LATEX tutorial 2011

Emmanouil Benetos, Iftekharul Mobin, Wenxuan Tang

QMUL IEEE Student Branch

http://ieeesb.elec.qmul.ac.uk/

March 30, 2011

(Original material: Amélie Anglade)

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 Outline
1 Introduction
2 Installation
3 Structure of a document
4 Equations
5 Tables
6 Lists
7 Figures
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 Tables of references
11 Using LATEX to...
12 To continue with LATEX

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 Introduction

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Installation
3 Structure of a document
4 Equations
5 Tables
6 Lists
7 Figures
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 Tables of references
11 Using LATEX to...
12 To continue with LATEX

Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 3 / 48
 Introduction

Why using LATEX ?

Page Setting : automatic classes, styles

It looks Awesome straight away! (Professional, that is)
Easy to type mathematical equations and other usually tricky
scientific items such as chemical formula.
Handles perfectly tables, figures, bibliography, table of contents,
etc. . .
Adaptable to countless languages and texts (accents, alphabets).
Once tamed, a real time saver (macros)
Customizable

Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 4 / 48
 Introduction

How does LATEX work?

Markup tags
Compiled Language:
1 source file: .tex
2 output file: .pdf (or .dvi and .ps)
Sets the global layout on a finished source file, using
typographical rules.
Asks you to forget one’s old habits taken from WYSIWYG editors:
I don’t try to modify fonts, colors, layout for a single paragraph!
I concentrate on the content, LATEX takes charge of the layout for you!

Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 5 / 48
 Installation

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Installation
3 Structure of a document
4 Equations
5 Tables
6 Lists
7 Figures
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 Tables of references
11 Using LATEX to...
12 To continue with LATEX

Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 6 / 48
 Installation

Installation

1 You will need at least a LATEX compiler

2 To make life easier you can use a LATEX editor
3 For more advanced uses of LATEX you might need to install some
other packages

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 Installation

Installation
MS Windows:
1 LATEX compiler: MiKTeX http://miktex.org/2.9/setup
2 Preferred LATEX editor: Texmaker
http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/download.html
3 Advanced packages: installation from MiKTeX option menu
Mac OS X:
1 LATEX compiler: MacTeX http://www.tug.org/mactex/
2 Preferred LATEX editor: Texmaker
3 Advanced packages: most are installed with MacTeX
Linux (Debian, Ubuntu):
1 LATEX compiler: TeXLive-bin
2 Preferred LATEX editor: Texmaker (other good editor: Kile)
3 Advanced packages: in TeXLive and its extensions

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 Installation

Configuration

For opening Texmaker go to:

Start → Programs → Public → 11-Maths and Stats → LaTeX Editor

Configure the ‘Quick Build’ as follows:

1 In the left arrow in the menu select ‘PdfLaTeX’
2 In the left arrow in the menu select ‘View PDF’

Download and extract examples:

http://ieeesb.elec.qmul.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/LaTeX2011.zip

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 Structure of a document

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Installation
3 Structure of a document
4 Equations
5 Tables
6 Lists
7 Figures
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 Tables of references
11 Using LATEX to...
12 To continue with LATEX

Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 10 / 48
 Structure of a document

Basic structure of a document

\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Hello World!
\end{document}

Let’s try to open it in Texmaker: Basic_example/basic_example.tex

and to compile it: use the Quick Build button or the other buttons

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 Structure of a document

Classes

Several different default classes, extendable by modules or packages:

Article
Report
Letter
Book
Let’s try them out on example2.tex
Warning : the class Letter does not support sections, abstract and
tables and Book does not support abstract (comment these lines using
%).
Note: You might need to compile several times to get everything right
(especially table of contents and table).

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 Structure of a document

Sections

\chapter{name} %only with books and reports

\section{name}
\subsection{name}
\subsubsection{name}
\paragraph{name}

Notice that there is a very useful menu in Texmaker for the sections:
‘LaTeX -> Sectioning’

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 Structure of a document

Basic Commands
Line break:
I \\ or \newline does a carriage return.
I \\ \\ leaves a blank line without starting a new paragraph
I Leaving a blank line between 2 lines of text begins a new paragraph
(i.e. with indentation)
Page break : \newpage
Font size: It’s also very easy to change the font size:
{\tiny some text} or
\begin{tiny} some text \end{tiny}
Notice that there is a special menu in Texmaker that helps you find
these font size commands: ‘tiny’
Font Style: \textbf{some text}
There is a special menu in Texmaker that helps you find these font
style commands: ‘LaTeX → Font Styles’

Example
Open LaTeXExamples/textExample.tex
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 Equations

