oil is rubbed on heart as nerve sedative. Ornamental and fragrant. It is famous that when it blooms its
fragrance attracts snakes.

Botanical Name: Justicia adhatoda L.

Synonym: Adhatoda vasica Nees .
Family: Acanthaceae
Local Name: Baikar
Common Names: Arusa & Bhekar (U); Malabar Nut & Casaka (Eng.)
Habit: Non palatable shrub
Part Used: Root and leaves
Local Uses: Roots are used in rheumatism, pneumonia and cough. Leaves are applied to reduce
swelling. The decoction of leaves is antispasmodic, expectorant, abortifacient and also used for curing
dysentery in cattle. It is also used in scabbies and other skin disorders. Used in snakebites, eye and ear
ailments. Antiseptic and insect repellent. Honey Bee species.

Botanical Name: Juglans regia Linn.

Local Name: Ghuz
Habit: A wild/cultivated large deciduous tree.
Part Uses: Nut, bark, leaves, wood.
Uses: It is used in standered furniture, also used for carving. Bark (Dandasa) is used for
cleaning and sparkling of teeth. Leaves are also used as lips make up. Nuts can infect throat due to its oily
nature. It has warm nature and can cause jaundice. It is also used as a dye. Used in naming i.e. “Ghuz”.
Decoction of leaves is given in eczema and intestinal worms.

Botanical Name: Limmonium gilesii (Hemsl. & Aitch) Rech. f.

Local Name: Watwatakay.
Habit: Succulent herb of dry exposed hills.
Part Uses: Whole plant.
Uses: Plant can be used as ornamental.

Botanical Name: Lathyrus sativus Linn.

Local Name: Chillo.
Habit: A prostrate herb.
Part Uses: Seeds, vegetative portion.
Uses: It is used as a fresh fodder. Seeds are also eaten.

Botanical Name: Lathyrus apache Linn.

Local Name: Kurkamanay.
Habit: Prostrate herb.
Part Used: Young shoots.
Uses: It is used as pot herb, also eaten by children as it has a very pleasant taste. It is also
used as a fodder.

Botanical Name: Luffa cylindrica (L.) Room.

Syn: Luffa aegyptica Miller. ex Hk. f.
Local Name: Torai.
Habit: A cultivated climbing vegetable.
Part Uses: Fruits.
Uses: Fruits are used as vegetable, good for stomach and ulcer problems. Dried fruit case is
used for cleaning utensils.
Botanical Name: Malus pumila Mill.
Syn: Pyrus malus Linn.
Local Name: Manra.
Habit: A cultivated fruit trtee with many varities.
Part Uses: Fruits, flowers, wood.
Uses: Valuable commercial fruit, purgative, source of iron, expectorant, used in jams,
jelleys and good for heart. Wood is hard and is used for agriculture tools, branches serves as fuelwood.

Botanical Name: Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.

Syn: Mentha sylvestris Linn.
Local Name: Villanay.
Habit: A perennial herb of moist area.
Part Uses: Whole plant.
Uses: Dried leaves powder is used in chatney, stomachic, carminative. It is used in diarrhea
and dysentery. It is used with boiled eggs as tonsilites. It is stimulant and Rheumatic. It is aromatic and
applied in various gastric problems. It is cooked with maize cobs as flavouring and carminative agent.

Botanical Name: Mentha spicata Linn.

Syn: Mentha viridus Linn.
Local Name: Podina.
Habit: A perennial cultivated herb.
Part Uses: Leaves.
Uses: The leaves are used in chatnies, leaves used as salad, spice, stimulant, carminative.
Decoction of leaves is used as mouth wash. It is helpful in dyspepsia.

Botanical Name: Melia azedarach Linn.

Local Name: Tora Bikyana, Shandai.
Habit: A medium sized wild/cultivated tree.
Part Uses: Whole tree.
Uses: Bark is cathartic and emetic. Flowers applied as poultice, decoction of leaves is used
in hysteria. Seeds used in rheumatism, also used in blood pressure. Ripened fruits are used against diabetes.
Timber wood, used in making furniture. Shade tree. Leaves used as fodder. Ornamental. It is also a honey
bee species.

