FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

It is a one way of presenting data. It is a tabular presentation of qualitative or quantitative data grouped into
categorical or non-overlapping numerical intervals called classes together with the number of observations
in each class. It is applicable if the total number of cases (N) is equal to 30 or more.

STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

1. Determine the RANGE ©.

RANGE = HIGHEST SCORE/DATA – LOWEST SCORE/DATA

2. Obtain the approximate number of classes (k).

2.1) k = √ total number of data
k = √N (UP Method)

2.2) k value ranges from 5 to 25 depending upon the number of scores or data.
If N is:
30 – k may be 5 to 7
50 – k may be 7 to 10
100 – k may be 10 to 15
***No fixed rule in determining the value of k but the number of k must be a whole number.***

3. Determine the class width or class size ©.

Range
a. c = (UP Method)
k

b. In finding the class width, we simply divide the range by 10 and by 20 in order that the size of the
class interval may not be less than 10 and not more than 20.

4. Set the classes

a. Lowest Limit = Lowest value
Upper Limit = Lower limit + c – 1 unit measure
*** This method is to determine the lowest class interval. (UP Method)

b. In setting up the classes, we add c/2 from the highest score as the lower limit of the highest class
interval. Once the highest class is set, subtract the value of the class width successively from the upper
and lower limits to form the other classes until you reach the lowest score.

5. Tally the scores.

Other Information Related to the Frequency Distribution Table

1. True Class Boundary (TCB) – “Real Limit” of each class interval

LL TCB = Lower limit – ½ unit measure

UL TCB = Upper limit + ½ unit measure

2. Class mark/ Class Midpoint (CM) – Midpoint of each class interval

Lower Limit+ Upper Limit
CM =
2

3. Relative Frequency (RF) – proportion of observation in each Class interval

Frequency of eac h Class Interval
RF = x 100%
Total of t h e Frequencies

4. Cumulative Frequency (CF)

< CF – summing up the frequency starting with the frequency of the lowest valued class interval.
 > CF – summing up the frequency starting with the frequency of the highest valued class interval
EXAMPLE:
Consider the scores of Ms. Tomas’ class in English.
86 67 68 57 64 63 60 80 89 59
61 66 59 63 70 73 74 90 78 84
72 63 75 68 71 66 76 73 79 72
74 83 73 69 59 66 81 81 76 78
58 70 67 75 73 69 70 62 61 77

Step 1: R = 90 – 57 = 33
Step 2: k = √ 50 = 7.07 = 7
R 33
Step 3: c = = = 4.7 = 5
k 7

C1 Tally Freq TCB CM < CF > CF RF

57 – 61 11111 – 111 8 56.5-61.5 59 8 50 16
62 – 66 11111- 111 8 61.5-66.5 64 16 42 16
67 – 71 11111 -11111 10 66.5-71.5 69 26 34 20
72 – 76 11111 – 11111-11 12 71.5-76.5 74 38 24 24
77 – 81 11111-11 7 76.5-81.5 79 45 12 14
82 – 86 111 3 81.5-86.5 84 48 5 6
87 – 91 11 2 86.5-91.5 89 50 2 4
Total 50 100%

Histogram- is a bar graph associated with a FDT. It is constructed by making off the true class boundaries
along the horizontal axis and erecting over each class interval a rectangle whose height equals
the frequency of that class. It makes the information in a frequency distribution be grasped more
easily and more visually appealing. The histogram quickly reveals the general pattern or
distribution of values.
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
56.5 – 61.5 61.5 – 66.5 66.5-71.5 71.5-76.5 76.5-81.5 81.5- 86.5-91.5
86.5
Frequency Polygon – is a line graph associated with a FDT. A frequency polygon is obtained by plotting
the frequency of each class above the class midpoint of that class and then joining
the points with straight lines.
 Measures of Central Tendency
Measure of Central Tendency
- a single value about which the set of observations tends to cluster

Some of the measures of central tendency are:

1. Arithmetic Mean (µ ) – average of a set of data
- the quotient of the sum of all observations and the total number of observation in the data.
2. Median – the middlemost value in an array of observations.
- the value that divides a set of data into two equal parts.
3. Mode – the most common value or the most frequent value in the data.
- the value with the highest frequency.

Two Kinds of Data

1. Ungrouped Data – is a set of data that are not arranged in a frequency distribution table. Usually,
these are the data that are less than 30.
2. Grouped Data – is a set of data that are arranged in a frequency distribution table. Usually, these are
the data that are equal or greater than 30.

