UNIT-4 :Web Applications and Security

Important Notes

SESSION 1: WORKING WITH ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS

Computer Accessibility refers to the user friendliness of a computer

system for all, regardless of their disability., it enables a person with a
disability or impairment to use a computer. It is known as Assistive
Technology.

LAUNCHING ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS

• To launch accessibility options in WindowsXP, Click Start >

Control Panel > Accessibility Options.
KEYBOARD TAB

Sticky Keys

StickyKeys is an accessibility feature to help computer users with

physical disabilities, but it is also used by others as a means to
reduce repetitive strain.

FilterKeys

FilterKeys is a feature of Microsoft Windows. It is an accessibility

function that tells the keyboard to ignore brief or repeated
keystrokes, making typing easier for people with hand tremors.
ToggleKeys

ToggleKeys is also a feature of Microsoft Windows. It is an

accessibility function which is designed for people who have vision
impairment or cognitive disabilities. When ToggleKeys is turned on,
computer emits sound cues when the locking keys (Caps Lock, Num
Lock, or Scroll Lock) are pressed. A high sound is emitted when the
keys are switched on and a low sound is emitted when they are
switched off.
Sound Tab

Select the Sound Tab. A window with options to

configure accessibility options for sound is displayed

SoundSentry

SoundSentry is designed to help users with auditory impairments.

SoundSentry generates visual warnings, such as a blinking title bar
or a flashing border, whenever the computer generates a sound.

ShowSounds

ShowSounds instructs applications that convey information by

sound, to also provide information visually, through text captions or
informative icons.

Display Tab
Select the Display Tab. A window with options to
configure accessibility options for display is displayed.
High Contrast

High Contrast is an accessibility feature to assist people with vision

impairment. You can change the size and color of fonts and the
background for ease of viewing.

Cursor Options

Cursor Options is also an accessibility feature that assists people

with vision impairment by changing the blink rate and width of the
cursor.

MOUSE TAB

MouseKeys

MouseKeys is an accessibility feature that assists people who have

difficulty using a mouse. This option uses the keyboard (especially
numeric keypad) as a pointing device instead of a mouse.
General Tab

This tab enables you to configure accessibility options for all users.
Select the General Tab, a window to configure
additional accessibility options will be displayed

SerialKeys

SerialKeys is an accessibility feature that assists people that have

difficulty using a keyboard or a mouse (or both).

SESSION 2 : NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS

A computer network is a collection of computers and other hardware

components interconnected by communication channels (cables or
satellites) that allow sharing of resources and information.

PEER-TO-PEER (P2P) ARCHITECTURE:

Networks in which all computers have an equal status are called peer
to peer networks. Generally in such a network each terminal has an
equally competent CPU.
CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE:

Networks in which certain computers have special dedicated tasks,

providing services to other computers (in the network) are called
client server networks. The computer(s) which provide services are
called servers and the ones that use these services are called clients.
TYPES OF NETWORKS

There are two major types of network Local Area Network (LAN)
and Wide Area Network (WAN).

LOCAL AREA NETWORK

A local area network (LAN) is one which connects computers and

devices in a limited geographical area such as home, school, computer
laboratory, office building, or closely positioned group of buildings.

Usually local area networks offer very high speeds and are used for
connecting computers and peripherals such as printers, scanners, etc.
WIDE AREA NETWORK

A wide area network (WAN) is one which covers a broad area (i.e.,
any network that links across metropolitan, regional, or national
boundaries). The Internet is the most popular WAN, and is used by
businesses, governments, non-profit organizations, individual
consumers, artists, entertainers, and many others.

INTERNET

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks

that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users
worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of
private, public, academic, business, and government networks.

WORLD WIDE WEB

World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as
the Web), is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed
via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that
may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate
between them via hyperlinks.
Some of the advantages associated with networking are:

•Data Sharing: One of the most important uses of networking is to

allow the sharing of data.
•Files transfer : Users can send text files, spread sheets, documents,
presentations, audio files, video files, etc. to other users.

