Lesson -2 Geography

Major Physiographic Divisions

The physical features of India are grouped under the following physiographic divisions:

1. The Himalayan Mountains

2. The Northern Plains
3. The Peninsular Plateau
4. The Indian Desert
5. The Coastal Plains
6. The Islands

Let’s discuss each of them in detail:

The Himalayan Mountains

Himalayan mountains are stretched over the northern borders of India. These mountain ranges run in a
west-east direction from the Indus to the Brahmaputra. The Himalaya consists of 3 parallel ranges in its
longitudinal extent.

1. The northern-most range is known as the Great or Inner Himalayas or the Himadri. It is the
most continuous range consisting of the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6,000 metres.
2. The folds of the Great Himalayas are asymmetrical in nature. The core of this part of Himalayas
is composed of granite.
 3. The range lying to the south of the Himadri forms the most rugged mountain system and is
known as Himachal or lesser Himalaya.
4. Pir Panjal range forms the longest and the most important range.
5. The outermost range of the Himalayas is called the Shiwaliks. These ranges are composed of
unconsolidated sediments.
6. The longitudinal valley lying between lesser Himalaya and the Shiwaliks are known as Duns.
DehraDun, Kotli Dun and Patli Dun are some of the well-known Duns.

The Himalayas have also been divided on the basis of regions from west to east.

1. The part of Himalayas lying between Indus and Satluj has been traditionally known as Punjab
Himalaya but it is also known regionally as Kashmir and Himachal Himalaya from west to east,
respectively.
2. The part of the Himalayas lying between Satluj and Kali rivers is known as Kumaon Himalayas.
3. The Kali and Teesta rivers divide the Nepal Himalayas and the part lying between Teesta and
Dihang rivers is known as Assam Himalayas.
4. The Brahmaputra marks the eastern-most boundary of the Himalayas.
5. Beyond the Dihang gorge, the Himalayas bend sharply to the south and spread along the eastern
boundary of India, which is known as the Purvachal or the Eastern hills and mountains. The
Purvachal comprises the Patkai hills, the Naga hills, the Manipur hills and the Mizo hills.

The Northern Plain

The northern plain has been formed by the interplay of the 3 major river systems – the Indus, the Ganga
and the Brahmaputra along with their tributaries. It spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq. km.
The Northern Plain is broadly divided into 3 sections as mentioned below:

1. The Western part of the Northern Plain is referred to as the Punjab Plains. This plain is formed
by the Indus and its tributaries – the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj.
2. The Ganga plain extends between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers. It is spread over the states of North
India, Haryana, Delhi, U.P., Bihar, partly Jharkhand and West Bengal.
3. Brahmaputra plain lies in the state of Assam.

According to the variations in elevation points, the Northern plains can be divided into 4 regions.

1. The rivers, after descending from the mountains, deposit pebbles in a narrow belt of about 8 to 16
km in width lying parallel to the slopes of the Shiwaliks, which is known as bhabar. All the
streams disappear in this bhabar belt.
2. The streams and rivers re-emerge and create a wet, swampy and marshy region known as terai.
3. The largest part of the northern plain is formed of older alluvium. It lies above the floodplains of
the rivers and presents a terracelike feature which is known as bhangar.
4. The soil in the bhangar region contains calcareous deposits and is known as kankar. The newer,
younger deposits of the floodplains are called khadar.

The Peninsular Plateau

The Peninsular plateau is a tableland composed of the old crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks. It
was formed due to the breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land. One of the distinct features of the
Peninsular plateau is the black soil area known as Deccan Trap.
This plateau consists of 2 divisions:

1. The Central Highlands: The part of the Peninsular plateau lying to the north of the Narmada
river, covering a major area of the Malwa plateau, is known as the Central Highlands. The
eastward extensions of this plateau are locally known as the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand.
2. The Deccan Plateau: It is a triangular landmass that lies to the south of the river Narmada. An
extension of the Plateau is also visible in the northeast, which is known as the Meghalaya, Karbi-
Anglong Plateau and North Cachar Hills.