Botanical Name: Malva neglecta Wall.

Local Name: Panerak, Samchal
Habit: A cultivated hurb
Part Uses: Leaves
Uses: It is used a pot herb. It is also ornamental.

Botanical Name: Mirabilis jalapa Linn.

Local Name: Gul-e-Bada.
Habit: A perennial ornamental herb.
Part Uses: Leaves.
Uses: A hot poultice of leaves is used to mature and resolve boils.

Botanical Name: Morchella esculenta (Linn.) Pers ex Fr.

Local Name: Goujai
Habit: Mushroom of moist temperate habitat.
Part Uses: Whole
Uses: It is very costly and delicious mushroom. It is collected, sold in the local market and
then exported. It has also medicinal value.
Botanical Name: Micromeria biflora (Bunhi Ham ex D. Don. Benth)
Local Name: Unknown
Habit: Small herb of crevices.
Part Uses: None.
Uses: No local use known

Botanical Name: Morus alba Linn.

Local Name: Spin toot.
Habit: A cultivated or wild deciduous tree.
Part Uses: Fruit, leaves, branches, trunk.
Uses: Fruit are eaten both fresh and dry. They are laxative, purgative. Leaves are emollient,
used for cleaning throat, cooling agent, anthelmintic and astringent. Baskets are also made from the flexible
branches. Wood is used in furniture. Leaves were once used in rearing silk worms. Leaves are eaten by
goats and sheep. Planted as shade tree.

Botanical Name: Morus nigra Linn.

Local Name: Toor Toot.
Habit: A cultivated or wild deciduous tree.
Part Uses: Leaves, wood, branches, tree.
Uses: Fruits are eaten however they are laxative, leaves are emollient, used for cleaning
throat, cleaning agent, anthelmintic and astringent. Baskets are made of flexible branches. Wood is used in
making furniture. Shade tree, fuelwood, leaves are fodder for sheep and goats.

Botanical Name: Myrsine Africana Linn.

Local Name: Maru-rang
Habit: A medium sized shrub.
Part Uses: Whole plant.
Uses: Used in mudroof thatching, fuelwood and fodder for goat.

Botanical Name: Myrtus cummunis Linn.

Local Name: Manro
Habit: A medium sized shrub.
Part Uses: Leaves, fruits.
Uses: Used for fragrance in tea, used as spices. Carminative, appetizer, flavouring agent,
digestive. Fruits are edible, develop taste. Used in naming by Dards i.e. “Manro”.

Botanical Name: Memordica charantia Linn.

Local Name: Karela
Habit: A cultivated prostrate to climbing herb.
Part Uses: Fruit
Uses: It is used as vegetable, also used for curing fever. It is expectorant.

Botanical Name: Narcissus tazetta Linn.

Local Name: Gul-e-Gangass, Gul-e-Nargis.
Habit: A perennial herb of graveyards flowering in early spring.
Part Uses: Flowers.
Uses: Cultivated for ornamental purposes. Juice is purgative and emetic. Used in naming
i.e. “Nargis”. It is honey bee species.
Botanical Name: Nasturtium officinale R. Br.
Local Name: Talmeera.
Habit: A perennial herb of moist habitat.
Part Uses: Vegetative portion.
Uses: It is used as vegetable, salad and pot herb, it is anticorbic, stomachic, Apitizer and
diuretic and it is also used in chest problems.

Botanical Name: Nerium indicum Mill .(Fig.7)

Syn: Nerium odorum Soland.
Local Name: Ganderay
Habit: A huge shrub of water courses.
Part Uses: Flowers, leaves, root.
Uses: Decoction of leaves in paste form is applied externally on the skin to cure certain
skin diseases. Root is used in snake bites. It is poisonous. It is ornamental. Honey bee species.

Botanical Name: Nicotiana tabaccum Linn.