Measures of Central Tendency of Ungrouped Data

A. MEAN(μ)
 For Ungrouped Data: µ =
∑ Xi = X 1 + X 2 + X 3 + …+ X n
where Xi – each observation
n n
n – total no. of data
Examples:

1.) Find the mean of the data: 12, 27, 20, 15, 16, 32, 22, 28
μ = 12 + 27 + 20 + 15 + 16 + 32 + 22 + 28 = 172 = 21.5
8 8

2.) Find the mean of the data: 37, 45, 68, 70, 25, 43, 37, 58, 66, 52, 48, 41, 60, 75, 80, 67, 79
μ = 37+45+68+70+25+43+37+58+66+52+48+41+60+75+80+67+79
17
μ = 951 = 55.94
17

3.) Find the mean of the data: 25, 33, 31, 32, 26, 33, 28, 40, 27, 35, 34, 20

4.) Find the mean of the data: 120, 117, 107, 128, 132, 143, 125, 138, 120, 117, 119

5.) Find the mean of the scores: 14, 16, 20, 26, 35, 43, 28, 35, 29, 37, 40, 38, 18, 20, 28, 30, 42, 24, 50, 33
B. MEDIAN (Md)
 For Ungrouped Data:

a. If N is odd, Md = X n +1
2

X n +X n
+1
b. If N is even, Md = 2 2
2

Examples:
1. Find the median of the data: 12, 27, 20, 15, 16, 32, 22, 28

*** arrange first the data from lowest to highest: 12, 15, 16, 20, 22, 27, 28, 32
N = 8(even)
X n +X n X 8+X8 X +X 20+22 42
+1 +1 4 4 +1
Md = 2 2 = 2 2 = = 2
= 2 = 21
2 2 2

2. Find the median of the data: 37, 45, 68, 70, 25, 43, 37, 58, 66, 52, 48, 41, 60, 75, 80, 67, 79
*** arrange the data from lowest to highest:
25, 37, 37, 41, 43, 45, 48, 52, 58, 60, 66, 67, 68, 70, 75, 79, 80
N = 17 ( odd )
Md = X n +1 = X 17 +1 = X 9=¿58
2 2

3. Find the median of the data: 25, 33, 31, 32, 26, 33, 28, 40, 27, 35, 34, 20

4. Find the median of the data: 120, 117, 107, 128, 132, 143, 125, 138, 120, 117, 119

C. MODE (Mo )
 For Ungrouped Data
Mo – the value with highest frequency

Examples:
1. Find the mode of the data: 28, 40, 35, 25, 40, 16, 20, 40
***arrange : 16, 20, 25, 28, 35, 40, 40, 40
Mo = 40 (unimodal- since it has one mode)

2. Find the mode of the data: 1, 2, 4, 6, 5, 2, 4, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4

*** arrange: 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Mo = 2 and 4 (bimodal – since it has two modes)

3. Find the mode of the data: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

Mo = no mode

4. Find the mode of the data: 2, 2, 4, 4, 5, 3, 6, 7, 6, 5, 8

*** arrange: 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8
Mode = 2, 4, 5, and 6 ( multimodal data – many modes)
5. Find the mode of the data: 18, 17, 18, 21, 16, 20, 19, 18, 14, 20

Measures of Central Tendency of Grouped Data

A. MEAN(μ)
k

∑ f i CM i
For Grouped Data: µ =
i=1
 k where fi – frequency of each class interval
∑ fi
i=1
Cmi – classmark of each class interval
k – total no. of class intervals

*** Find the mean of the following data:

a.)
CI f CM
4 – 12 6 8
13 – 21 10 17
22 – 30 8 26
31 – 39 5 35
40 – 48 1 44
k

∑ f i CM i 6 ( 8 ) +10 ( 17 ) +8 ( 26 ) +5 ( 35 ) +1(44) 48+170+208+175+ 44 645

µ=
i=1
k = = = =21.5
6+ 10+8+5+1 30 30
∑ fi
i=1

b.)
CI f CM
2–6 5 4
7 – 11 4 9
12 – 7 14
16
17 – 5 19
21
22 – 5 24
26
27 – 4 29
31

c.
CI f CM
13 – 23 2
24 – 34 3
35 – 45 7
46 – 56 11
57 – 67 11
68 – 78 9
79 – 89 6
90 – 100 1

d.
CI f CM
90 – 99 1
 80 – 89 4
70 – 79 9
60 – 69 10
50 – 59 12
40 – 49 7
30 – 39 4
20 – 29 1
10 – 19 2

B. MEDIAN (Md)

( )
N
−Fb
 For Grouped Data: Md = L + c 2
md
f md
Where: Lmd = lower limit of the true class boundary (TCB) of the median class
c = class size
N = total no. of data
Fb = less than cumulative frequency (CF) of the lower valued class interval following the
median class
fmd = frequency of the median class.
Median Class = the class interval containing N/2 term.