The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats mark the western and the eastern edges of the Deccan Plateau
respectively.

Western Ghats Eastern Ghats

Western Ghats lie parallel to the The Eastern Ghats stretch from the Mahanadi
western coast. Valley to the Nigiris in the South.

They are continuous and can be crossed They are discontinuous and irregular. They can
through passes only. be dissected by rivers draining into the Bay of
Bengal.

They are higher than the Eastern Ghats. Their average elevation is 600 metres.
Their average elevation is 900–1600
metres.

Anamudi is the highest peak in the Mahendragiri (1,501 metres) is the highest peak
Western Ghats. in the Eastern Ghats.

The Indian Desert

The Indian desert lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills.

 It is a sandy plain covered with sand dunes.

 This region receives very low rainfall below 150 mm per year.
 It has a dry climate with low vegetation cover.

The Coastal Plains

A coastal plain is a flat, low-lying piece of land next to the ocean. To the east and west of the peninsular
plateau, 2 narrow strips of plain lands are found, which are respectively called Eastern Coastal Plain and
Western Coastal Plain.
Eastern Coastal Plain
The Eastern Coastal Plains is a wide stretch of the landmass lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay
of Bengal. In the northern part, it is referred to as the Northern Circar, while the southern part is known
as the Coromandel Coast. Large rivers, such as the Mahanadi the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri
have formed extensive delta on this coast. Lake Chilika is an important feature along the eastern coast.
Western Coastal Plain
The western coast is sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. It is a narrow plain and
consists of 3 sections as mentioned below:

 The northern part of the coast is called the Konkan (Mumbai – Goa)

 The central stretch is called the Kannad Plain
 The southern stretch is referred to as the Malabar coast

The Islands
An island is a piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Lakshadweep Islands group is
composed of small coral isalnds which were earlier known as Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive.
The entire group of islands is divided into 2 broad categories:

1. The Andaman in the north

2. The Nicobar in the south

These islands lie close to the equator and experience equatorial climate and have thick forest cover.
The diverse physical features of India have immense future possibilities of development because of the
following reasons.

 The mountains are the major sources of water and forest wealth.
 The northern plains are the granaries of the country. They provide the base for early civilisations.
 The plateau is a storehouse of minerals, which has played a crucial role in the industrialisation of
India.
 The coastal region and island groups provide sites for fishing and port activities.
1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.
(i) A landmass bounded by the sea on three sides is referred to as
(a) Coast
(b) Island
(c) Peninsula
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c)
(ii) Mountain ranges in the eastern part of India forming its boundary with Myanmar are
collectively called
(a) Himachal
(b) Uttarakhand
(c) Purvachal
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c)
(iii) The western coastal strip, south of Goa is referred to as
(a) Coromandel
(b) Konkan
(c) Kannad
(d) Northern Circar
Answer: (c)
(iv) The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is
(a) Anai Mudi
(b) Kanchenjunga
(c) Mahendragiri
(d) Khasi
Answer: C
2. Answer the following questions briefly.
(i) What is the bhabar?
Answer:
The northern plains are generally described as flatlands, with no variations in its relief. But, It is
not true. These vast plains also have diverse relief features. According to the variations in relief
features, the Northern plains can be divided into four regions. The rivers, after descending from
the mountains deposit pebbles in a narrow belt of about 8 to 16 km in width lying parallel to the
slopes of the Shiwaliks. This region is known as bhabar.
(ii) Name the three major divisions of the Himalayas from north to south.
Answer:

1. The northernmost range is known as The Great or Inner Himalayas or Himadri.

2. Himachal or Lesser Himalaya.
3. Outer Himalayas or Shiwaliks.

(iii) Which plateau lies between the Aravali and the Vindhya ranges?
Answer:
The Malwa plateau lies between Aravali and Vindhya ranges.
(iv) Name the island group of India having a coral origin.
Answer:
Lakshadweep Islands is the island group of India having with a coral origin.
3. Distinguish between
(i) Bhangar and Khadar
Answer:
Bhangar

1. Lies above flood plains of the river.

2. Older alluvium or old soil and forms the largest part of the Northern Plains.

Khadar

1. It is a newer, younger deposit of flood plains. It is renewed every year.

(ii) the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats

Answer:
The Western Ghats

1. Lies parallel to the Western Coast.

2. They are continuous and can be crossed through passes only.
3. The Western Ghats’ average elevation is 900 – 1600 metres.
4. The Western Ghats cause orographic rain by facing the rain-bearing moist winds to rise
along the western slopes of the Ghats.
5. The height of the Western Ghats progressively increases from north to south.