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Installation
3 Structure of a document
4 Equations
5 Tables
6 Lists
7 Figures
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 Tables of references
11 Using LATEX to...
12 To continue with LATEX

Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 15 / 48
 Equations

Maths Mode
For some operators you will need to include the package
amsmath (simply write \usepackage{amsmath} at the
beginning of your document after \documentclass{})
Inline symbols/equations: use the special character ’$’
The function $e^{x}$ is strictly growing on $\Re$
and $\forall x \in \Re$ we get $e^{x}>0$

The function ex is strictly growing on < and ∀x ∈ < we get ex > 0

Equation Environment: breaks the line, centers it and gives it a
number.
\begin{equation}
\int_0^{+\infty} x^n e^{-x} \,dx = n!
\end{equation}
Z +∞
x n e−x dx = n! (1)
0
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 Equations

Mathematical symbols
Note: you can find them in the menu ‘Math’
Basic symbols:
I subscript: _
example 1: $x_1$ gives x1
example 2: $x_{1,2}$ gives x1,2
example 3: $\sum_{x\in E} f(x)$ gives
X
f (x)
x∈E

I superscript: ^
example 1: $a^{f(x)}$ gives af (x)
example 2: $\int_{0}^{10}f(x)\,dx$ gives
Z 10
f (x) dx
0

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 Equations

Mathematical symbols
Some other basic symbols:
I fraction: \frac{}{}
example: $\frac{x(x-1)}{f(x)e^x}$ gives

x(x − 1)
f (x)ex
I square root: \sqrt{}
example : $\sqrt{\frac{a}{b}}$ gives
r
a
b
I integral: \int
I summation: \sum
I product: \prod
I infinity: \infty
I limit: \lim

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 Equations

Brackets in mathematical formula

Use \left and \right before any bracket ( ), curly bracket { },

square bracket [ ], angle bracket h i, etc.

Example
$(\frac{a}{b})$ gives
a
( )
b
but $\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)$ gives
a
b
Use the menu ‘(].’ on the left-hand side in Texmaker.

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 Equations

Arrays and Matrices

To create arrays and matrices use the menu ‘Wizard → Quick Array’
in Texmaker.
Array:
$\begin{array}{cc} a & b \\ c & d \end{array} $
a b
gives
c d
Matrices:
a b
I matrix:
c d 
a b
I pmatrix:
c d
a b
I bmatrix:
c d
a b 
I vmatrix: 
c d 
a b
I Vmatrix: c

d
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 Equations

More advanced maths uses

You can group equations using an array and \left\{ combined
with \right.
$f(x) = \left\{\begin{array}{cl}
0 & x \leq 0\\
1 & x > 0
\end{array}
\right.$

0 x ≤0
gives f (x) =
1 x >0
And you can even write chemical formulae using the mathematical
mode!
$6CO_2+6H_2O\xrightarrow{Light~Energy}C_6H_{12}O_6
+CO_2~~~\Delta G^\circ=+2870kJ/mol$
Light Energy
6CO2 + 6H2 O −−−−−−−−→ C6 H12 O6 + CO2 ∆G◦ = +2870kJ/mol
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 Equations

More advanced maths uses

Example
Some examples can be found in LaTeXExamples/equations.tex

Note also that arrows, common mathematical symbols, greek

letters, etc. can be found in Texmaker" in the menus on the left:
‘÷’, ‘⇒’, ‘∀’, etc.
In the files provided for this tutorial there is a more complete Maths
guide for LATEX: short-math-guide.pdf

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 Tables

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Installation
3 Structure of a document
4 Equations
5 Tables
6 Lists
7 Figures
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 Tables of references
11 Using LATEX to...
12 To continue with LATEX

Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 23 / 48
 Tables

Tables
The easiest way is to use the menu ‘Wizard → Quick Tabular’
To write a table:
I use \begin{table} and \end{table}
I use \begin{tabular} and \end{tabular}
I just after \begin{tabular} indicate the number of columns, if
they are separated by vertical lines and the alignment in these
columns.
Example
\begin{tabular}{| c | r | l |} indicates that this tabular will
contain 3 columns all separated by vertical lines symbolized by | and the
content of the first column will be centered (c), the content of the second one
will be aligned on the right (r) and the content of the third one aligned on the
left (l).
I fill in the content of your table row by row
I separate the content of two cells by &
I end a line with \\
I if you want a line separating your rows write \hline between the

content
Benetos, Mobin, Tang of your
(IEEE QMUL StB) lines LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 24 / 48
 Tables

Tables
Example
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{| l | r | r |}
\hline Town & Temperature & Pluviometry \\
\hline York & 22 & 0mm\\
\hline London & 23 & 10cm\\
\hline Aberdeen & 20 & 5mm\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

