BUENASHER LEARNING ACADEMY INC.

Km.39 Cityland Ave., Pulong Buhangin, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

SCIENCE 10
Name: _________________________________________ Level and Section: 10-Beacon
Time: 11:00 – 12:00 Quarter / Week: Third / Week 4-5

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Topics: Explain how protein is made using information from DNA

References: Breaking Through Science 10

Sol Saranay M. Baguio
Pages 233 - 255
Short Discussion
A ll liv in g th in g s h a v e D N A (d e o xy rib o n u c le ic a c id ) w ith in th e ir ce lls . D N A d o es
m o re th a n s p e c ify th e s tru c tu re a n d fu n ctio n o f liv in g th in g s; it a lso se rv e s a s th e p r im a ry u n it o f
h e re d ity in o rg a n is m s o f a ll ty p e s. In o th e r w o r d s, w h e n e v e r o r g a n is m s re p r o d u ce , a p o rtio n o f th e
D N A is p a sse d a lo n g to th e ir o ffs p r in g . T h is tr a n s m is sio n o f D N A h e lp s e n s u re a ce r tain le v e l o f
c o n tin u ity fro m o n e g e n e ra tio n to th e n e x t w h ile s till a llo w in g fo r s lig h t c h a n g e s th a t co n tr ib u te to
th e d iv e r sity o f life .
T h e tw o m a in ty p e s o f n u cle ic a c id s a re deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) th a t
c a rry th e g e n e tic in fo rm a tio n . G e n e s sp e c ify th e k in d s o f p ro te in s th a t a re m a d e b y th e ce lls, b u t
D N A is n o t th e d ire c t te m p la te fo r p r o te in s y n th e s is, r ath e r, th e R N A m o le c u le s.

T h e C e n tra l D o g m a d e s cr ib e s th e flo w o f g e n e tic in fo rm a tio n in c e lls fro m D N A to R N A to

p ro te in . It s h o w s th a t D N A co n ta in s in s tru ctio n s fo r m a k in g p ro te in , c o p ie d b y R N A ; R N A th e n
u se s th is in s tr u ctio n to m a k e p ro te in s .

A. DNA Replication

D N A is th e g e n e tic m a te ria l th a t d e fin e s e v e ry ce ll. B e fo re a ce ll d u p lic a te s a n d is d iv id e d

in to n e w d a u g h te r ce lls e ith e r th r o u g h m ito s is o r m e io s is , b io m o le cu le s a n d o rg a n e lle s m u s t b e
c o p ie d to b e d istrib u te d a m o n g th e c e lls. D N A fo u n d w ith in th e n u c le u s m u s t b e re p lic a te d in o r d e r
to e n su re th a t e a ch n e w ce ll re ce iv e s th e co r re c t n u m b e r o f c h ro m o so m e s. T h e p ro c e ss o f D N A
d u p lic atio n is c a lle d D N A re p lic a tio n .

S e v e ra l s te p s h ap p e n fo r th e D N A to re p lic a te . T h e fo llo w in g a re :

1 . E n z y m e s ca lle d h e lic a se sp lit a p a r t b a se p airs a n d u n w in d th e d o u b le h e lix to fo rm a

p a ir o f re p lic a tio n fo r k s .
2 . F re e n u c le o tid e s in th e c e ll fin d th e ir c o m p le m e n ta ry b a se s a lo n g th e n e w s tr a n d b y
a n o th e r e n zy m e D N A p o ly m e r a se to fo rm a n e w s tra n d .
3 . T h e s u g a r-p h o s p h a te b a ck b o n e is a ss e m b le d to c o m p le te th e D N A s tr a n d . T w o n e w D N A
m o le c u le s, e a c h w ith a p a re n t s tra n d a n d e a ch w ith a n e w stra n d , are fo r m e d .