*** Find the median of the following data

a.)
CI f CM <CF
4 – 12 6 8 6
13 – 21 10 17 16
22 - 30 8 26 24
31 - 39 5 35 29
40 - 48 1 44 30

30
*** median class is 13 – 21 since it contains term or 15th term
2

( ) ( )
N 30
−Fb −6 9
Md = L + c 2 = 12. 5 + 9 2 = 12. 5 + 9 ( ¿ = 12. 5 + 9 ( 0.9 ) = 12.5 + 8.1 = 20.6
md 10
f md 10
b.)
CI f <CF
2–6 5 4
7 – 11 4 9
12 – 7 14
16
17 – 5 19
21
22 – 5 24
26
27 – 4 29
31

c.
CI f <CF
13 – 23 2
24 – 34 3
35 – 45 7
 46 – 56 11
57 – 67 11
68 – 78 9
79 – 89 6
90 – 100 1

d.
CI f <CF
90 – 99 1
80 – 89 4
70 – 79 9
60 – 69 10
50 – 59 12
40 – 49 7
30 – 39 4
20 – 29 1
10 – 19 2

C. MODE (Mo )

 For Grouped Data: ( f mo−f b

Mo = Lmo + c 2 f −f −f
mo b a
)
Where Lmo = Lower True Class Boundary of the modal class
c = class size
fmo = frequency of the modal class
fb = frequency of the lower valued class interval following the modal class
fa = frequency of the higher valued class interval being followed by the modal class
Modal Class = the class interval with the highest frequency

*** Find the mode of the following data:

a.)
CI f
4 - 12 6
13 - 21 10
22 - 30 8
31 - 39 5
40 - 48 1

*** modal class is 13 – 21 since it contains the highest frequency which is 10

Mo = Lmo + c ( f mo−f b
2 f mo−f b −f a )
= 12. 5 + 9( 10−6
2 (10 )−6−8 )
= 12. 5 + 9()
4
6
= 12. 5 + 6 = 18. 5
b.)
CI f
2–6 5
7 – 11 4
12 – 7
16
17 – 5
21
22 – 5
26
27 – 4
31
 c.)
CI f
13 – 23 2
24 – 34 3
35 – 45 7
46 – 56 11
57 – 67 11
68 – 78 9
79 – 89 6
90 – 100 1

d.)
CI f
90 – 99 1
80 – 89 4
70 – 79 9
60 – 69 10
50 – 59 12
40 – 49 7
30 – 39 4
20 – 29 1
10 – 19 2

When to Use the Different Measures of Central Tendency

1. The mean is computed

a. When it is used to describe a set of data whose values are substantially close to each other. Data that
contains extreme values will give misleading average;
b. When it is used to compare two or more sets of data where variation of values between or among sets
follow the same pattern, or that the distributions of these two sets have the same characteristics;
c. When it is desired to find a measure of central tendency that is most stable.

Characteristics of a set of Quantitative Data that has this kind of Average:

a. It has one and only one arithmetic mean
b. The algebraic sum of the deviations of individual values from the mean is zero
c. The sum of the squares of the deviations of the individual values from the mean is a minimum, and;
d. When the other measure of “statistics” descriptive of the set of data are to be computed later.

2. The median is computed

a. When the set of data contains extreme values resulting in a skewed distribution;
b. When it is desired to know simply the middle value in a distribution;
c. When the frequency distribution is opened ended.
3. The mode is computed
a. When the measure of central tendency is quickly needed;
b. When the most common or typical value is needed;
c. When the frequency distribution is open ended.

Relationships among Mean, Median and Mode

1. When the distribution is symmetrical and unimodal, then the mean, the median, and the mode coincide.
***NORMAL DISTRIBUTION***

***  = Md = Mo
 
Md
Mo

2. Skewed Distribution
-Distribution is not symmetrical

a. Positively Skewed/Skewed to the right

- It has a long tail extending off to the right (indicating the presence of small proportion of relatively large
extreme values) but short tail extending to the left.

*** Mo < Md < 

Mo Md 

b. Negatively Skewed/Skewed to the left

**** < Md < Mo

 Md Mo

EXERCISES IN MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

1. Given the data below put it in a frequency distribution table and then compute for the Mean, Median,
and Mode of the grouped data.