•Hardware Sharing: Hardware components such as printers,

scanners, etc. can also be shared.

•Internet Access Sharing: You can purchase a single Internet

connection and share it among other computers in a network instead
of purchasing multiple Internet connection for each computer

•Usage of network based applications: Such as web browsers, email

clients, chat application, audio & video calling, etc. is another
advantage.

GETTING ACCESS TO THE INTERNET

To use the Internet, you need an Internet connection. Internet

connections are provided by Internet Service Providers such as Bharat
Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), Airtel,Jio, Vodafone,

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER

An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization which provides
you with access to the Internet via a dial-up (using modem) or direct
(hard wired) or wireless connection.

MODEM

Á modem is a device that converts digital computer signals into a form

(analog signals) that can travel over phone lines. It also re converts the
analog signals back into digital signals. The word modem is derived
from its function MOdulator/DEModulator.

TYPES OF COMMON INTERNET CONNECTIVITY

Types of Internet Connectivity can be broadly categorized

into Wired Technology and Wireless Technology.
Wired Technology

1) Dial-up:- It uses the facilities of the Public Switched Telephone

Network (PSTN) to establish a internet connection via telephone
lines using a device called MODEM. Users dial a number and get
access to internet. Dial-up connections are extremely slow.

2) DSL:- DSL is Digital Subscriber Line provides internet connectivity

by transmitting digital data over wires of a local telephone
network. It enables the use of Telephone and Data Transmission
on a single telephone line. For using DSL Connection, we need a
DSL modem and a subscription.
 3) Cable Internet Access:- It is a form of broadband Internet access
that uses the cable TV infrastructure. It is provided through
existing cable TV networks and it is similar to DSL.

DATA TRANSFER ON THE INTERNET

∙ The data is broken up into bits of same sized pieces called packets.
∙ A header is added to each packet explaining where the data has
come from, where it should end up and where it fits in with the rest
of the packets.
∙ Each packet is sent from computer to computer until it finds its
destination. All packets may not take the same route. ∙ At the
destination, the packets are examined. If any packets are missing or
damaged, a message is sent asking for them to be resent. This
continues until all packets have been received intact.
∙ The packets are now reassembled into their original form. All this
done in seconds!
.

SESSION 3: INTRODUCTION TO INSTANT MESSAGING Instant

messaging (IM) is a form of communication over the Internet that
offers an instantaneous transmission of text-based messages from
sender to receiver. Most instant messaging software include the
option for performing file transfers, audio chat, video calling and
conferencing, sharing desktops, etc.
Key Features of an instant messaging are as follows:

• Text Messages can be sent to one or more person (Similar to SMS)

• Audio calling and conferencing.
• Video calling and conferencing.
• File transfers (Not limited to documents, spread sheets, audio
files, video files, etc.)
• Message history (Save messages for future reference). .

INSTANT MESSAGING SERVICES

There are two kinds of instant messaging software – application

based and Web based.

1) Application Based:- These software are downloaded and installed

on user’s computer. Eg. Google Talk , Yahoo! Messenger , Skype ,
Window Live Messenger , Rediff Bol etc.
2) Web Based:- They are accessed using browsers such as Internet
Explorer etc. Eg. MSN Web Messenger , Yahoo! Messenger for
the Web , Meebo , IMO etc.

CREATING AN INSTANT MESSAGING ACCOUNT

In this exercise, you will learn to create an instant messaging

account for using Google Talk.

Note: You need to download and install Google Talk application

from www.google.com/talk prior to this exercise.
LAUNCHING GOOGLE TALK
To launch Google Talk, Click Start >
Programs >Google Talk>Google Talk.

• You can also double-click on the Google Talk icon on the

desktop if available.
You need to have a list of contacts that are available for chat. If you
don’t have any contacts, you can add their Gmail account to your
contact list by sending an invite.

If you don’t have a Gmail account already you can create a new
Gmail account.

SESSION 4: CHATTING WITH A CONTACT – GOOGLE TALK

• Whenever your friend in the contact list is online you can see the
person along with a green dot.

