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The Performance Characteristics of ICE

The performance of internal combustion engines can be characterized by various geometric and thermodynamic parameters such as compression ratio, displacement volume, and mean piston speed. Key performance criteria include indicated power, mean effective pressure, brake power, friction power, mechanical efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and volumetric efficiency. Brake power is the actual output power available at the crankshaft and depends on factors like swept volume, brake mean effective pressure, fuel flow rate, and lower calorific value. Specific fuel consumption indicates the fuel efficiency of the engine.

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92 views

The Performance Characteristics of ICE

The performance of internal combustion engines can be characterized by various geometric and thermodynamic parameters such as compression ratio, displacement volume, and mean piston speed. Key performance criteria include indicated power, mean effective pressure, brake power, friction power, mechanical efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and volumetric efficiency. Brake power is the actual output power available at the crankshaft and depends on factors like swept volume, brake mean effective pressure, fuel flow rate, and lower calorific value. Specific fuel consumption indicates the fuel efficiency of the engine.

Uploaded by

Kurdish Ali
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Performance Characteristics of Internal Combustion

Engines

The performance of internal combustion engines is characterized with


several geometric and thermodynamic parameters. For any one cylinder,
the crankshaft, connecting rod, piston and head assembly can be
represented by mechanism shown in figure.

B
TDC
Y

BDC
S

TDC: Top dead center


BDC: Bottom dead center
L : stroke length
S: connecting rod length
a: crankshaft radius

1- Compression ratio: may be defined as the ratio of total volume of engine


cylinder to clearance volume.
VBDC Vt
r 
VT DC Vc

2- displacement volume Vd ( also called swept volume Vs) : may be


defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum volume for
a single cylinder.
πB2
Vd  Vt  VC  L  Vs
4

For multi cylinder engine, the total displacement volume is given


πB 2
as : Vd  L * nC
4
Where nc : is number of cylinders
3- Mean piston speed : the mean piston speed is an important parameter
in engine design since stresses and other factors scale with piston speed
rather than engine speed.
Sp  2 L N

Where Sp is the mean piston speed (m/s)


N is the rotational speed of the crankshaft
L is the stroke length

CRITERIA PERFORMANCE OF INTERNAL


COMBUSTION ENGINES
In order to make a comparison for different type of engines of the same
size or different size of engines of the same types, various operating
parameters must be defined and compared such as :- indicated power ,
mean effective pressure (MEP), specific fuel consumption, mechanical
efficiency and volumetric efficiency etc..
1- Indicated Power Pi (kW)
Indicated power may be defined as the actual rate of work rate of
work done by the gas on the piston as evaluated from an indicated
diagram. Or may be defined as the higher than the power actually
obtained from shaft of the engine since no mechanical loss is
considered.

Pi= (area power loop – area of pumping loop)


Pi = imep* Vs * 100 (kW)
Pi = mf * LCV * ηith (kW)

2- Mean Effective pressure


May be defined as a constant pressure which would have to act
upon the piston for one stoke (power stroke) to give an equal work
output for a complete cycle. Two types of mean effective pressure.:-
a) brake mean effective pressure (bmep)
b) indicated mean effective pressure (imep)

3- Brake Power Pb (kW)


The actual power output produced by the engine and its available on
the engine shaft is called brake power.
2NT
Pb  (kW)
60 * 1000
Where
N: rotational speed (rpm)
T: torque (N.m)
Torque usually is measured with aid of dynamometer, various type of
dynamometers are available such as:-
1- Friction dynamometer
2- Hydraulic dynamometer
3- Electric dynamometer
4- Eddy current dynamometer
Also brake power can be obtained using the following formula:
Pb = bmep* Vs * 100 (kW)
Pb = mf * LCV * ηbth (kW)
Where
bmep : brake mean effective pressure
mf : mass flow rate of fuel (kg/s)
LCV: lower calorific value of fuel (kJ/kg)
Vs : swept volume ( m3/s)
The swept volume can be calculated as follows:
πB 2
Vs  * L * NC
4
πB2 N
Vs  * L * NC *
4 60 nR
Where nR : is the number of crankshaft revolution for complete cycle
nR = 2 for four-stroke cycle
nR = 1 for two-stroke cycle
4- Friction Power
The differences between the indicated power and brake power is the
power lost in mechanical friction Pf
Pf = Pi – Pb
Friction power can be measured directly by recording torque required to
run the engine with dynamometer acting as motor.
2π N Tf
Pf 
60 * 1000
Where Tf : is the friction torque (N.m)

5- Mechanical efficiency
The mechanical efficiency can be defined as the ratio of brake power
to indicated power
Pb
ηM 
Pi
Pb bmep ηbth
Also ηM   
Pi imep ηith

6- Specific Fuel Consumption


A useful criterion of economical power is the specific fuel consumption.
Two types of specific fuel consumption can be defined.
a) Indicated specific fuel consumption isfc (kg/kW h)
mf
isfc  (kg/kW h)
Pi
b) brake specific fuel consumption bsfc (kg/kW h)
mf
bsfc  (kg/kW h)
Pb
Typical values of specific fuel consumption lies between 0.25 0.35
(kg/kW h) .
7- Volumetric Efficiency
The power output of an engine depend on the amount of fresh charge (
air+ fuel) that would be inducted into the cylinder. In practice, the
engine does not a complete cylinder full of air on each intake stroke,
hence the volumetric efficiency can be defined as:-
(m air )actual
ηv 
(m air )ideal
(mair )actual
ηv 
ρ air * Vs

Typical values of volumetric efficiency 0.8-0.9 in naturally aspirated


engine. In turbo and supercharger volumetric efficiency may exceed
100%.

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