48 12 18 33 39 42 45 15 23 19 25 19 43 63

52 14 17 28 31 53 26 40 37 23 22 20 49

65 26 29 18 35 30 21 27 44 34 18 37 58
 2. Make a frequency distribution table for the given data and then compute for the Mean, Median and
Mode of the grouped data.

76 71 75 89 84 94 75 87 78 84 88

85 83 81 92 75 77 87 77 80 78 80

98 70 69 70 86 92 81 86 87 70 75

78 77 89 88 73 77 80 84 96 95 94

85 83 72 85 89 75 75 70 77 77 72

MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION / POSITION

Measures of Central Location

- Values that divide a distribution into a specified fraction or position.
- They are reffered to as quantiles or fractiles.

Some of these fractiles are:

1. Quartiles – it divides the set of data into four parts
2. Deciles – it divides the set of data into ten parts
3. Percentiles – it divides the set of data into one hundred parts

*Percentiles are frequently used in classifying students based on their scores on standard aptitude tests like
the NCEE and similar testing instruments. For example, the 20th percentile, designated by P20 is the point
such that 20% of the observations are less than or equal to this value, similarly the 80th percentile, P80, has
80% of the observations are less than or equal to it.

It can be noted that there are nine deciles,D1. D2, D3, …, D9.
Also P10 = D1, P50 = Median =Q2, P20 = D2

On the other hand, there are three quartile points denoted by Q1, Q2, Q3, which divides the distribution into
four equal parts, each of which contains 25% of the observations. Thus, the first (lower) quartile, Q1,
represents the first one fourth while the third (upper) quartile represents the point that divides the third from
the last quarter. Of course, the second quartile is the median.

***Before computing for the quantiles of an ungrouped data, arrange the data in ascending order.

For Ungrouped Data

A. Quartiles
Q = X kn
k where k =1, 2 or 3
4
 n = total # of data
X = observation

B. Deciles
Dk = X kn where k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
10

C. Percentiles
P = X kn
k where k = 1, 2, 3,… 99
100

Example: 1. Given the data: 7, 6, 8, 12, 15, 20, 16, 2, 11, 14, 18, 16.
Find for Q1, D5, P90, P30, D8

*** First, arrange the data: 2, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 16, 18, 20
X =X 3=7
a.) Q1 = 1 (12) so the value of Quartile 1 is 7.
4
X 5 (12)
b.) D 5 = = X 60 = X 6 = 12 so the value of Decile 5 is 12.
10 10

c.) P90= X 90 (12) =X 10.8 =X 10 +0.8 ( X 11− X 10) =16+0.8 ( 18−16 )=16 +0.8 ( 2 )=17.6
100
X 30 (12 ) = X 3.6= X 3 +0. ( X 4 −X 3 ) =7+0.6 ( 8−7 ) =7+0.6 ( 1 )=7.6
d.) P30 =
100
X 8 (12)
e.) D 8 = = X 96 =X 9.6 = X9 + 0.6 ( X10 – X9) = 16 + 0.6 ( 16 – 16) = 16 + 0 = 16
10 10

2. Given the data: 11, 20, 27, 18, 17, 16, 15, 20, 24,
find Q1, Q3, D5, D9, D1, P15, P20, P22, P48, P55 P81, P93

3. Given the data: 91 61 46 62 54 62 93 90 99 76

48 83 59 96 66 94 52 51 59 62

89 100 92 70 59 91 73 68 49 54

85 43 78 50 45 98 69 77 42 46

Find Q1, Q2, Q3, D9, D1, P20, P25, P32, P51, P78, P90
For Grouped Data

A. Quartile

[ ]
kn
−F
Qk = L +c 4
f

Where k = 1, 2, 3
kn
L = Lower TCB of the Class Interval containing
4
n = total no. of data
kn
F = <CF of the lower valued Class Interval following the Class Interval containing
4
kn
f = frequency of the Class Interval containing
4
B. Decile

[ ]
kn
−F
Dk = L +c 10
f

Where k = 1, 2, 3, …,9
kn
L = Lower TCB of the Class Interval containing
10
n = total no. of data
kn
F = <CF of the lower valued Class Interval following the Class Interval containing
10
kn
f = frequency of the Class Interval containing
10
C. Percentile

[ ]
kn
−F
Pk = L +c 100
f

Where k = 1, 2, 3,…, 99
kn
L = Lower TCB of the Class Interval containing
100
n = total no. of data
kn
F = <CF of the lower valued Class Interval following the Class Interval containing
100
kn
f = frequency of the Class Interval containing
100

Examples:

1. Given the data below, solve for Q1, D7, P80, Q3

1(35)
C.I f TCB <CF *** = 8.75th term is located in C.I. 10 – 16
4
3–9 5 2.5 – 9.5 5
7(35)
10 – 16 6 9.5 – 16 .5 11 *** =¿ 24.5th term is located in C.I. 24 – 30
10
 17 – 23 7 16.5 – 23.5 18
24 – 30 8 23.5 – 30.5 26
80(35)
31 – 37 6 30.5 – 37.5 32 *** =¿ 28th term is located in C.I. 31 – 37
100
3(35)
38 – 44 3 37.5 – 44.5 35 *** = 26.25th term is located in C.I. 31 – 37
4

[ ]
1(35)
a.) Q1= L +c 4
f
−F
= 9.5 + 7 [ 8.75−5
6 ]
= 9.5 + 7 ( 0.625) = 9.5 + 4.375 = 13.875

[ ]
7(35)
b.) D7 = L +c 10
f
−F
= 23. 5 + 7
24.5−18
8 [ ]
= 23. 5 + 7( 0.8125) = 29.1875

[ ]
80(35)
c.) P80 = L +c 100
f
−F
= 30. 5 + 7
28−26
6 [ ]
= 30. 5 + 7( 0.333 ) = 32.8333

[ ]
3(35)
d.) Q3= L +c 4
f
−F
= 30.5 + 7 [ 26.25−26
6 ]
= 30.5 + 7 ( 0.041666 ) = 30.5 + 0.291666 = 30.791666

2. Given the data on the scores of the fifty students in a history class,
Find Q1, Q2, Q3, D1, D3, D9, P15, P28, P56, P99, P79

C.I f TCB <CF

49 - 45 2 44.5 – 49.5 50
40 – 44 6 39.5 – 44.5 48
35 – 39 11 34.5 – 39.5 42
30 – 34 10 29.5 – 34.5 31
25 – 29 12 24.5 – 29.5 21
20 – 24 5 19.5 – 24.5 9
15 – 19 4 14.5 – 19.5 4

Exercises:
1. Find Q3, D8, D3, D5, P30, P70, P75, P60, P95
C.I f TCB <CF
4 – 12 6 3.5 – 12.5 6
13 – 21 10 12.5 – 21.5 16
22 – 30 8 21.5 – 30.5 24
31 – 39 5 30.5 – 39.5 29
40 – 48 1 39.5 – 48.5 30

2. Solve for Q1, D7, D2, P81, P12, P71, P63, P57, P97, P88

C.I f TCB <CF

98 – 98 5 93.5 – 98.5 55
89 – 93 5 88.5 – 93.5 50
84 – 88 13 83.5 – 88.5 45
79 – 83 7 78.5 – 83.5 32
74 – 78 16 73.5 – 78.5 25
69 – 73 9 68.5 – 73.5 9
 3. Solve for Q3, D3, D6, D1, P19, P27, P35, P40, P51, P83

C.I f TCB <CF

15.2 – 19.6 4 15.15 – 19.65 4
19.7 – 24.1 5 19.65 – 24.15 9
24.2 – 28.6 10 24.15 – 28.65 19
28.7 – 33.1 6 28.65 – 33.15 25
33.2 – 37.6 5 33.15 – 37.65 30

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY OR DISPERSION

Measure of Variability or Dispersion

- a quantity that measures the spreadness or variability of the observations or measurements in the
data set.
- it describes the scatteredness of the values in a given set of data, or how the observations are spread
out with respect to its measure of central tendency.

Measures of Variability For Ungrouped data

A. Range (R)
- the difference between the highest value and the lowest value of the set of data.
R = HV – LV or HS – LS

Example: 1. Find the range of the data: 2, 4, 4, 7, 0, 3

R=7–0=7

*Effective Range
- range obtained by excluding the extreme values.

Example: 2. Given the data: 0, 28, 35, 30, 37, 31, 16, 50
Range = 50 – 0 = 50
but 50 & 0 are extreme values so to compute for effective range, we consider 37 and 16.
Effective Range = 37 – 16 = 12

B. Semi – interquartile Range (Q) OR Quartile Deviation (QD)

- A measure computed as half the difference between the first quartile and the third quartile.