• You can start sending text chat message instantly by double

clicking on a contact.

There are some general rules and etiquettes to be followed while

chatting.
•Messages should be short and to the point.
• Always introduce yourself by name if your screen name doesn’t
reflect it.
• Always ask if the other person has time to chat first - regardless of
how important you think what you have to say is, it’s not going to
be well received if the recipient is busy.
• Give people time to respond - Multiple questions sent to a
recipient before they’ve had a chance to answer can seem more
like an interrogation rather than a conversation.

WEB PAGES – BLOG

A blog is a discussion style site used by non-technical users for

creating personal web pages. Blog is similar to an online personal
diary and similar to use. A blog is used to convey messages, events,
news, announcements etc.
Blogs are usually managed through web browser which needs an
internet connection. A blog can also be created through Offline Blog
Software and later publish the content when the internet
connection is available.

Examples of Websites that offer blog services:-

SESSION 6: USING OFFLINE BLOG EDITORS

If you do not have an active internet connection, you can create
blogs using a blog application and publish the blog whenever
internet connectivity is available.

There are several free offline blog editors available that can be
downloaded and installed on the local computer such as:

• Qumana

• Windows Live Writer

• Blogdesk

SESSION 7: ONLINE TRANSACTIONS

The transactions over the internet are called Online Transactions

Like purchasing of goods, selling of goods, booking a ticket,
payment of fees etc. all comes under the category of Online
transactions

Examples

1) For Buying Goods :- amazon, jabong, myntra, flipkart , ebay

etc.
2) For Booking of Tickets :- IRCTC , Redbus etc.
3) For Payment of School Fee :-
epay.unionbankofindia.co.in/kvfee
 Payments tools to use Online transaction

For completing an online transaction we must

need:- 1) Valid Debit Card
2) Valid Credit Card
3) Net Banking Subscription

SESSION 8: INTERNET SECURITY

It is a branch of computer security specifically related to

the internet, involving browser security and also network
security.
Objectives of Internet Security
The main objective of internet security is to establish rules and
measures to use against attacks over the internet.

Online Threats

The threats / vulnerabilities that uses World Wide Web

(Internet) to facilitate crimes are called Online Threats.
Like:-
1) Phishing :- The act of acquiring personal / private and sensitive
data from personal computers for use in fraudulent activities. For
eg. Mails from unknown persons that ask for your credit / debit
card details.
2) Email spoofing :- It is the creation of email messages with a
forged sender address. For eg. Sending an email with a forged
email address which appears to be original. These mails are
infected mails which contain worms.
3) Chat Spoofing:- Spoofing means hoax, trick, or deceive which
contains false information. Hiding / Faking the identity of
another person over the internet is called chat spoofing

Best practices for security over Internet

1) Use strong passwords: A combination of alphanumeric and
special characters could be used for creating a password that is
not so easy to crack or guessed by other users.

General Guidelines for strong password

a) Keep the length of the password at least 12-14 characters if

permitted.
b) Avoid keeping passwords based on repetition words,
dictionary words, usernames, pet names etc.
c) Include numbers and symbols in passwords.
d) Use Capital and lowercase letters.

e) Avoid using same password for multiple sites or

purposes. f) Avoid using something that the public or
workmates know you strongly like or dislikes.