Local Name: Tambacco
Habit: Cultivated herb.
Part Uses: Leaves
Uses: It is important cash crop. Used in snuff, applied to wounds, antiseptic, narcotic, used
for making cigararettes. After removal of leaves the stems are dried and used for burning.

Botanical Name: Olea ferrugenea Royle

Local Name: Khona
Habit: Tall evergreen tree specified to graveyards.
Part Uses: Fruits, leaves, trunk
Uses: Fruit is eaten, antidiabetic, leaves used in toothache, astringent, antiseptic, diuretic,
antiperiodic. Used in soar throat. Oil is obtained from seeds. Holy tree, grown in shrines and grave yards.
Used for making agricultural tools, fuelwood. Used in naming i.e. “Khona Gul”

Botanical Name: Origanum vulgare Linn.

Syn: origanum normal D.Don
Local Name: Shamakay
Habit: A perennial herb.
Part Uses: Vegetative portion.
Uses: Used as fresh fodder. Used in tooth ache and ear ache, it is diuretic also used for
washing utensils.

Botanical Name: Oryza sativa Linn.

Local Name: Sholy
Habit: Cultivated staple crop where there is plenty of water.
Part Uses: Graoms, straw
Uses: It is important cereal crop. Source of starch, Hay is used as fodder. It is also for
cleaning and washing utensils.

Botanical Name: Onychium japonicum (Thunb.). Kze

Local Name: Not known
Habit: Fern of moist temperate forests.
Part Uses: Whole plant.
Uses: It is ornamental.
Botanical Name: Otostegia limbata (Bth.) Boiss
Syn: Ballota limbata Bth.
Local Name: Spin azghay, Pishkanr.
Habit: A small sized shrub.
Part Uses: Leaves.
Uses: Used in gum diseases and curing of wounds.

Botanical Name: Oxalis corniculata Linn.

Local Name: Manzakay Tarookay.
Habit: A perennial herb.
Part Uses: Leaves
Uses: Used in stomach problems, refrigerant, vermifuge, it is used for developing taste,
also used for sensitive teeth. Decoction of leaves is given in fever and dysentery.

Botanical Name: Papaver rhoeas Linn

Local Name: Alak Janaey
Habit: An annual plant flowering early in spring.
Part Uses: Flowering tops, fruits
Uses: Slight sedative, children play games with flower buds.

Botanical Name: Papaver somniferum Linn.

Local Name: Qash-Qash
Habit: A rarely cultivated herb on margins of gardens
Part Uses: Latex, seeds.
Uses: Latex is obtained from unripe fruit by making incision in it which is norcotic,
anodyne, sedative increases excitement and physical vigor, source of some 24 alkaloids however due to its
narcotic use it is completely banned by the government (with USAID). It is a source of afyne and heroin. It
was used as a weapon of war against the Chinese. Seed are used as tonic. It is now restricted to gardens and
is planted for ornamental purposes. It is honey bee species.

Botanical Name: Paeonia emodi Wall ex Hk. f.

Local Name: Mamaikh
Habit: A perennial herb.
Part Uses: Rhizome.
Uses: Roots and rhizomes are used to cure backbone ache. It is also tonic, emetic and
cathartic. It is blood purifier. It is also used in dropsy, epilepsy. It is colic.

Botanical Name: Plantago lanceolatum Linn.

Local Name: Jabai
Habit: An annual herb.
Part Uses: Leaves, fruits, seeds
Uses: Extract of leaves is applied to sore, wounds and inflamed surface laxative, used in
dysentery, mouth diseases. Check taste power.

Botanical Name: Polygonum arenastrum boreau

Local Name: Not known
Habit: A perennial herb of moist habitat.
Part Uses: Whole plant
Uses: Astringent, used for curing ulcer and warts.

Botanical Name: Polygonum barbatum Linn.