The Eastern Ghats

1. Lies parallel to the Eastern Coast.

2. They are discontinuous and irregular.
3. The Eastern Ghats are dissected by rivers flowing into the Bay of Bengal.
4. The Eastern Ghats average elevation is 600 metres.

4. Which are the major physiographic divisions of India? Contrast the relief of the
Himalayan region with that of the Peninsular plateau
Answer:
The major physiographic divisions of India are

1. The Himalayan Mountains

2. The Northern Plains
3. The Peninsular Plateau
4. The Indian Desert
5. The Coastal Plains
6. The Islands
Contrast the relief of Himalayan region and Peninsular Plateau
Geologically, the Peninsular Plateau constitutes one of the ancient landmasses on the earth’s
surface. It was supposed to be one of the most stable land blocks. The Himalayas are the most
recent landforms. From the viewpoint of geology, Himalayan mountains form an unstable zone.
The whole mountain system of Himalaya represents a very youthful topography with high peaks,
deep valleys and fast-flowing rivers. The northern plains are formed of alluvial deposits. The
peninsular plateau is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks with gently rising hills and
wide valleys.
5. Give an account of the Northern Plains of India.
Answer:
Northern Plains are the most recent landforms. The northern plains are formed of alluvial
deposits. The northern plain has been formed by the interplay of the three major river systems,
namely — the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra along with their tributaries. This plain is
formed of alluvial soil. The deposition of alluvium in a vast basin lying at the foothills of the
Himalaya over millions of years formed this fertile plain. It spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq.
km. The plain being about 2400 km long and 240 to 320 km broad, is a densely populated
physiographic division. It is agriculturally a productive part of India. The Northern Plain is
broadly divided into three sections. The Western part of the Northern Plain is referred to as the
Punjab Plains. Formed by the Indus and its tributaries, the larger part of this plain lies in
Pakistan. The Indus and its tributaries — the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas and the
Satluj all originate in the Himalaya. This section of the plain is dominated by the doabs. The
Ganga plain extends between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers. It is spread over the northern states of
Haryana, Delhi, U.P., Bihar and partly Jharkhand. The Ganga plains also extend towards Bengal
to it’s east. Further east, in Assam lies the Brahmaputra plain. . The rivers, after descending from
the mountains, deposit pebbles in a narrow belt of about 8 to 16 km in width lying parallel to the
slopes of the Shiwaliks. This region is known as bhabar. All the streams disappear in this bhabar
belt. South of this belt, the streams and rivers re-emerge and create a wet, swampy and marshy
region known as Terai. This was once a thickly forested region, full of wildlife.
6. Write short notes on the following.
(i) The Indian Desert
Answer:
The Indian desert lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills. It is an undulating sandy
plain covered with sand dunes. This region receives very low rainfall. The average rainfall is
below 150 mm per year. It has an arid climate with low vegetation cover. Streams appear during
the rainy season. Soon after they disappear into the sand as they do not have enough water to
reach the sea. Luni is the only large river in this region.
(ii) The Central Highlands
Answer:
Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau. The part of the Peninsular plateau lying to the north
of the Narmada river, covering a major area of the Malwa plateau, is known as the Central
Highlands. The Central Highlands are wider in the west but narrower in the east. The eastward
extensions of this plateau are locally known as the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand. The
Chotanagpur plateau marks the further eastward extension, drained by the Damodar river.
(iii) The Island groups of India
Answer:
Lakshadweep Islands
Lakshadweep group of islands is composed of small coral islands. Earlier they were known as
Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive. In 1973, these were re-named as Lakshadweep. It covers a
small area of 32 sq km. Kavaratti Island is the administrative headquarters of Lakshadweep. This
island group has a great diversity of flora and fauna. The Pitti island, which is uninhabited, has a
bird sanctuary.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
The elongated chain of islands located in the Bay of Bengal extending from north to south. These
are the Andaman and Nicobar islands. They are bigger in size and are more numerous and
scattered. The entire group of islands is divided into two broad categories – The Andaman in the
north and the Nicobar in the south. It is believed that these islands are an elevated portion of
submarine mountains. These island groups are of great strategic importance for the country.
There is a great diversity of flora and fauna in this group of islands too. These islands lie close to
the equator and experience equatorial climate and have thick forest cover.
 