R e p lic a tio n u se s a s e m i-c o n se rv a tiv e m e th o d th a t re s u lts in a d o u b le -s tr a n d e d D N A w ith o n e

p a re n ta l s tra n d a n d a n e w d a u g h te r s tr a n d . T h e s p e c ificity o f b a se p a ir in D N A , th a t is, a d e n in e
w ith th y m in e a n d c y to s in e w ith g u a n in e , a llo w s D N A to re p lic a te itse lf w ith a c cu r a c y .
Activity 2: Match me!
Directions: B e lo w a re th e ste p s in D N A re p lica tio n . S tu d y th e d ia g r a m a n d m a tc h it to th e co rre ct
s te p . W rite o n ly th e n u m b e r o f th e c o rre c t se q u e n ce .

Steps in DNA Replication:

1 T h e e n zy m e ca lle d h e lic a se b r e a k s th e b o n d b e tw e e n n itro g e n o u s b a se s th e n th e
tw o D N A s tra n d s sp lit
2 E a c h s tr a n d o f D N A a cts a s a te m p la te fo r th e s y n th e sis o f a n e w c o m p le m e n ta r y
str a n d . T h e c o m p le m e n ta r y n u c le o tid e s a re a d d e d to e a c h s tr a n d b y D N A
p o ly m e r a se to fo rm a n e w stra n d fr o m th e c y to p la sm .
3 R e p lic a tio n p ro d u ce s tw o n e w D N A m o le c u le s , e a c h w ith a p a re n t s tr a n d a n d e a ch
w ith a n e w s tr a n d .
R e c a ll th e fo u r d iffe re n t b a se s a sso c ia te d w ith D N A :
A = A d e n in e G = G u a n in e T = T h y m in e C = C y to s in e

1. S eq u en ce N o.

2 . S e q u e n ce N o . _

3 . Sequence N o.

Translation of an mRNA molecule by the ribosome occurs in three stages:

initiation, elongation, and termination.
1. During initiation, the small ribosomal subunit binds to the start of the mRNA
sequence. Then a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule carrying the amino acid methionine
binds to what is called the start codon of the mRNA sequence. The start codon in all
mRNA molecules has the sequence AUG and codes for methionine. Next, the large
ribosomal subunit binds to form the complete initiation complex.
2. During the elongation stage, the ribosome continues to translate each codon in
turn. Each corresponding amino acid is added to the growing chain and linked via a bond
called a peptide bond. Elongation continues until all of the codons are read.
3. Lastly, termination occurs when the ribosome reaches a stop codon (UAA, UAG, and
UGA). Since there are no tRNA molecules that can recognize these codons, the ribosome
recognizes that translation is complete. The new protein is then released, and the
translation complex comes apart.
 The figure below summarizes the translation process.

DNA transcription and translation.

Retrieved from https://www.scq.ubc.ca/a-monks-flourishing-garden-the-basics-of-molecular-

biology-explained/ last January 8, 2021

In the next activity you will copy the information of a strand of DNA into a new
RNA molecule. Let us do it!

Activity 3: What's the Message?

Directions: For each of the following sequence of DNA, supply the correct mRNA.
You can get them from the box. Write your answer on the blank below the DNA
UAC AUG CCG AUC UAU GAC CGU UGC GGU ACU
strand.

1. DNA TAC TAG GGC CTG CCA ATA ATG GCA ACG TGA
mRNA
The DNA directs the production of proteins and determines the formation of mRNA. The order of
bases of mRNA determines the protein synthesized

Mutations a r e h e r ita b le c h a n g e s in th e g e n e tic c o d in g in s tr u c tio n s o f D N A . T h e y a re e s se n tia l