Local Name: Pulpulak
Habit: A perennial herb of moist habitat.
Part Uses: Shoots
Uses: Used as fish poison. The leaves are crushed with sand to kill fish.
Botanical Name: Polygonum amplexicaulis HK. f.
Local Name: Tarva parna.
Habit: A perennial herb of temperate habitat.0
Part Uses: Shoots, leaves.
Uses: The youngest shoots are used for curing ulcer.

Botanical Name: Portulaca olearacea Linn.

Local Name: Warkharae.
Habit: A cultivated herb.
Part Uses: Vegetative portion
Uses: It is used as pot herb which is refrigerant, alterative, it is also used in kidney, liver,
urinary bladder and lungs problems.
Botanical Name: Podophyllum emodi Wall. Ex Royle
Local Name: Kakora
Habit: A shade loving herb
Part Uses: Rhizome
Uses: It is used as hepatic stimulant, purgative and emetic.

Botanical Name: Populus caspica Bornm

Syn: Pinus longifolia Roxb. Ex Lamb
Local Name: Nakhtar
Habit: A characteristic tree of subtropical pine forest.
Part Uses: Whole tree.
Uses: Timber wood, fuel wood, used for making furniture, cones are used for burning and
decoration purposes. It yields edible seeds. Leaves are used for sheltering and for keeping fruits in crates. It
yields Resin and turpentine. Resin locally known as “Jaula” is stimulant used in ulcer, snake bites, scorpion
stings and blood purifier. It is used in skin diseases. Saw dust is used by barbars to warm water; it is also
used for cleaning utensils. Its name “Nakhtar” is termed for a tall person.

Botanical Name: Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson

Syn: Pinus excelsa Wall
Local Name: Peeuch
Habit: A characteristic tall tree of moist temperate habitat.
Part Uses: Whole tree
Uses: Turpentine is obtained. Tar is applied as protective varnish to wood work. Sugary
exudant is eaten by people. It is second best timber wood in Pakistan used for house building, making
furniture, used in match industry, making bridges and beams. Used in paper industry. Cones are used for
burning and ornamental purposes. Branches are used as fuel wood.

Botanical Name: Picea smithiana (Wall) Boiss

Local Name: Mangazaey
Habit: Characteristic conifer of moist temperate forest.
Part Uses: Whole tree
Uses: It provides timber wood, used in bridges, building houses, fuel wood. Used in match
industry. Leaves are used to keep fruits in crates.

Botanical Name: Pisum sativum Linn.

Local Name: Matar
Habit: A cultivated climbing herb
Part Uses: Seeds, leaves.
Uses: Its leaves and seeds are extensively used as vegetable in winter. Honey bee species.
Botanical Name: Platanus orientalis Linn
Local Name: Chinar
Habit: A cultivated/wild huge deciduous tree.
Part Uses: Whole tree
Uses: It is best hard wood for making furniture it is planted as a shade
and ornamental tree. Bark is given in tooth ache and diarrhea.
Used as fuel wood. Its name “’Chinar’’ is used in naming people a
and Places i.e. Chinar camp, Chinar and parachinar. Maple leaf is
Symbol of Kashmir and Canada.

Botanical Name: Plectranthus rugosus Wall. Ex Bth

Local Name: Burtus, Spirkay
Habit: A medium sized shrub of exposed dry places.
Part Uses: Branches
Uses: It is used for thatching and sheltering, it is fodder for goats. Decoction of leaves is
antiseptic. It is aromatic. It serves as fuel wood. It is honey bee species.

Botanical Name: Prunus domestica Linn.

Local Name: Alucha.
Habit: A medium sized cultivated fruit tree with many varieties.
Part Uses: Fruit, wood, leaves.
Uses: Commercial fruit tree used in Jams and Jelleys. It is laxative. In dry form the fruits
are used as flavouring agent in rice and meat. Fruit pulp is also used in chutnies (Murabba). Wood is used
for burning. Leaves serves as fresh foddedr . it is honey bee species.

Botanical Name: Prnus armeniaca Marsh.