Town Temperature Pluviometry

York 22 0mm
London 23 10cm
Aberdeen 20 5mm
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 Lists

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Installation
3 Structure of a document
4 Equations
5 Tables
6 Lists
7 Figures
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 Tables of references
11 Using LATEX to...
12 To continue with LATEX

Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 26 / 48
 Lists

Lists
To create lists use itemize or enumerate (in Texmaker in the menu
‘LaTeX → List Environment’)
Example
\begin{enumerate}
\item Open the .tex file
\item Copy and paste the source code LaTeX
\item Compile the file thanks to the compiler
\item Visualize the result
\end{enumerate}

1 Open the .tex file

2 Copy and paste the source code LaTeX
3 Compile the file thanks to the compiler
4 Visualize the result

Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 27 / 48
 Lists

Lists

Example
\begin{itemize}
\item Slackware
\item Debian
\item Redhat
\item Mandrake
\end{itemize}

Slackware
Debian
Redhat
Mandrake

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 Figures

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Installation
3 Structure of a document
4 Equations
5 Tables
6 Lists
7 Figures
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 Tables of references
11 Using LATEX to...
12 To continue with LATEX

Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 29 / 48
 Figures

Figures and graphics

You need to include the package graphicx: simply write
\usepackage{graphicx} after \documentclass
Use the menu ‘LaTeX’ → \includegraphicsfile’ to import your
graphics.
Important: you can only import .png, or .jpg or .pdf files when you
use the compiler PDFLaTeX.
To add a caption to your graphic:
1 encapsulate your \includegraphics{...} with
\begin{figure} and \end{figure}
2 after of before \includegraphics{...} (it depends if you want
your caption to be after of before the graphic) put
\caption{This is the text of the caption.}
3 you can also center your figure: encapsulate
\includegraphics{...} with \begin{center} and
\end{center}

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 Figures

Figures and graphics

Example
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1]{slackweb.jpg}
\caption{This is the text of the caption.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Please don’t try to change the position of your figure. LATEX

puts the figure at the best place in your document given its
size. It might be 3 pages later than the text refering to it but you
can not modify that.
To refer to a figure use references as explained in the next slide.
For more advanced uses of the graphics cf. the wiki book:
en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Importing_Graphics
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 References

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Installation
3 Structure of a document
4 Equations
5 Tables
6 Lists
7 Figures
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 Tables of references
11 Using LATEX to...
12 To continue with LATEX

Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 32 / 48
 References

References

Using the tag \label{labelName} you can make reference to

a figure (put \label{} between \begin{figure} and
\end{figure})
a table
an equation
a section (put \label{} after \section)
etc.
Then make reference to them in the text of your document using
\ref{labelName}.
Example
Open the file LaTeXExamples/figures.tex

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 Bibliography

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Installation
3 Structure of a document
4 Equations
5 Tables
6 Lists
7 Figures
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 Tables of references
11 Using LATEX to...
12 To continue with LATEX

Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 34 / 48
 Bibliography

Bibliography

To write a bibliography in LATEX

1 Create a new file named nameBibliographyFile.bib
2 In this .bib file put the articles, books, etc. you want to make
reference to using the Bibliography menu in Texmaker.
3 Don’t forget to fill in the first field just after @article{ or
@InProceedings{ etc. It contains the key you will use to cite
this item in your paper.
4 To cite the paper with the key ‘Einstein’ use \cite{Einstein}
in your .tex file.
5 At the end of your .tex file (before \end{document}) write:
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliography{nameBibliographyFile}

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 Bibliography

Bibliography

To compile your bibliography

1 Compile the .tex file once.
2 Compile the .bib file once (to compile a .bib file use the Texmaker
menu ‘Tools → BibTeX’).
3 Compile at least twice the .tex file again.

Example
Open the files LaTeXExamples/bibliographyExample.tex and
bibliographyExample.bib

Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 36 / 48
 Tables of references

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Installation
3 Structure of a document
4 Equations
5 Tables
6 Lists
7 Figures
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 Tables of references
11 Using LATEX to...
12 To continue with LATEX

Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 37 / 48
 Tables of references

Tables of references

Table of content: just write\tableofcontent at the beginning of

your document
Table of figures: \listoffigures
List of tables: \listoftables
Important: Compile at least twice your .tex file to get them right!

Example
Open the file LaTeXExamples/referenceTable.tex

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 Using LATEX to...

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Installation
3 Structure of a document
4 Equations
5 Tables
6 Lists
7 Figures
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 Tables of references
11 Using LATEX to...
12 To continue with LATEX

Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 39 / 48
 Using LATEX to...