to th e stu d y o f g e n e tic s a n d a r e u se fu l in m a n y o th e r b io lo g ic a l fie ld s .
Types of Mutations
I n m u ltice llu la r o rg a n is m s, w e c a n d istin g u ish b e tw e e n tw o b r o a d c a te g o r ie s o f m u ta tio n s:
somatic mutations and germline mutations. S o m a tic m u ta tio n s a r ise in s o m a tic tiss u e s, w h ic h d o n o t
p ro d u ce g a m e te s. T h e se m u ta tio n s a re p a sse d o n to o th e r ce lls th ro u g h th e p ro ce s s o f m ito s is,
w h ic h le a d s to a p o p u la tio n o f g e n e tic a lly id e n tic a l ce lls (a c lo n e ). T h e e ffe ct o f th e se m u ta tio n s
d e p e n d s o n m a n y fa c to rs, in c lu d in g th e ty p e o f c e ll in w h ic h th e y o c c u r a n d th e d e v e lo p m e n ta l s ta g e
a t w h ic h th e y a r is e . M a n y so m a tic m u ta tio n s h a v e n o o b v io u s e ffe c t o n th e p h e n o ty p e o f th e
o rg a n is m b e c a u se th e fu n c tio n o f th e m u ta n t c e ll (e v e n th e ce ll itse lf) is r e p la c e d b y th a t o f n o r m a l
c e lls. H o w e v e r, c e lls w ith a s o m a tic m u ta tio n th a t s tim u la te s c e ll d iv isio n c a n in c r e a se in n u m b e r
a n d s p re a d ; th is ty p e o f m u ta tio n c a n g iv e r ise to ce lls w ith a se le c tiv e a d v a n ta g e a n d is th e b a sis fo r
a ll c a n ce rs. G e r m lin e m u ta tio n s a rise in ce lls th a t u ltim a te ly p ro d u ce g a m e te s. T h e s e m u ta tio n s ca n
b e p a s se d to fu tu r e g e n e r a tio n s, p ro d u cin g in d iv id u a l o rg a n is m s th a t c a rr y th e m u ta tio n in a ll th e ir
s o m a tic a n d g e r m lin e c e lls (Al-Nuaimi, 2020).
Point mutation o c c u r s w h e n o n e D N A b a se is re p la ce d b y a n o th e r, re s u ltin g in a c h a n g e o f co d o n in
th e R N A se q u e n ce . It c a n b e c la ssifie d e ith e r a s tr a n sitio n o r tra n sv e r sio n .
o Transition h a p p e n s w h e n a d e n in e is re p la ce d b y g u a n in e o r v ice v e rsa . T h is a lso
h a p p e n s w h e n c y to sin e is re p la ce d b y th y m in e o r v ic e v e rs a .
o Transversion o c c u r s w h e n e ith e r a d e n in e o r g u a n in e is re p la c e d b y th y m in e o r
c y to sin e , re s p e c tiv e ly .
 BUENASHER LEARNING ACADEMY INC.
Km.39 Cityland Ave., Pulong Buhangin, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

SCIENCE 10
Name: _________________________________________ Level and Section: 10-Beacon
Time: 11:00 – 12:00 Quarter / Week: Third / Week 4-5

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Topics: Explain how fossil records, comparative anatomy, and genetic information provide evidence for
evolution;

References: Breaking Through Science 10

Sol Saranay M. Baguio
Pages 257-277

Discussion
Evidence by Fossils
E v id e n ce o f e v o lu tio n is p ro v id e d b y th e p a st. In th e ro c k la ye rs o f th e E ar th , th e
h is to ry o f life is p re se rv e d . R e m a in s a n d tra ce s o f liv in g o rg a n is m s c a n b e fo u n d in th e se ro c k
la y e rs , a n d th e y a re ca lle d fo s sils. N a tu ra l p r o c e s se s o r c a ta s tro p h ic e v e n ts c re a te fo s sils. B o n e s,
s h e lls, te e th , a n d a lso fe ce s a re in c lu d e d in th e re m a in s o f liv in g o rg a n is m s. T h e se re m a in s a re
p re s e rv e d in ro c k s , p e a t, re sin , a n d ice . M o s t fo s s ils w e re co m m o n ly fo u n d in s e d im e n ta ry
r o c k s.
T h e ty p e o f fo ss ils c a n e ith e r b e fo rm e d b y impression o r compression. A n im p re ss io n is
fo r m e d b y o rg a n is m s b re a k in g d o w n u n til little o r n o o rg a n ic m a te ria ls a re le ft in th e m u d .
W h e n th e m u d h a rd e n s , it le a v e s s h a llo w e x te r n a l m o ld s o r im p rin ts . O n th e o th e r h a n d ,
c o m p re s sio n is fo r m e d b y m o re o rg a n ic m a te ria l. F o s sils m a d e b y c o m p re ss io n is th e m o s t
com m on.
Answer Activity 31 on page 211-213 of your book
Answer Test Yourself on page 230-231 of your book