Local Name: Khubanai
Habit: A cultivated fruit tree with many varities.
Part Uses: Fruit, wood, leaves, seeds.
Uses: Fruit and seeds are eaten both dry and fresh. Gum is obtained from stem, famous as
anticancer. People who eat its fruit are said to be long-lived, fuel wood. Its leaves serve as fresh fodder.

Botanical Name: Prunus persica Linn.

Syn: Amagdalus persica Linn
Local Name: Shaltalu
Habit: A small sized wild/cultivated fruit tree with many varieties.
Part Uses: Fruit, leaves, wood.
Uses: Fruits edible, fuelwood, leaves as fodder. Name of a place i.e. “Shaltalu”.

Botanical Name: Punica granatum Linn.

Local Name: Ananghorai
Habit: A wild/cultivated fruit yielding small bush like tree.
Part Uses: Fruit, bark, leaves.
Uses: Leaves are used in skin diseases, also used in dysentery. Fruit is astringent and
cooling, its juice is syptic and blood purifier. Fruit pericarp is used for whooping cough, it is laxative. Seeds
are dried and used as “anardana” which is condiment and used as spices, used in place of tomato in curries.
Bark of stem and root is anthelimintic. It is used as mouthwash, antipyretic and expectorant. It is also used
in naming i.e. “Anar Gul”.

Botanical Name: Pteredium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

Syn: Pteris equilinum Linn
Local Name: Kwanjai
Habit: A perennial fern of moist shady area.
Part Uses: The young fronds.
Uses: The fronds are used as pot herb. It is cooked with whey. Dard people use it for
naming i.e. “Kwanjai”. It is ornamental.
 Botanical Name: Pyrus pashia Ham ex. D. Don
Local Name: Tangai
Habit: A wild fruit tree
Part Uses: Fruits, wood.
Uses: Fruits are eaten which are astringent, febrifuge, sedative and laxative. Fuel wood. It
serves as root stock for grafting apple and pear. Honey bee species.

Botanical Name: Quercus dialatata Lindle ex Royle

Local Name: Spin banj.
Habit: A slow growing tree.
Part Uses: Wood, nuts
Uses: It is fuel wood species, yields timber; roasted seeds are eaten, astringent diuretic,
used in diarrhea, indigestion and asthma. Children play marbles with seeds. Due to its toughness the wood is
used in agricultural tools, handles of plough, axes, gun, buts and walking sticks. Seed heads are used as
playing cups by children.

Botanical Name: Quercus incana Roxb.

Local Name: Toor banj
Habit: A slow growing tree.
Part Uses: Wood.
Uses: It is timber yielding tree, used as fuel wood. It is also used for making agricultural
tools specially ploughs, handles.

Botanical Name: Ranunculus aquatalis Linn.

Local Name: Jaghagha
Habit: An equatic herb
Part Uses: Whole plant.
Uses: It is slight poisnous. Decoction of plant is used in asthma and periodic fever. It is
purgative for goat.

Botanical Name: Raphanus sativus Linn

Local Name: Mooley.
Habit: Cultivated herb.
Part Uses: Young leaves, root.
Uses: Young leaves and roots are used as pot herb, extensively used as salad which is
digestive, carminative and diuretic. It is also used in jaundice, piles and urinary diseases.

Botanical Name: Ricinis communis Linn.

Local Name: Herhanda
Habit: A perennial herbaceous shrub.
Part Uses: Leaves, seeds, oil.
Uses: Leaves are emetic, narcotic, poisoning, purgative, poultice is applied to swellings.
Castor oil is purgative, oil is given in constipation before and after child birth to mother. Seeds are sedative.

Botanical Name: Rosa moschata J. Herm.

Local Name: Zangaley Gulab
Habit: Climbing shrub of hilly areas.
Part Uses: Flowers, branches
Uses: Ornamental, flowers used for fragrance. It is also used in fencing and hedges. Honey
bee species. Used in naming i.e. Gulab Khan.
Botanical Name: Rosa spp.
Local Name: Palwari
Habit: Climbing to prostrate shrub.
Part Uses: Flowers, branches
Uses: It is ornamental. Usually cultivated at the edge of fields as fencing and hedge plant.
Honey bee species.