Extra Questions

Question 1.
The Northern Plains has been formed by the interplay of three major river systems, namely
________ .
Answer:
The Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputr

Question 2.
The formation of the Northern Plains of India is a result of extensive
Answer:
Alluvial deposits

Question 3.
The most continuous range consisting of the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6,000
metres is known as the ________ .
Answer:
Himadri
Question 4.
Name the western and the eastern edges of the Deccan Plateau.
Answer:
The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats.

Question 5.
The part lying between Teesta and Dihang rivers is the ________ .
Answer:
Assam Himalayas

Question 6.
Name the mountain ranges located in the eastern part of India.
Answer:
Purvachal or the eastern hill and mountain.

Question 7.
The valleys lying between Lesser Himalayas and the Shiwaliks are known as the ________ .
Answer:
Duns

Question 8.
The hills of Purvachal or the Eastern hills are composed of ________ .
Answer:
Sedimentary rocks

Question 9.
Due to the deposition of silt, the rivers in their lower course split into numerous channels,
known as ________ .
Answer:
Distributaries

Question 10.
According to the ‘Theory of Plate Tectonics,’ what are the effects of the movement of the
plates?
Answer:
Change in position and size of continents, and formation of ocean basins.

Question 11.
What are barchans?
Answer:
Barchans are crescent-shaped dunes found in the Indian desert.
Question 12.
Which is the highest peak in India?
Answer:
Kanchenjunga

Question 13.
The largest delta in the world is ________ .
Answer:
Sunderban Delta

Question 14.
Which two hills are in the southeast of the Eastern Ghats?
Answer:
Javadi Hills and Shevroy Hills

Question 15.
What do we mean by the term ‘Bhangar’?
Answer:
Bhangar is the older alluvial soil region lying above the floodplains and presenting a terrace
like feature.

Question 16.
What is the name of the part of the Himalayas lying between the Kali and the Teesta rivers?
Answer:
The part of the Himalayas lying between the Kali and the Teesta rivers is called Nepal
Himalayas.

Question 17.
The state of Meghalaya forms a part of which physiographic division of India?
Answer:
Meghalaya is a part of the eastern extension of the Peninsular Plateau.

Question 18.
What do you understand by the term “peninsula”?
Answer:
Peninsula is a landmass that is bounded by sea on three sides.

Question 19.
Name the Indian state where Kanchenjunga is located.
Answer:
Kanchenjunga is located in Sikkim.
Question 20.
What do you understand by ‘duns’?
Answer:
The longitudinal valley lying between lesser Himalayas and the Shiwaliks are known as
duns.

Question 21.
What is the Peninsular Plateau composed of?
Answer:
The Peninsular Plateau is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Question 22.
Which is the largest inhabited riverine island in the world?
Answer:
Majuli, in the Brahmaputra river, is the largest inhabited riverine island in the world.

Question 23.
What do you mean by the word ‘Doab?
Answer:
‘Doab’ is made up of two words— ‘do’ meaning ‘two’ and ‘ab’ meaning ‘water’.

Question 24.
What is the shape of the Deccan Plateau?
Answer:
The Deccan Plateau is a triangular landmass that lies to the south of the river Narmada.

