INTRODUCTION TO

ORGANIC MOLECULES:
HYDROCARBONS
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Content
▪ Nature of Organic Compounds ▪ Cycloalkane
▪ Structural Formula ▪ Aromatic hydrocarbons
▪ Hydrocarbons ▪ Properties and Uses
▪ Alkane
▪ Alkene
▪ Alkyne

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Nature of Organic Compounds
▪ Organic chemistry:
- study of carbon-containing compounds (attached to H, O,
N, P, X)
- chemistry of life
- mostly non-polar, (immiscible with water, a polar compound)
- low boiling point and highly flammable

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Nature of Organic Compounds
▪ Why carbon?
- electronic structure:
1s2 2s2 2p2
- can form covalent bonds to
other atom leading to formation
of long chains and rings. Methane

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Nature of Organic Compounds

remdesivir cholesterol

chloroform
petroleum products
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Structural Formula
▪ Organic compounds may be written in different forms.

number of atoms general arrangement 3D arrangement realistic model

(planar structure)

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Structural Formula
▪ Organic compounds may be written in different forms.

(expanded)

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Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are a subgroup of organic nonpolar covalent
compounds, which contain only carbon and hydrogen.
*London dispersion forces- facilitates the bonding of HCs

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Hydrocarbons

Fractional Distillation
- separation process to obtain
various types of hydrocarbons

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Hydrocarbons
▪ Saturated hydrocarbons
- all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds.

▪ Unsaturated hydrocarbons
- contain one or more carbon-carbon multiple bonds (double
bonds, triple bonds, or both)

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Hydrocarbons
▪ Three major types:

1. Alkane- single bond

2. Alkene- double bond
3. Alkyne- triple bond
ethane ethene ethyne
C2H6 C2H4 C2H2

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Alkane

- saturated hydrocarbon
- all bonds are single bonds
- general formula: CnH2n+2
- ends in –ane

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Alkane
- BP/MP are directly proportional to their molecular mass
- straight-chain alkanes (bonds with 1 or 2 carbon atom)
Molecular Condensed
Name Boiling point (C)
formula Structural Formula
CH4 CH4 methane -161
CH2H6 CH3CH3 ethane -89
C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 propane -44
C4H10 CH3CH2CH2CH3 butane -0.5
C5H12 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 pentane 36

C6H14 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 hexane 68

C7H16 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH heptane 98

3

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Alkane
▪ Uses of Alkane

Methane- natural gas Ethane- production of plastic Propane- LPG butane and isobutane
Lighter and propellant in shaving gel

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Alkane
▪ Isomers
- compounds with the same
molecular formula but with
different bonding
arrangements butane and isobutane
Lighter and propellant in shaving gel

- different physical and

chemical properties

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Alkane
more branching leads to
lower boiling point

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Alkane
▪ Branched
- results when carbon atoms bond to another 3 or 4 carbon
atoms

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Hydrocarbons
Exercise
Arrange the following hydrocarbons in increasing boiling
point.

propane < butane < pentane

neopentane < isopentane < pentane

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Alkene

- unsaturated hydrocarbon
- double bonds
- general formula: CnH2n
- ends in –ene

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Alkene
▪ Properties and Uses
- Low boiling point and melting point
- BP/MP are directly proportional to their molecular mass
- Low solubility in water
- Increased chemical reactivity

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Alkene
▪ Properties and Uses

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Alkyne

- unsaturated hydrocarbon
- triple bonds
- general formula: CnH2n-2
- ends in –yne
- highly reactive molecule

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Alkene
▪ Uses
- ethyne is used for production of ethanol, ethanoic acid (acetic
acid).
- polymers and its beginning materials.
- as welding material
- Alkynes are commonly used to artificially ripe fruits.

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Cycloalkane
▪ cyclic hydrocarbons formed
ring structures
- cyclo- + open chain compound
- Boiling point increases as the
number of carbon atom
increases.

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Aromatic hydrocarbons
- also called as, arenes
- unsaturated cycloalkane, may contain either double or triple
bond

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Properties of Hydrocarbons
- relatively nonpolar molecules
- insoluble in water (polar)
- dissolve readily in nonpolar solvents
- BP/MP are directly proportional to their molecular mass
- Branching lowers the BP/MP
- less volatile with increasing molar mass

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Summary
Hydrocarbon General formula Bonds Example

Alkane CnH2n+2 Single bonds Propane

One or more
Alkene CnH2n Propene
Double bond
One or more triple
Alkyne CnH2n-2 bond Propyne

Chemical reactivity: alkane < alkene < alkyne

Boiling points : alkane < alkene < alkyne

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 QUESTIONS?
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