Botanical Name: Robinia pseudoaccacia Linn.

Local Name: Kikar
Habit: A cultivated tree.
Part Uses: Flowers, wood.
Uses: It is introduced and cultivated for erosion and fuelwood. Flowers are used for
ornamental purposes, leaves serves as fodder for goats, also used in fencing and hedges. It is honey bee
species.

Botanical Name: Rubus ellipticus Smith.

Local Name: Sra karwara
Habit: A climbing shrub.
Part Uses: Fruit, leaves.
Uses: Leaves serve as fodder for goats, hedge plant.

Botanical Name: Rubus fruticousus Hk. f.

Local Name: Karwara
Habit: A prostrate to climbing shrub.
Part Uses: Fruits, leaves, shoots
Uses: Leaves are used for the treatment of diarrhea, cough, fever, used as diuretic; fruits are
edible, carminative, used in jams and jelly’s. Leaves are fodder for goat. Used for fencing and hedges.

Botanical Name: Rumex nepalensis Spreng.

Local Name: Shalkhay
Habit: A perennial herb.
Part Uses: Leaves, roots
Uses: Leaves serve as pot herb, they are diuretic, astringent and demulcent, it also soothes
the irritation caused by urtica dioca. Roots are also astringent.

Botanical Name: Rumex hastatus Linn

Local Name: Tarookay
Habit: Common plant of cliffs.
Part Uses: Leaves, young shoots.
Uses: Used in “ Chattni” for its sour taste, leaves are carminative, purgative, astringent,
diuretic, stomachic and flavoring agent.

Botanical Name: Saccharum bengalnese Retz.

Local Name: Sharghashay
Habit: A grass of water course and field margins.
Part Uses: Leaves stem.
Uses: Used for thatching, it is also used for making baskets and brooms.

Botanical Name: Saccharum spontaneum Linn.

Local Name: Kahai
Habit: A grass of moist, marchy habitat.
Part Uses: Leaves and calums (stem)
Uses: It is used in making winnowing trays, locally known as “Chaj” brooms and baskets.
It is also used for thatching roofs.
 Botanical Name: Salix babylonica Linn
Local Name: Wala.
Habit: Dicidous tree along water courses
Part Uses: Whole tree.
Uses: Fuelwood, small sticks are cut and used in weaving cloth and “azarband” at homes,
used in making cricket bats and light furniture. It is ornamental, mud supporter and prevent erosion. There is
a very interesting Pushto sentences “Da-waley-Waley-waley-waley” means “why are you hiting willows of
the stream”.

Botanical Name: Salix tetrasperma Roxb.

Local Name: Wala
Habit: A deciduous tree along water courses.
Part Uses: Whole tree.
Uses: Fuel wood, planted along water courses to prevent soil erosion. It is also mud
supporter. It is used in making cricket bat and light furniture.

Botanical Name: Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv

Local Name: Wakha
Habit: Small grass of fields and waste areas.
Part Uses: Vegetative portion.
Uses: Fodder for cattle.

Botanical Name: Senecio chrysenthemoides D.C.

Local Name: Ziar gualay.
Habit: A perennial herb.
Part Uses: Flowers
Uses: Ornamental.

Botanical Name: Silene vulgaris Linn.

Local Name: Manghotay
Habit: An annual weed of wheat field.
Part Uses: Young shoots, fruits.
Uses: Young shoots are used as vegetable. It has some cosmetic value as seeds and leaves
paste is used for whitening of skin.

Botanical Name: Solanum miniatum Benth. Ex Wild

SYN: Solanum nigrum L.
Local Name: Kachmachu
Habit: A wild herb
Part Uses: Berries, leaves.
Uses: Vegetable, fresh fodder, expectorant, used in certain skin diseases, used for washing
and cleaning wounds. Hot leaves are used as poultice. It is carminative tonic and diuretic. It is also used in
dropsy and jaundice.