Q3−Q1
QD = Where QD – semi- interquartile range
2
Q3 – Third quartile
Q1 – first quartile

Ex. 1.) Find the semi – interquartile range (QD) of the data: 27, 13, 20, 14, 15, 19, 18, 16, 22, 25, 23, 17
- arrange first the data: 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 27

X 1 (12)
Q1 = = X3 = 15
4
X 3 (12)
Q3 = = X9 = 22
4
Q3−Q1 22−15 7
But QD = = 2 = 2 =3.5
2

2.) Find QD of the data: 3, 7, 6, 8, 10, 5, 20, 13, 17, 16

 - arrange the data: 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 16, 17, 20

X 1 (10)
Q1 = = X2.5 = X2 + 0.5 ( X3 – X2) = 5 + 0.5 ( 6 – 5) = 5 + 0.5( 1) = 5 + 0.5 = 5.5
4
X 3 (10)
Q3 = = X7.5 = X7 + 0.5 ( X8 – X7) = 13 + 0.5 ( 16 – 13) = 13 + 0.5( 3) = 13 + 1.5 = 14.5
4
Q3−Q1 14.5−5.5 9
But QD = = 2
= 2 =4.5
2

3.) Find the QD of the scores in Math 118: 34, 45, 42, 38, 20, 39, 56, 29

C. Abolute Mean Deviation or Average Mean Deviation ( MD)

- The average of the absolute deviations measured from the mean
k

M.D =
∑ ¿ X i−μ∨¿ Where Xi = each observation
i=1
¿
n
 = mean of the observation
n = total no. of observation

Example: 1. Find the absolute mean deviation of the data: 27, 13, 14, 20, 15, 19, 18, 18
27+13+ 14+20+15+19+ 18+18 144
μ= = = 18
8 8
k

M.D =
∑ ¿ X i−μ∨¿ =
i=1
¿
n
|27−18|+|13−18|+|14−18|+|20−18|+|15−18|+|19−18|+|18−18|+|18−18|
8

9+5+ 4+2+3+1+ 0+0 24

MD = = =3
8 8

2. Find the MD of the scores in Math 118: 34, 45, 42, 38, 20, 39, 56, 29

D. VARIANCE (2 or SD2 ) AND STANDARD DEVIATION ( or SD)

Variance (2 or SD2)

- the mean of the squared deviation of the observations from their arithmetic mean
Standard Deviation ( or SD)
- positive square root of the variance

a. Population Variance - if the total population is being considered

 n
 = ∑ ¿¿ ¿ where X i = each observation
2

i=1
n = total number of data
μ = mean of the data

Population Standard Deviation

√∑
n
σ= ¿¿¿¿
i=1

b. Sample Variance – if samples are taken from a population

n
SD2 = ∑ ¿¿ ¿
i=1

Sample Standard Deviation

√
n
SD = ∑ ¿¿¿¿
i=1

Examples:

1.) Find the variance and standard deviation of the sample data: 2, 4, 8, 10, 16

2+ 4+ 8+10+16 40
μ= = =8
5 5
n 2 2 2 2 2
(2−8) +(4−8) +(8−8) +( 10−8) +(16−8)
SD = ∑ ¿¿ ¿ =
2

i=1 5−1

(−6)2 +(−4)2 +0 2+22 +8 2 36+16+ 0+4 +64 120

= = = =30
4 4 4

SD = √ SD 2 = √ 30 = 5. 477225575 5. 48

2.) Find the variance and standard deviation of the data: 25, 38, 49, 52, 60, 45, 35, 42

25+38+49+ 52+ 60+45+35+ 42 346

μ= = = 43.25
8 8
n
2 = ∑ ¿¿ ¿
i=1

=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(25−43.25) +(38−43.25) +(49−43.25) +(52−43.25) +(60−43.25) +(45−43.25) +(35−43.25) +( 42−43.25)
8
2 2 2 2 2
= (−18.25) +(−5.25) +(5.75) +(8.75) +(16.75) +¿ ¿

 = √ 2 = √ 102.9375 = 10.14581194 10. 15

3.) Find the variance and standard deviation of the data: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 7, 9, 13, 20
E. COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION (C.V)
- The ratio of the standard deviation and the mean in percent form
σ
CV = x 100%
μ

Examples:

1.) Find the coefficient of variation of the data in example number 1 under variance and standard deviation.

σ 5.48
CV = x 100% = x 100 %=68.5 %
μ 8

2.) Find the coefficient of variation of the data in example number 2 under variance and standard deviation.

σ 10.15
CV = x 100% = x 100 %=23.47 %
μ 43.25

3.) Find the coefficient of variation of the data in example number 3 under variance and standard deviation.

Measures of Variability For Grouped data

A. Range = the difference between the upper limit of the true class boundary of the highest class interval
and the lower limit of the true class boundary of the lowest class interval.