2. Backup your data: Always keep copies of data in CD, pendrives

etc, so it could be helpful in situation when there is a loss of
data.
3. Use Encryption software: Use encrypted software available
within the operating software to protect data from
unauthorized users.
4. Keep username and password private: Never save passwords or
usernames on computers that are used in shared environments
like net café.
5. Registering with website: Read privacy policy whenever you
register with a website, the policy will include information about
how the website use personal data.
6. Do not share personal information: Be cautious when filling out
forms on internet. Because your personal information or emails
could be used by unauthorized users to send fake or unwanted
emails. So, first research and verify if it’s a trusted website or not
before providing personal information to any
website.
7. Secure transactions: It is always recommended to use only secure
websites for online shopping or transactions, because these
websites store your credit card or online banking personal
information. Verify if the website uses secure transaction, usually
it is indicated through a digital certificate represented as a golden
lock in the web browser’s address
bar.
8. Use Antivirus and antispyware software: These softwares
protect
your computer from any changes by malwares/threats. Keep these
softwares up to date.
9. Do not immediately respond to mails from unknown users: Some
mails, that promise you jobs or announce lottery results, may
contain virus or scripts or they can try to gather your personal
 information. Never open the attachments from unknown
persons.
10. Install firewalls: Firewalls keep your system and network
secure. They could be software or hardware. So, Install and
configure your firewall.
11. Regularly update your operating system and software
applications.
12. When you visit websites, cookies are created on your system
that may contain your personal or logon details. Clear browser
cookies frequently so that your logon details could not be tracked
by unauthorized users

SESSION 9 : Maintain workplace safety

Maintain workplace safety

● Basic safety rules to follow at workplace – Fire safety, Falls and

slips, Electrical safety, Use of first aid.
Basic Fire safety rules in an organization are :
- Fire escape plans must be installed at proper
levels - Conduct regular drills
- Maintenance of safety equipment must be taken care of
regularly

Falls and Slips Safety rules

- Workplace must be proper ventilated

- Floors must be clean and dry
 - Oil spills, dust must be immediately cleaned.

Electrical safety rules:

- Electrical equipment approved by a recognised organization.

- Take care that the outlets/ circuits should not be
overloaded

Session 10 : Prevent Accidents and Emergencies

Accident: an accident is an unplanned event that may happen all of a

sudden and may lead to unwanted or unprecedented
results/outcomes.
Handling accidents:

- Safety measures must be placed to prevent workplace

accidents
- Immediately call the medical team for any
injury - Stay alert
- Pay attention to and follow emergency drills

Session 11: Protect Health and Safety at work

Checklist for Workstations :

The workstation should:

● provide sufficient space for the user to alter position
comfortably
● provide adequate lighting
● have windows fitted with adjustable coverings to alter the
sunlight level
● be spacious enough when a workstation is shared by more
than one person
The display screen should:

● display well-defined characters of adequate size and

spacing ● have easily adjustable brightness and contrast
● tilt and swivel easily to suit the user

The keyboard should:

● be able to tilt easily and should be able to separate from the
screen to allow the user to adopt a comfortable working
position
The work surface should:

● provide adequate space for the user

● be of an adequate size to allow the screen, keyboard and other
peripherals to be flexibly arranged

Workplace Evacuation
In case of emergency there should be provision for
evacuation. Evacuation is the process of emptying a place in
case of an emergency, disaster.
 Every company must ensure following points for evacuation
in case of any emergency:

∙ An evacuation policy : Every organization must have an

evacuation policy. All the Team Leaders are responsible for
informing about the policy to their employees about it. Proper
attention must be paid when the Team Leader is informing you
about these details. Negligence at this time may cost lives.
∙ Organization must have a designated assembly point for
emergencies. Ensure that every employee/ worker must know
where it is.

∙ A ‘buddy system’ for individuals with special needs or

disabilities must be designated. This system ensures that
differently-abled are assisted and guided out of the premises
or the impacted area properly. If you are a buddy to someone,
ensure that your buddy is safe at the assembly point with
you.

∙ Floor plans with evacuation routes in work areas. Ensure that

you understand these so you can use it in time of need.

∙ Assembly areas, where you are required to assemble after

evacuation, must be properly taken care of.

∙ Periodic evacuation drills should be conducted. Ensure that you pay

attention during these drills. You need to save your life and you
can be helpful in saving someone else’s life too.
Healthy Living

‘A healthy body has a healthy mind’ - a very popular saying is true

‘Healthy Lifestyle leads to a healthy being. A healthy living has a

lasting impact on an individual which ultimately yields a healthy
environment at home as well as at work place. a happy and healthy
worker will always perform best to his ability.

A healthy lifestyle helps to keep and improve people’s health and

well being.

a healthy lifestyle includes :

- healthy eating habits

- physical activities
- stress management
- healthy mind
- sound sleep