ISSN No: 2348-4845

International Journal & Magazine of Engineering,

Technology, Management and Research
A Peer Reviewed Open Access International Journal

Earthquake Resistant Design of a Building Using Shear Wall

B.Ramamohana Reddy M. Visweswara Rao
M.Tech Research Scholar, Professor,
Structural Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
Malla Reddy Engineering College (Autonomous), Malla Reddy Engineering College (Autonomous),
Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

ABSTRACT: 1. INTRODUCTION:

Constructions made of shear walls are high in strength Shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force
,they majorly resist the seismic force, wind forces and resisting system. Shear walls are constructed to counter
even can be build on soils of weak bases by adopting vari- the effects of lateral load acting on a structure. In residen-
ous ground improvement techniques. Not only the quick- tial construction, shear walls are straight external walls
ness in construction process but the strength parameters that typically form a box which provides all of the lateral
and effectiveness to bare horizontal loads are very high. support for the building. When shear walls are designed
Shear walls generally used in high earth quake prone ar- and constructed properly, they will have the strength and
eas, as they are highly efficient in taking the loads. Not stiffness to resist the horizontal forces. Shear walls are
only the earth quake loads but also winds loads which one of the most effective building elements in resisting
are quite high in some zones can be taken by these shear lateral forces during earthquake. By constructing shear
walls efficiently and effectively. walls damages due to effect of lateral forces due to earth-
quake and high winds can be minimized. Shear walls con-
Shear walls have a peculiar behavior towards various struction will provide larger stiffness to the buildings there
types of loads. Calculation of rigidity factor, reactions, by reducing the damage to structure and its contents.
shear center, shear force and bending moment is a topic of
interest. To determine the solution for shear wall location In building construction, a rigid vertical diaphragm ca-
in multi-storey building based on its both elastic and elas- pable of transferring lateral forces from exterior walls,
to -plastic behavior’s. The earthquake load is to be calcu- floors, and roofs to the ground foundation in a direction
lated and applied to a multistoried building. Model results parallel to their planes. Examples are the reinforced-con-
are calculated and analyzed for the effective location of crete wall or vertical truss. Lateral forces caused by wind,
shear wall. Hence by adopting the shear wall technolo- earthquake, and uneven settlement loads, in addition to
gies to the college building of VITS block, Deshmukhi the weight of structure and occupants; create powerful
Hyderabad city. The building behavior is checked. twisting (torsion) forces. These forces can literally tear
(shear) a building apart. Reinforcing a frame by attach-
The design is above verified for this same structure using ing or placing a rigid wall inside it maintains the shape of
extended three dimensional analysis of buildings (STAAD the frame and prevents rotation at the joints. Shear walls
Pro V8i) software.The results are compared. It is found are especially important in high-rise buildings subjected
that the provision of shear wall in this building will make to lateral wind and seismic forces.
this structure completely earth quake resistant in zone II
of Hyderabad. Further it is also found that the results of In the last two decades, shear walls became an important
manual and STAAD Pro are almost same, the STAAD Pro part of mid and high-rise residential buildings. As part of
giving a little bit of saving in the reinforcement quantity. an earthquake resistant building design, these walls are
placed in building plans reducing lateral displacements
Keywords: under earthquake loads. So shear-wall frame structures
are obtained.Shear wall buildings are usually regular in
STAAD.Pro, Earth Quake Loads, Shear Walls, IS: 1893, plan and in elevation. However, in some buildings, lower
IS:456-2000. floors are used for commercial purposes and the buildings
are characterized with larger plan dimensions at those
floors.

Volume No: 2 (2015), Issue No: 10 (October) October 2015

www.ijmetmr.com Page 415
 ISSN No: 2348-4845
International Journal & Magazine of Engineering,
Technology, Management and Research
A Peer Reviewed Open Access International Journal

In other cases, there are setbacks at higher floor levels. For structural purposes we consider the exterior walls as
Shear wall buildings are commonly used for residential the shear-resisting walls. Forces from the ceiling and roof
purposes and can house from 100 to 500 inhabitants per diaphragms make their way to the outside along assumed
building. paths, enter the walls, and exit at the foundation.

