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Introduction To Safety Instrumented Systems SIS

This document provides an introduction to Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS). It describes SIS as a system that uses sensors, logic solvers, and final control elements to monitor industrial processes for abnormal conditions and initiate a safe shutdown. The three main components of a SIS are sensors to detect process issues, logic devices to analyze sensor data and initiate actions, and final control devices like valves or actuators to implement shutdowns. Examples of SIS functions include high pressure shutdowns. The document also discusses Safety Integrity Levels (SIL) which are used to classify the risk reduction provided by a SIS, with SIL 4 being the highest level. Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) is also introduced

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168 views

Introduction To Safety Instrumented Systems SIS

This document provides an introduction to Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS). It describes SIS as a system that uses sensors, logic solvers, and final control elements to monitor industrial processes for abnormal conditions and initiate a safe shutdown. The three main components of a SIS are sensors to detect process issues, logic devices to analyze sensor data and initiate actions, and final control devices like valves or actuators to implement shutdowns. Examples of SIS functions include high pressure shutdowns. The document also discusses Safety Integrity Levels (SIL) which are used to classify the risk reduction provided by a SIS, with SIL 4 being the highest level. Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) is also introduced

Uploaded by

kamala 123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS)

whatispiping.com/safety-instrumented-systems-sis

Anup Kumar Dey

A Safety Instrumented System or SIS is


a distinct and reliable system consisting of
an engineered set of hardware and software
controls to avoid catastrophic release of
explosive, toxic, or flammable fluids. On
critical process systems of refineries,
chemical plants, nuclear facilities, etc.
safety instrumented system plays a major
role in safeguarding the process. Using
safety instrumented system control
elements sensors and logic solvers are
added to bring any process to a safe condition when predetermined logics are violated.
Safety instrumented systems are designed following IEC 61511, IEC 61508, ISA S84.01
standard guidelines. In this article, we will explore the basics of safety instrumented
systems.

Components of a Safety Instrumented System


To protect against various process hazards in the plant, the Safety Instrumented System is
designed to implement single or multiple functions. To properly function, Each SIS
consists of three essential components:

a sensor (temperature, pressure, density, flow sensor, etc.) to monitor the process.
These sensors detect any abnormal process condition during plant operation.
a logic device (Safety PLC, Controller Systems, etc.)
to receive the signal from the sensor
to determines if the condition is hazardous,
to sends a signal to take action
a final control device (On /Off Valves, Actuators, Safety Relays, etc.) to implement
appropriate plant action upon receiving the signal from the logic device.

Note that, all the above three elements of the Safety Instrumented System should function
as designed for safely isolating the process plant during emergency.

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Fig. 1: Basic Components of a Safety Instrumented Systems

Examples of Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS)


Basically, the Safety Instrumented Systems monitor some predefined values and
parameters of an operating plant and, when abnormal conditions occur, they alarms and
place the plant in a safe or even at the shutdown condition. Typical examples of a few
safety instrumented systems are

The SIS on a high fuel gas pressure line initiates action to close the main fuel gas
valve during an over-pressure situation.
A very high reactor temperature is detected by SIS and it initiates action to open the
cooling media valve to make the system safe.
Upon detection of high distillation column pressure by the SIS, it initiates action to
open a pressure vent valve.

Emergency Shutdown (ESD) Systems, Emergency Venting (ESV) Systems, Safety


Shutdown Systems, High-integrity Pressure Protection systems, Safety Interlock Systems,
etc. are typical examples of safety instrumented systems.

The SIS consists of several safety instrumented functions (SIF). Each SIF has a specified
safety integrity level (SIL), which is necessary to achieve functional safety.

Safety Instrumented System Design


Design of Safety Instrumented Systems must be independent of all other control systems
for the same equipment or process. All of the control elements in an SIS shall be
dedicated solely to the proper functioning of the SIS. While designing an SIS system the
following guides must be kept in mind:

An SIS is a Risk Reduction measure.


Before starting the SIS design all reliability data of the equipment, instruments, and
systems must be collected.
The design must foresee the common failure causes.
SIS loop components must be standardized high-quality elements.

Safety Integrity Level (SIL)

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Safety integrity levels are a quantifiable way to establish safety performance targets and a
key safety metric for SIS systems. Four possible Safety Integrity Levels are defined by IEC
standards. They are SIL 1, SIL 2, SIL 3, and SIL 4. However, ISA S84.01 defines only up to
SIL 3. They are categorized as follows:

“SIL 4”- Catastrophic impact for the community.


“SIL 3”- Protection of employees and the community.
“SIL 2”- Protection of production and property. Possible damages to employees.
“SIL 1”- Little impact on the property and protection of production.

In terms of SIL levels, with an increase in SIL level, the cost increases due to more
complex and stricter hardware and software specifications

Probability of Failure Upon Demand (PFD)


The PFD or probability of failure on demand indicates the probability of the SIS system
that it will not perform its intended operation (fail to perform its safety function) when
required. It is required to calculate a probability of failure on demand (PFD) by
understanding how the components of the SIS system can fail. The PFD for any SIS
system is obtained by adding PFDs for each element of the system:

PFDtotal=PFDsensor+ PFDlogic solver+ PFDfinal control element

For determining the PFD of each element, documented failure rate data for each element
must be collected.

Online Courses on Safety Instrumented System


Various online courses are available to develop your knowledge further on safety
Instrumented System. Few of them are listed below for your review and enrollment:

Advanced Process Control & Safety Instrumented Systems SIS


Functional Safety for Safety Instrumented Systems
Fundamental Question on Safety instrumented System SIS

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