Botanical Name: Solanum surratense Burm. f.

Syn:Solanum xanthocrpum Schard-ex Whendl.
Local Name: Manraghonay.
Habit: A small spiny prostrate herb.
Part Uses: Whole plant.
Uses: The whole plant is expectorant bitter, stomachic and diuretic. It is used in asthma,
cough, fever pain in chest and gonorrhea.
Botanical Name: Solanum tuburosum Linn.
Local Name: Aloo
Habit: A cultivated tuberous herb.
Part Uses: Underground tubers.
Uses: Used as vegetable, important source of starch and proteins, causes gas trouble,
cooked in a number of ways.

Botanical Name: Solanum esculentum Linn.

Local Name: Batinganr.
Habit: A cultivated herb.
Part Uses: Fruit
Uses: It is common vegetable, it causes mouth rash.

Botanical Name: Sorgham halepense (Linn) Bres

Local Name: Dadum
Habit: Perennial rhizomatous weed.
Part Uses: Vegetative part.
Uses: It serves as fodder in low qualities, drinking of water after eating it can cause
flatulence and proves fatal for the cattle.

Botanical Name: Spinacea oleracea Linn.

Local Name: Palak.
Habit: A cultivated vegetable of autumn.
Part Uses: Leaves.
Uses: It serves as common vegetable. It can cause kidney stones.

Botanical Name: Thalictrum foliosum D.C.

Local Name: Mamera.
Habit: A rhizomatous herb of temperate areas.
Part Uses: Rhizome.
Uses: It is used in several eye disorders.

Botanical Name: Taraxacum officinale Webber.

Local Name: Zair gulae.
Habit: A perennial herb.
Part Uses: Flower, root, leaves
Uses: It is used against tumors. It is purgative, diuretic, tonic, mild laxative, used as remedy
for kidney and liver diseases. It is also helping in the flow of bile, it is ornamental.

Botanical Name: Taxus wallichiana

Local Name: Banya
Habit: Conifer of moist temperate forest.
Part Uses: Whole tree, leaves.
Uses: Leaves used in bronchitis, whooping cough and asthma. It is also used in indigestion
and epilepsy, leaves and fruits are sedative and antiseptic, wood is used in building roofs and due to its
durability to heavy snow they are placed on graves. Leaves are source of taxicol.
Botanical Name: Trifolium repense Linn.
Local Name: Shautal
Habit: A wild/cultivated herb.
Part Uses: Whole plant.
Uses: It is used as fodder for cattle. It is also use as a pot herb. It increases soil fertility and
as cultivated as crop rotation.
Botanical Name: Tagates minuta Linn.
Local Name: Zangaley Hamisha
Habit: Annual wild/cultivated herb
Part Uses: Flowers
Uses: Fragrant and ornamental.

Botanical Name: Triticum aestivum Linn.

Local Name: Ghanam
Habit: A cultivated cereal crop.
Part Uses: Whole plant
Uses: It is cultivated as main staple crop, grains are roasted with raw sugar (ghur). Hay is
eaten by cattle. Hay is mixed with clay plaster as an anticracking agent.

Botanical Name: Teucrium stocksianum Boiss.

Local Name: Kwandi botay.
Habit: Herbaceous plant of exposed areas.
Part Uses: Leaves, young shoots.
Uses: Leaves are bitter, expectorant , decoction of leaves is used for curing soar throat.

Botanical Name: Urtica dioca Linn.

Local Name: Sizunkay.
Habit: An annual stinging herb of moist and shady habitat.
Part Uses: Leaves.
Uses: Leaves can cause severe irritation which can be soothed by rubbing the leaves of
Rumex nepalensis. It can cause allergy.

Botanical Name: Valeriana jatamansi Jones

Local Name: Mushk-e-Bala
Habit: A perennial herb of temperate forests
Part Uses: Rhizome
Uses: Decoction of rhizome is useful in cholera and dysentery.Rhizome is carminative and
aromatic. It is antispasmodic. It is also recommended in hysteria.