2. PURPOSE OF CONSTRUCTING SHEAR 4. FORCES ON SHEAR WALL:

WALLS:
Shear walls resist two types of forces: shear forces and
Shear walls are not only designed to resist gravity / verti- uplift forces. Shear forces are generated in stationary
cal loads (due to its self-weight and other living / mov- buildings by accelerations resulting from ground move-
ing loads), but they are also designed for lateral loads of ment and by external forces like wind and waves. This ac-
earthquakes / wind. The walls are structurally integrated tion creates shear forces throughout the height of the wall
with roofs / floors (diaphragms) and other lateral walls between the top and bottom shear wall connections.Uplift
running across at right angles, thereby giving the three di- forces exist on shear walls because the horizontal forces
mensional stability for the building structures. Shear wall are applied to the top of the wall. These uplift forces try to
structural systems are more stable. Because, their support- lift up one end of the wall and push the other end down.
ing area (total cross-sectional area of all shear walls) with In some cases, the uplift force is large enough to tip the
reference to total plans area of building, is comparatively wall over. Uplift forces are greater on tall short walls and
more, unlike in the case of RCC framed structures. Walls less on low long walls. Bearing walls have less uplift than
have to resist the uplift forces caused by the pull of the non-bearing walls because gravity loads on shear walls
wind. Walls have to resist the shear forces that try to push help them resist uplift. Shear walls need hold down de-
the walls over. Walls have to resist the lateral force of the vices at each end when the gravity loads cannot resist all
wind that tries to push the walls in and pull them away of the uplift. The hold down device then provides the nec-
from the building. essary uplift resistance.

Shear walls should be located on each level of the struc-

3 COMPARISONS OF SHEAR WALL WITH ture including the crawl space. To form an effective box
CONSTRUCTION OF CONVENTIONAL structure, equal length shear walls should be placed sym-
LOAD BEARING WALLS: metrically on all four exterior walls of the building. Shear
walls should be added to the building interior when the
Load bearing masonry is very brittle material. Due to dif- exterior walls cannot provide sufficient strength and stiff-
ferent kinds of stresses such as shear, tension, torsion, etc., ness. Shear walls are most efficient when they are aligned
caused by the earthquakes, the conventional unreinforced vertically and are supported on foundation walls or foot-
brick masonry collapses instantly during the unpredict- ings. When exterior shear walls do not provide sufficient
able and sudden earthquakes. The RCC framed structures strength, other parts of the building will need additional
are slender, when compared to shear wall concept of box strengthening. Consider the common case of an interior
like three-dimensional structures. Though it is possible wall supported by a sub floor over a crawl space and there
to design the earthquake resistant RCC frame, it requires is no continuous footing beneath the wall. For this wall
extraordinary skills at design, detailing and construction to be used as shear wall, the sub floor and its connections
levels, which cannot be anticipated in all types of con- will have to be strengthened near the wall. For Retrofit
struction projects. On the other hand even moderately work, existing floor construction is not easily changed.
designed shear wall structures not only more stable, but That’s the reason why most retrofit work uses walls with
also comparatively quite ductile. In safety terms it means continuous footings underneath them as shear walls.
that, during very severe earthquakes they will not sud-
denly collapse causing death of people. They give enough 5. CLASSIFICATION OF SHEAR WALLS:
indicative warnings such as widening structural cracks,
yielding rods, etc., offering most precious moments for •Simple rectangular types and flanged walls (bar
people to run out off structures, before they totally col-
lapse. •Coupled shear walls

Volume No: 2 (2015), Issue No: 10 (October) October 2015

www.ijmetmr.com Page 416
 ISSN No: 2348-4845
International Journal & Magazine of Engineering,
Technology, Management and Research
A Peer Reviewed Open Access International Journal

•Rigid frame shear walls 6.1 SHEAR WALLS:

Framed walls with in filled frames
•Column supported shear walls The shear walls are proposed to be inserted in the C-Block
•Core type shear walls Building and the analysis and design of the building with
the shear walls is done with staad Pro and manually .The
5.1 METHODS OF DESIGN OF SHEAR shear walls will be designed to resist the lateral forces
WALL: developed due to earthquake and wind loads .The shear
There are three types of design methods walls are proposed to be located at the centre and shear
(a) Segmented shear wall method walls are proposed in 8 bays, Each bay 20 m width, 4 m
(b) Force transfer –ground openings method height. Total shear wall Area is 640square meters. Thick-
(c) Perforated shear wall method ness of shear wall is thickness of conventional wall which
is 0.3 m. The location of shear walls is shown in Figure.
5.2 TYPES OF SHEAR WALLS:
1. RC Shear Wall
2.Plywood Shear Wall
3. Midply Shear Wall
4. RC Hollow Concrete Block Masonry Wall
5. Steel Plate Shear Wall

6. DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING:

The building we considered is C-Block of vignan institute

of technology and science, an Engineering college located
at deshmukhi village, Rangareddy district, the college of-
fers courses in civil, mechanical ,electronics and commu-
nication ,electrical and electronics ,computer sciences en-
gineering with an intake of about 1000 students per year.
This block consists of 3 bays of 20m width and 4 m height
of 3 floors .the ground floor consists of one laboratory
covering an area of 3 bays and the remaining floors G+1
and G+2 consists of 6 Class rooms. And the walls are of
0.3m thick .The walls between central bays are designed
as shear walls as shown in figure. It shows the layered
structure of the current building.