Question 25.
The newer, younger deposits of the flood plains are called ________ .
Answer:
Khadar

Question 26.
The flow of rivers, the Chambal, the Sindh, the Betwa and the Ken, is from ________ .
Answer:
outhwest to northeast

Question 27.
Which river drains the Chotanagpur Plateau?
Answer:
The Damodar river drains the Chotanagpur Plateau.
Question 28.
The Indian Desert lies towards the western margin of ________ .
Answer:
Aravali hills

Question 29.
The Lakshadweep islands covers a small area of ________ .
Answer:
32 sq. km.

Question 30.
How long and wide are the Himalayas?
Answer:
The Himalayan region extends along the north of India. The Himalayas are the longest and
the highest mountain range in the world. The Himalayas are 2400 km long, 400 to 150 km
wide from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh respectively.

Question 31.
Which range of the Himalayas has hill stations?
Answer:
The lower ranges or the Lesser Himalayas have beautiful hill stations such as Srinagar,
Shimla, Mussoorie, Nainital and Darjeeling. Many people visit these hill stations in summer,
because these places are cooler than the plains.

Question 32.
Name the three types of plate boundaries. Which one of them lies in the Himalayan belt?
Answer:

 The three types of plate boundaries are Convergent, Divergent and Trans form.
 The Himalayas have been formed by the convergent boundary.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How the Himalayas have been divided on the basis of regions from west to east?
Answer:

 Punjab Himalayas: These divisions have been demarcated by river valleys. The part of
Himalayas lying between Indus and Satluj has been traditionally known as Punjab
Himalaya, but it is also known regionally as Kashmir and Himachal Himalaya from
west to east respectively.
  Kumaon Himalayas: The part of the Himalayas lying between Satluj and Kali rivers is
known as Kumaon Himalayas.
 Nepal Himalayas: The Kali and Teesta rivers demarcate the Nepal Himalayas.
 Assam Himalayas: the part lying between Teesta and Dihang rivers is known as Assam
Himalayas.

Question 2.
Which are the three main ranges of the Himalayas?
Answer:
The Himalayas have three ranges which run almost parallel to each other. The distance
between these ranges is wider in the west and becomes narrow in the east.
These ranges are—

 the Outer Himalayas or the Shiwalik Range

 the Middle Himalayas or the Himachal Range and
 the Inner or Great Himalayas or the Himadri.

Question 3.
Describe the “Theory of Plate Tectonics”.
Answer:
Earth scientists have attempted to explain the formation of physical features with the help of
some theories based on certain evidences. One such Plausible theory is the ‘Theory of Plate
Tectonics’. According to this theory, the crust (upper part) of the earth has been formed out
of seven major and some minor plates. The movement of the plates results in the building up
of stresses within the plates and the continental rocks above, leading to folding, faulting and
volcanic activity

Question 4.
Which plateau lies between the Aravali and the Vindhya range? Write a brief note on this
plateau.
Answer:
The Malwa Plateau lies between the Aravali hills and the Vindhya range. The Aravali hills
lie to the west of the plateau and the Vindhya range lies to its south. The part of the
peninsular plateau lying to the north of the Narmada river, covering a major area of the
Malwa plateau, is known as the Central Highlands.

The Malwa plateau lies in Madhya Pradesh. It is composed of extensive lava flows. There
are rolling plains separated by flat-topped hills. The plateau is largely broken in form of
ravines near the Chambal Valley in its east.

Question 5
Write a short note on ‘coral polyps’.
Answer:
Coral polyps are short-lived microscopic organisms, which live in colonies. They flourish in
shallow, mud-free and warm waters. They secrete hard rock like substance. The coral
secretion and their skeletons from coral deposits in the form of reefs.
They are mainly of three kinds—barrier reef, fringing reef and atolls. The Great Barrier Reef
of Australia is a good example of the first kind of coral reefs. Atolls are circular or horse
shoe-shaped coral reefs.

Question 6.
Write a short note on the Western Coastal Plains.
Answer:
The Peninsular plateau is flanked by stretch of narrow coastal strips, running along the
Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on the east. The western coast, sandwiched
between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, is a narrow plain. It consists of three
sections. The northern part of the coast is called the Konkan (Mumbai-Goa), the central
stretch is called the Kannad Plain while the southern stretch is referred to as the Malabar
coast.