Prepared by:
Elle Cruz
Subject Teacher
F ig u r e 1. F o s s il m a d e b y c o m p re s s io n (le ft) a n d m a d e b y im p r e s s io n (r ig h t)
Image source: http://petrifiedwoodmuseum.org/SOGinkgophyta.htm

F o s sils a lso p ro v id e in fo rm a tio n o n h o w o ld th e o r g a n is m w a s. It c a n b e d e te rm in e d

b y (1) re la tiv e d a tin g o r ( 2 ) ra d io a c tiv e d a tin g . I n re la tiv e d a tin g , th e a g e o f th e fo s s il is
d e te rm in e d b y co m p ar in g th e la ye r s o f se d im e n ta ry ro c k in w h ich th e fo s s il is lo c ate d . T h e
d e e p e s t la y e r s o f th e s e d im e n ta ry ro c k a re th e o ld e s t la y e rs , th u s c o n ta in in g th e o ld e s t fo ss ils .
T h e u p p e r la y e r s a re n e w ly fo rm e d , th u s c o n ta in in g n e w e r fo s sils. In ra d io a c tiv e d a tin g , th e
a g e o f ro c k s o r fo s s ils is d e te r m in e d u s in g th e d e c a y o r b re a k d o w n o f r a d io a ctiv e e le m e n ts
in to n o n r a d io a c tiv e e le m e n ts a t c o n s ta n t ra te s . T h e tim e in w h ic h h a lf th e r a d io a c tiv e a to m s
o f a ce r ta in k in d in ro ck s o r fo s s ils w ill b re a k d o w n in to a to m s o f a n o th e r e le m e n t is c a lle d th e
half-life. A ll o rg a n ism s h a v e c a rb o n -1 4 ra d io a c tiv e is o to p e . T h e c a rb o n s u p p ly o f a n o r g a n ism
th a t is s till a liv e is co n s ta n tly re p la ce d , th u s m a in ta in in g th e a m o u n t o f c a rb o n -1 4 in its b o d y .
C a rb o n -1 4 sta r ts to b re a k d o w n o r d e ca y w h e n a n o r g a n is m d ie s. T h is ra d io a c tiv e d a tin g u s in g
c a rb o n is o to p e s is c a lle d carbon dating. C a rb o n -1 4 h a s a h a lf-life o f 5 ,7 10 y e a rs . B y ca rb o n
d a tin g , s cie n tis ts c a n e s tim a te th e a g e o f fo ss ils u p to a b o u t 7 5 ,0 0 0 y ea r s o ld . O th e r r a d io a c tiv e
iso to p e s s u c h a s P o ta ss iu m -4 0 o r U r a n iu m -2 3 8 is u se d to d a te fo s s ils m o re th a n 10 0 ,0 0 0 y e a rs
o ld .
“You can do all things through Christ who strengthens you”
*Note: Practise Personal Hygiene Protocols at all times.
 Directions: Write T if the statement is true and F if it tells otherwise.

1. In relative dating, the age of fossils is determined by looking into the rock layers
where it is located.
2. Fossils formed by compression have little to no organic materials left.
3. The least number of amino acid differences in the genetic sequences among
organisms indicates that they are closely related.
4. Carbon-14 radioactive isotope is used to date fossils more than 100,000 years old.
5. The batwing and whale flipper are analogous structures.

Activities

Answer Activity 38 on page 239-241 of your book

Answer Activity 38 on page 249 of your book

Prepared by:
Elle Cruz
Subject Teacher

“You can do all things through Christ who strengthens you”

*Note: Practise Personal Hygiene Protocols at all times.