Fig: 2 locations of shear walls

6.2 NECCESITY OF SHEAR WALLS TO
THE PRESENT BUILDING:

As already explained the building is often subjected to

vibrations produced from the nearby quarrys and more-
over it is on hills which are more prone to earthquakes
. If at all any earth quake occurs huge life and property
loss may occur .So, it is being necessary to take precau-
tions against vibrations caused due to bomb blasts from
the quarry and also against natural disasters .Shear walls
are the easiest ways to provide resistance to vibrations
Fig: 1 Layered Structure of Current Building and very easy to design .

Volume No: 2 (2015), Issue No: 10 (October) October 2015

www.ijmetmr.com Page 417
 ISSN No: 2348-4845
International Journal & Magazine of Engineering,
Technology, Management and Research
A Peer Reviewed Open Access International Journal

Here in our study we are taking the c block of vignan col- 7. STAAD PRO –AN OVERVIEW:
lege and locating and designing shear walls for the exist-
ing structure. The 3-D view of shear walls in the building STAAD.Pro V8i is a comprehensive and integrated fi-
is shown in Figure. nite element analysis and design offering, including a
state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, and in-
ternational design codes. It is capable of analyzing any
structure exposed to static loading, a dynamic response,
wind, earthquake, and moving loads. STAAD.Pro V8i is
the premier FEM analysis and design tool for any type
of project including towers, culverts, plants, bridges, sta-
diums, and marine structures.With an array of advanced
analysis capabilities including linear static, response
spectra, time history, cable, imperfection, pushover and
non-linear analyses, STAAD.Pro V8i provides your en-
gineering team with a scalable solution that will meet the
demands of your project every time. in Asia – STAAD.
Pro V8i is the perfect workhorse for your.

8. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS:

The c block in vignan college building is designed using

staadpro software.All the columns ,beams and shear walls
are designed using this soft ware.The shear walls are de-
signed manually also.The block consists of 3 floors and 3
bays in each floor.Shear walls are designed for earthquake
loads, dead loads and live load for a college building as
Fig: 3 3D Views of Shear Walls in the Building
per Indian standard code .Wind loads vary with the place
,type of soil and type of buildings considering all the con-
ditions appropriate loading is given .The Design and re-
sults of the building are detailed in the output obtained
from staadpro software. shear force and bending moment
variations and reinforcement details of shear walls for the
8 bays are described here.

Fig: 5 shows the general dimensions of beams, columns

Fig: 4 3D Views of Shear Walls in the Building
and shear walls

Volume No: 2 (2015), Issue No: 10 (October) October 2015

www.ijmetmr.com Page 418
 ISSN No: 2348-4845
International Journal & Magazine of Engineering,
Technology, Management and Research
A Peer Reviewed Open Access International Journal

Fig: 6 Figure of Single Shear Wall.

8.1 SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENT VARISTION IN ALL SHEAR WALL SUR-
FACES OBTAINED IN THE RESULTS

Volume No: 2 (2015), Issue No: 10 (October) October 2015

www.ijmetmr.com Page 419
 ISSN No: 2348-4845
International Journal & Magazine of Engineering,
Technology, Management and Research
A Peer Reviewed Open Access International Journal

8.2 COMPUTERISED DETAILING OF SHEAR WALL

CONCLUSIONS : in vertical direction and 150 mm spacing in horizontal

direction for 300 mm wall.
The provision of shear walls in C-Block Building of the
college in the indicated locations will take care of earth b) As per our computerized design we used the same code
quake load and make the building earth quake resistant and the results areThe corner reinforcement of the shear
The thickness and the reinforcement considered and pro- wall of 20 meters is to be provided with 16 mm bars of 20
vided for the shear walls could be sufficient to take care in numbers, and the middle area is provided with 10 mm
all types of loads developed due to earthquake.The col- bars with 140mm spacing in vertical direction and 120
umns, Beams, Slabs of the Buildings is also analyzed with mm spacing in horizontal direction for 300 mm wall.
Staad Pro and it is found that the existing dimensions and
reinforcement are sufficient to take care of the strength re- c) The values in the computer design also almost matched
quirements developed due to dead load, seismic load and the theoretical design the slight variation may be due to
live load.A comparison of Manual design and computer- accuracy of computerized method. It is estimated that
ized design indicates the following . whenever an opening is expected the bar diameter is in-
creased and lateral ties are provided inside the wall to rep-
a) As per our manual design we used IS code 1893:2000 licate lintel beam in the wall for extra stability
and the design results for the shear walls are The corner
reinforcement of the shear wall of 20 meters is to be pro- FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK:
vided with 16 mm bars of 20 in numbers, and the middle Construction of shear walls gives all time protection for
area is provided with 10 mm bars with 150 mm spacing the building not only while the times of earthquakes but
also against vibrations created by