Examples :
1.) C.I TCB Range = 48.5 – 3.5 = 45
4 – 12 3.5 – 12.5
13 – 21 12.5 – 21.5
22 – 30 21.5 – 30.5
31 – 39 30.5 – 39.5
40 – 48 39.5 – 48.5

2.)
C.I TCB
94 – 98 93.5 – 98.5
89 – 93 88.5 – 93.5
84 – 88 83.5 – 88.5
79 – 83 78.5 – 83.5
74 – 78 73.5 – 78.5
69 – 73 68.5 – 73.5

B. SEMI – INTERQUARTILE RANGE (Q) OR QUARTILE DEVIATION (Q.D.)

- A measure computed as half the difference between the first quartile and the third quartile.

Q3−Q1
QD = Where QD – semi- interquartile range
2
Q3 – Third quartile
Q1 – first quartile

Examples:
 1.) Find the semi – interquartile range of the data below
C.I f TCB <CF
3–9 5 2.5 – 9.5 5
10 – 16 6 9.5 – 16.5 11
17 – 23 7 16.5 – 23.5 18
24 – 30 8 23.5 - 30.5 26
31 – 37 6 30.5 – 37.5 32
38 – 44 3 37.5 – 44.5 35

( )
3 ( 35 )
−26
Q3 = 30.5 + 7 4 = 30.79166667 30.79
6

( )
35
−5
Q1 = 9.5 + 7 4 = 13.875
6
Q3−Q1 30.79−13.875 16.915
QD = = = =8.4575
2 2 2

2.) Find QD of the data below:

C.I f TCB <CF
27 – 31 4 26.5 – 31.5 30
22 – 26 5 21.5 – 26.5 26
17 – 21 5 16.5 – 21.5 21
12 – 16 7 11.5 – 16.5 16
7 – 11 4 6.5 – 11.5 9
2–6 5 1.5 – 6.5 5

( )
3 ( 30 )
−21
Q3 = 21.5 + 5 4 = 23
5

( )
30
−5
Q1 = 6.5 + 5 4 = 9.625
4
Q −Q1 23−9.625 13.375
QD = 3 = = =6.6875
2 2 2

C. Abolute Mean Deviation or Average Mean Deviation ( MD)

- The average of the absolute deviations measured from the mean
k

∑ f i∨CM i−μ∨¿
i =1
MD= k
¿ Where CMi = class mark of each class interval
∑ fi
i=1
f i = frequency of each class interval
 = mean of the observation
k = no. of class intervals
Examples:

1.) Find the average mean deviation of the data below

C.I f CM
5 ( 6 ) + ( 6 ) ( 13 ) + ( 7 ) ( 20 ) + ( 8 ) ( 27 ) + ( 6 )( 34 )+ ( 3 ) (41)
3–9 5 6 μ= = 22.6
35
10 – 16 6 13
17 – 23 7 20
24 – 30 8 27
 31 – 37 6 34
38 – 44 3 41

MD =
k

∑ f i ∨CM i−μ∨¿ 5|6 – 22.6|+6|13 – 22.6|+7|20 – 22.6|+ 8|27 – 22.6|+6|34 – 22.6|+3|41 – 22.6|
i=1
= ¿
k
5+6+ 7+8+6 +3
∑ fi
i=1
5 ( 16.6 )+ 6 ( 9.6 ) +7 ( 2.6 ) +8 ( 4.4 ) +6 ( 11.4 )+ 3(18.4) 317.6
= = = 9.074285714
35 35
9.07
2.) Find QD of the data below:

C.I f CM
27 – 31 4
22 – 26 5
17 – 21 5
12 – 16 7
7 – 11 4
2–6 5

3.) Find QD of the data below:

C.I f CM
4 – 12 6 8
13 – 21 10 17
22 – 30 8 26
31 – 39 5 35
40 – 48 1 44

D. VARIANCE (2 or SD2 ) AND STANDARD DEVIATION ( or SD)

Variance (2 or SD2) - the mean of the squared deviation of the observations from their arithmetic mean
Standard Deviation ( or SD) - positive square root of the variance
k

∑ f i (CM i−μ)2
i−1
σ2 = k ( population variance)
∑fi
i=1

√
k

∑ f i (CM i−μ)2
σ= i−1
k
( population standard deviation)
∑ fi
i=1
 k

∑ f i (CM i−μ)2
i−1
SD2 = k ( sample variance)
∑ f i−1
i=1

√
k

∑ f i (CM i−μ)2
SD = i−1
( sample standard deviation)
k

∑ f i−1
i=1

Ex. 1.) 1.) Find the variance and standard deviation of the data below
C.I f CM
5 ( 6 ) + ( 6 ) ( 13 ) + ( 7 ) ( 20 ) + ( 8 ) ( 27 ) + ( 6 )( 34 )+ ( 3 ) (41)
3–9 5 6 μ= = 22.6
35
10 – 16 6 13
17 – 23 7 20
24 – 30 8 27
31 – 37 6 34
38 – 44 3 41
k
2
σ = ∑ f i¿¿¿
i=1