Using LaTeX to write an article

Almost all the conferences and journals provide a LATEX template to

write an article that respects their preferred layout.
Most of the time this template includes a Tex file (.tex) and a Style
file (.sty) or Class file (.cls).
Write your article in the .tex file.
Make sure to keep the .sty or .cls file in the folder in which you
save and modify the .tex file

Example
IEEEtran is the official LaTeX class for authors of the IEEE
transactions journals and conferences.
It is included in the directory ‘IEEEtran Folder’ given to you.

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 Using LATEX to...

Using LaTeX to write a report

When you write a report of more than a dozen pages in LATEX it is
better to write your chapters in different files:
Create a main file (e.g. myReport.tex) which contains the
document class, packages, \begin(document) and
\end(document), etc.
Create your chapter files (e.g. Intro.tex, chapter2.tex, ch3.tex etc.)
with no \begin(document) and \end(document) or
packages
Link your chapter files to your main file: put
\input{chapterName.tex} in your main file for each chapter
file
Example
For more details on how to write a report in LATEX have a look at the
example of LATEX report written by Chris Harte (provided in the
directory ‘examplereport’).
To compile it use ‘LATEX’, followed by ‘DVI → PDF’ and then ‘View PDF’
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 Using LATEX to...

Using LaTeX to write your thesis

Apparently there is no LATEX template for Queen Mary, University

of London theses.
In 2005 a student in Electronic Engineering (Thomas) wrote a
LaTeX template respecting the University of London regulations
for his thesis. This template is included in the directory ‘Thesis
Template’ given to you.
But don’t forget to check that it conforms to the 2010 University of
London Research Degree Regulations (and modify it if needed):
http://www.london.ac.uk/research_degrees.html
In particular check the following document:
http://www.london.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/students/
postgraduate/binding_notes.pdf

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 Using LATEX to...

Using LaTeX to give a presentation

This presentation has been prepared with Beamer, a LATEX

package for slides.
Write Beamer presentation using the same syntax as for your
reports and articles in LATEX.
You can obtain very different styles and colors.
Find out more about Beamer:
http://latex-beamer.sourceforge.net/

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 Using LATEX to...

Using LaTeXof Genotype

Hardness of PP-Partitioning to give
Matricesa presentation

Finding pp-partitions of genotype matrices.

Now comes the general case:

The inputs M are genotype matrices.
The inputs M do not allow a perfect phylogeny.
What is χPP (M)?

Example
2 2 2 2
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
Perfect phylogeny
M: 0 0 1 0 Perfect phylogeny
0 2 2 0 χPP (M) = 2.
1 1 0 0

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 Using LATEX to...
Syntax versus
Beobachtungen zu einem ägyptischen Text.
Using LaTeX to give a presentation Semantik
Till Tantau

LOGIK

Ziele und Inhalt

Was ist Syntax?

Syntax
natürlicher Sprachen
Syntax von
Programmiersprachen
Syntax
logischer Sprachen

Was ist Semantik?

Copyright by Guillaume Blanchard, GNU Free Documentation License, Low Resultion
Semantik
natürlicher Sprachen
Semantik von
Programmiersprachen
Beobachtungen Semantik
logischer Sprachen

Grundlage der Syntax:

• Wir haben keine Ahnung, was der Text bedeutet. Text
Alphabete
• Es gibt aber Regeln, die offenbar eingehalten wurden, wie Worte
Sprachen
»Hieroglyphen stehen in Zeilen«. Zusammenfassung
• Solche Regeln sind syntaktische Regeln – man kann sie
überprüfen, ohne den Inhalt zu verstehen.
Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 45 / 48
 To continue with LATEX

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Installation
3 Structure of a document
4 Equations
5 Tables
6 Lists
7 Figures
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 Tables of references
11 Using LATEX to...
12 To continue with LATEX

Benetos, Mobin, Tang (IEEE QMUL StB) LaTeX Tutorial March 30, 2011 46 / 48
 To continue with LATEX

To continue with LATEX

There are lots of examples illustrating the different things we saw

today and much more in the directory LaTeXExamples. Try them
out!
Find lots of tricks and explanations in the wiki book:
en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/
If you don’t have access to internet, in the files provided for this
tutorial there is an introduction to LaTeX:
The_Not_So_Short_Introduction_To_LaTeX.pdf
We will organize another LATEX session in January to deal with
more advanced uses of LATEX.
It will be an informal discussion: people will bring their advanced
problems and their own LATEX tricks and will work together on
them. And we’ll be here to help of course!

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 To continue with LATEX

To contact the QMUL IEEE Student Branch

For any question regarding this tutorial do not hesitate to contact

us at [email protected]
To learn more about the activities of the QMUL IEEE Student
Branch and become a member have a look at our website:
http://ieeesb.elec.qmul.ac.uk/

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