Question 7
Write any three features of the Shiwalik range.
Answer:
The three features of the Shiwalik range are :
(a) This is the outermost range of the Himalayas.
(b) The average altitude varies from 900 to 1100 metres.
(c) These ranges are composed of unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers from the
main Himalayan ranges.

Question 8
Describe the river systems of the Northern Plains.
Answer:
The three river systems in the Northern plains from east to west are the Brahmaputra, Ganga
and Indus. A large part of the Indus system lies in Pakistan. The Indus and its tributaries –
the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj originate in the Himalayas. This
section of the plain is dominated by the doabs. The Ganga plain extends between the
Ghaggar and Teesta rivers. It spreads over the states of Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
parts of Jharkhand and West Bengal. It has tributaries like the Yamuna, Gomati, Ghaghara,
Son, Gandak and Kosi. The Brahmaputra Plain lies in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 9
Write in detail about the Himalayan mountains.
Answer:
  The Himalaya mountains lie between the Indus river and the Brahmaputra river which
covers a distance of about 2,400 kilometres. They consist of three parallel ranges-the
Himadri, the Himachal and the Shiwaliks from north to south. The Himadri or the
Great Himalayas is the highest of all with an average height of more than 6,000 metres
above sea level. It contains some of the world’s highest peaks, such as Mt. Everest in
Nepal (8,848 metres high, the highest peak in the world), Kanchanjunga, Nanga
Parbat, Nanda Devi, Dhaulagiri, Makalu and Annapurna. Kanchenjunga (8,598 metres)
in Sikkim is the highest peak of the Himalayas in India.
 To the south of the Himadri is the Himachal, also called the Middle or Lesser
Himalayas. The range is mainly composed of highly compressed and altered rocks.
The altitude varies between 3,600 and 4,500 metres and the average width is of 50 km.
Many important hill stations such as Shimla, Manali, Kullu, Mussourie, Nainital and
Darjeeling are situated in the Himachal range.
 The southern-most range, which is rather discontinuous, is the Shiwalik. The extend
over a width of 10-50 km and have an altitude varying between 900 and 1100 metres.
There are a number of broad longitudinal valleys called duns, especially in the
Kumaon Himalayas of Uttarakhand. Dehradun is situated in one such valley. There are
many passes like the Shipki La, Nathu La and the Bomdi La in the Himalayas.

Question 10
What is the significance of the Northern Plains?
Answer:
The significance of the Northern Plain are :

 This plain is made up of the alluvial soil brought down by the rivers. This soil is very
soft and fertile. Major crops such as wheat, rice, sugarcane, pulses, oil seeds, etc. are
grown here. This plain is the ‘food bowl’ of India.
 The land of this plain is soft, levelled and flat. Therefore, wells, tubewells and canals
can be dug for irrigation. Due to proper irrigation, it is the largest producer of
foodgrains in india.
 This plain gets sufficient rainfall. There are many rivers, streams and lakes. There is
also rich vegetation. These factors affect the climate. The climate of the Northern
Plains is very cold in winter and very hot in summer.
 This is one of the most thickly populated plain of the world. The most thickly
populated states of India, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, lie in this plain.

Question 11
Which part of the Himalayas is known as Purvachal? Write a short note on the Purvachal
Himalayas.
Answer:
The eastern hills and mountains of the Himalayas running along the eastern boundary of
India are known as Purvachal. They are in the northeastern states of India.
The Brahmaputra marks the eastern-most boundary of the Himalayas. Beyond the Dihang
gorge, the Himalayas bend sharply to the south and spread along the eastern boundary of
India. They are known as the Purvachal or the Eastern hills and mountains. These hills
running trough the north-eastern states are mostly composed of strong sandstones, which are
sedimentary rocks. Covered with dense forests, they mostly run as parallel ranges and
valleys. The Purvachal comprises the Patkai hills, the Naga hills, the Manipur hills and the
Mizo hills.