Volume No: 2 (2015), Issue No: 10 (October) October 2015

www.ijmetmr.com Page 420
 ISSN No: 2348-4845
International Journal & Magazine of Engineering,
Technology, Management and Research
A Peer Reviewed Open Access International Journal

blasts in quarry’s and also even if the capacity of the build- 4.Anshuman. S, Dipendu Bhunia, Bhavin Ramjiyani.
ing is to be increased shear walls give enough strength “Solution of shear wall location in multi-storey building”
and can confidently raise the building to another floor .International journal of civil and structural engineering,
Shear walls are considered to be a gift to the future con- 2011, Vol.02, no 02; 493-506
struction industry. Scope of shear walls in construction
field is immense. It’s since their arrival in market there 5.S.V.Venkatesh,H.Sharada bai, “Effect of internal &
topic was always a topic of interest. Shear walls are the external shear wall on performance of building frame
structures usually build to balance lateral loads acting on subjected to lateral load”. International Journal of Earth
the structure. Where the lateral loads are most predomi- Sciences and Engineering, October 2011, Vol. 04, No 06;
nantly wind and earth quake loads. And predominantly 571-576.
earthquake loads are more intense in their effect on the
building structures. Earthquakes are becoming more in- 6.O.Esmaili,S.Epackachi,M.Samadzad,S.R.Mirghaderi.
tense due to the key reason that is ground water depleash- “Study of structural RC shears wall system in a 56-story
ement. Hence in order to overcome the diverse effects of RC tall building”. The 14th World Conference on Earth-
earthquake its always best to save ourselves from future quake Engineering, Beijing, China. October 12-17, 2008.
disasters.
7.Zhijuan Sun, Jiliang Liu and Mingjin Chu, “Experi-
Shear walls are quick in construction, as the walls doesn’t mental study on behaviours of adaptive slit shear walls”
need any special brick Arrangement or plastering they are The open civil engineering journal, 2013,7, PP:189-
very quick in their construction. It just requires an effec- 195,2013.
tive form work and very little skilled labor. It was estimat-
ed that a 20 floors building can be built within six months 8.Ugale Ashish B. Raut Harshalata R. “Effect of steel
which is most astonishing. Therefore there is lot of scope plate shear wall on behaviour of structure”. International
for future study in shear walls. The shear walls can be journal of civil engineering research, Vol.5, Number 3,
designed and provided for the existing buildings having PP-295-300,2014.
more than 3 floors. Further various design methods of
shear walls can be studied.The various shapes of shear 9.Venkata Sairam Kumar.N, P.V.S.Maruthi Krishna, “Uti-
walls can be studied.Different locations can be studied. lization of reinforced concrete flexural (shear) Wals in
Provision of shear walls with different materials can be multistorey buildings with effect of lateral loads under
studied. flat terrain”. IJESRT, Vol.2, Issue 9, pp-2467-2471,2013.

REFERENCES: 10.P.P.Chandurkar, Dr.P.S.Pajgade, “Seismic analysis

of RCC Building with and without shear wall”. IJMER,
1.Khan F.R. and Sbarounis.J.A, “Interaction of shear Vol.3, Issue 3, May-june 2013,pp-1805-1810,2013.
walls and frames. Journal of the Struct.Div”, ASCE,
90(3).1964, 285-335. 11.Han-Seon Lee, Dong-Woo Ko. “Seismic response char-
acteristics of high-rise RC wall buildings having different
2.M. Ashraf, Z.A. Siddiqi, M.A.Javed. “Configuration of irregularities in lower stories”. Journal of Structural Engi-
a multistory building subjected to lateral forces”. Asian neering, February 1, 2004, Vol. 130, No.2; 2-271–284
journal of civil engineering (building and housing),
(2008),vol. 9, no. 5; 525-537.

3.Shahabodin.Zaregarizi. “Comparative investigation

on using shear wall and infill to improve seismic perfor-
mance of existing buildings”.The 14th WorldConference
on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China. October 12-
17, 2008.

Volume No: 2 (2015), Issue No: 10 (October) October 2015

www.ijmetmr.com Page 421