= 5¿¿

= 5¿¿

1,377.8+ 552.96+47.32+154.88+779.76+ 1,015.68 3,928.4

2
σ = = =112.24
35 35

σ = √ 112.24 = 10.59433811 10.59

2.) Find the variance and standard deviation of the sample data below
C.I f CM
4 ( 29 )+ ( 5 )( 24 )+ ( 5 )( 19 )+ ( 7 )( 14 ) + ( 4 )( 9 )+ ( 5 ) (4 ) 485
27 – 31 4 29 μ= = =
30 30
16.17
22 – 26 5 24
17 – 21 5 19
12 – 16 7 14
7 – 11 4 9
2–6 5 4
k
2
σ = ∑ f i¿¿¿
i=1

= 4 ¿¿

= 4 ¿¿

658.4356+306.5445+40.0445+32.9623+ 205.6356+740.5445 1984.167

2
σ = = =66.1389
30 30

σ = √ 66.1389 = 8.132582616 8.13

3. Find the Variance and Standard Deviation of the sample data below:
C.I f CM
4 – 12 6 8
13 – 21 10 17
22 – 30 8 26
31 – 39 5 35
40 – 48 1 44

E. COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION (C.V)

- The ratio of the standard deviation and the mean in percent form
σ
CV = x 100%
μ

Examples:
σ 10.59
1. CV = x 100% = x 100 %=46.86 %
μ 22.6

σ 8.13
2. CV = x 100% = x 100% = 50.28%
μ 16.17

MEASURES OF SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS

 Skewness is the degree of asymmetry of departure from symmetry exhibited by a frequency

distributon.
 Kurtosis is the degree of peakedness or humpedness exhibited by the frequency distribution,
usually taken relative to a normal distribution.
 Skewness and Kurtosis are measures that give information whether the distribution is normal or
abnormal. A distribution is normal when its skewness is ZERO and its kurtosis is 0.265.
however, the skewness is either positive or negative and kurtosis is either les than or greater than
0.265, the distribution is said to be abnormal.

*The formula for Skewness is:

3( μ−Md )
Sk = where Sk = skewness
σ
 = mean
Md = median
 = standard deviation

* The Different Graphs of Skewness

A distribution is negatively skewed when the thinner tail is deviated to the left side. It is positively
skewed when the thinner tail is deviated to the right but it is normal when it is a bell shaped.

Positively Skewed Negatively Skewed Normal

*The formula for kurtosis is:

 QD
K= where K = kurtosis
P 90−P10
QD = quartile deviation
P90 = percentile 90
P10 = percentile 10

*The Different Graphs of Kurtosis:

leptokurtic

mesokurtic

platykurtic

A distribution is said to be normal when the value of kurtosis is 0.265 (mesokurtic distribution).
However, when the value is greater than 0.265 (leptokurtic distribution) or lesser than 0.265 (platykurtic
distribution) the distribution is abnormal.

Example: Find the skewness and kurtosis of the grouped data below.

C1 Fre TCB CM < CF

q
57 – 61 8 56.5-61.5 59 8
62 – 66 8 61.5-66.5 64 16
67 – 71 10 66.5-71.5 69 26
72 – 76 12 71.5-76.5 74 38
77 – 81 7 76.5-81.5 79 45
82 – 86 3 81.5-86.5 84 48
87 – 91 2 86.5-91.5 89 50
50

3(μ−Md ) QD
Sk = K=
σ P 90−P10

8 ( 59 )+ ( 8 ) ( 64 ) + ( 10 ) ( 69 ) + ( 12 ) (74 ) + ( 7 ) ( 79 ) + ( 3 ) ( 84 ) +(2)(89)
μ= = 70.9
50

50
Median Class: = 25th term is located in the class interval 67 – 71
2

[ ] [ ]
N 50
−F b −16
Md = Lmd + c 2 = 66.5 + 5 2 = 71
f md 10

k
σ2 = ∑ f i ¿ ¿ ¿
i=1

= ¿¿
 3 ,294.5
= = 65.89
50

σ = √ 65.89 = 8.117265549 8. 12