Botanical Name: Verbascum thapsus Linn

Local Name: Khardhag
Habit: An annual herb.
Part Uses: Leaves, flowers, seeds.
Uses: Used in diarrhea and dysentery of cattle. It is analgesic and antiseptic. Used for
healing wounds leaves and flowers are used against cough and pulmonary diseases in the form of paste.
Seeds are narcotic and fish poison.

Botanical Name: Viburnum foetens (D.Don) Wall ex. D.C. (fig .8)
Local Name: Ghaz meva.
Habit: Shrub of exposed habitat in temperate forests.
Part Uses: Fruits, branches.
Uses: The fruits are edible. Branches serves as fuelwood. Fruit are also eaten by monkies.

Botanical Name: Viola betonicifolia Sm. (Fig 9)

Local Name: Banafsha.
Habit: A perennial herb of temperate forests.
Part Uses: Whole plant, flowers.
Uses: It is astringent, diaphoretic, antipyretic, anticancer, febrifuge and purgative, used in
epilepsy and nervous disorders.
Botanical Name: Viola canscens Wall ex Roxb. (Fig. 10)
Local Name: Banafsha
Habit: A perennial herb of temperate areas.
Part Uses: Whole plant, flowers
Uses: It is astringent, demulcent, purgative, diaphoretic, antipyretic and febrifuge, also
famous as anticancer. The flowers are recommended in epilepsy, nervous disorders and also used in common
colds in the form of syrup, also used for curing acnes, folk stories are also related to the flower. It is also in
naming girls i.e. “Banafsha”.

Botanical Name: Vitex negundo Linn

Syn:Vitex incise Lam
Local Name: Marvandaey
Habit: A medium sized shrub of water courses and graveyards.
Part Uses: Leaves, roots, branches
Uses: Fresh roots are used as bandage to relieve pain of chest and back, branches are used as
tooth brush (Miswak) leaves are aromatic, febrifuge, diuretic and anthelmintic. Leaves are smoked to relieve
headache. Flowers are astringent and tonic. Non palatable, used for making shelters for tobacco seedlings.

Botanical Name: Vitis jacquemontii Parker

Local Name: Ghedar kwar.
Habit: A perennial wild climber, sometimes covering whole tree.
Part Uses: Fruit
Uses: Wild edible grapes, it is laxative.

Botanical Name: Xanthium strumarium Linn.

Local Name: Ghiskay.
Habit: An annual herb of waste land.
Part Uses: Leaves, fruits
Uses: Decoction of leaves is used in malarial fever. Fruits stuck to clothes and body hair of
animals (dispersal) and are hard to remove.

Botanical Name: Zanthoxylum armatum D.C.

Local Name: Dambara
Habit: A medium sized spiny shrub.
Part Uses: Bark, fruit, stem, seeds.
Uses: Fruit is used as stomachic, carminative. Used in toothache, seed are used as condiment,
tonic, aromatic. Used in fever and cholera, improves taste and speaking power, it increases saliva secretion.
Used in “Chutney”, it increases milk in cows. Young shoot are useful in gum diseases, also used as
toothbrushes. Stem is used to make dreadful sticks (“Dambary sotay”) to kill snakes and keeps the dogs away.

Botanical Name: Zea mays Linn

Local Name: Jawar
Habit: A cultivated crop.
Part Uses: Cobs, whole plant
Uses: Delicious bread is made of it and is routine diet of people. Cobs are cooked in a
number of ways. Edible oil extracted from it. Cob cases are used for washing and cleaning utensils. Stems are
used as fresh fodder. They are also burnt when dried.

Botanical Name: Zizyphus sativa Gaertn.

Local Name: Markhanaey
Habit: Spiny medium sized tree.
Part Uses: Fruit, branches.
Uses: Fruit are edible, used as astringent, cooling. Fuel wood, used in fencing and hedges,
leaves fodder for goats. It is also recommended in stomach problems and whooping cough, it is honey bee
species.