TITLE:

SCIENCE FOR GRADE 8

RATIONALE:

In this unit you’ll receive a high overview about mechanics and motion, it
has six modules: (1) Newton’s Law of motion, (2) All Work and No Play, (3)
Sound, (4) Light, (5) Heat, (6) Electricity. Mechanics is the branch of physics
dealing with the study of motion. No matter what your interest in science,
mechanics will be important for you, motion is a fundamental idea in all science.
Most of the topics in this module are deals with qualitatively in order for
students to have a basic understanding of the concepts. Some tasks include
measurements and computations to illustrate the relationship among quantities.

At the end of this quarter, the learners should be able to:

a. understands and describe the mechanics and motion;

b. apply the mechanics and motion in a form of situations;

c. perform an activity with expertise on lesson through
experimentation.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

INSTRUCTIONS:

This module will be used for the first quarter. You will do and answers all
the activities provided by the teacher.

1
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 LESSON 1

TITLE: NEWTON’S LAW OF

MOTION

RATIONALE:

In this module, you will learn Newton’s laws of motion. Newton’s law
of motion is important not just in mechanics but in the whole physics. Newton’s
law is very important because they tie into almost everything we see in
everyday life. These laws tell us exactly how things move or sit still, like why
you don’t float out of bed or fall through the floor of your house. This module
will help you enhance your knowledge and skills about newton’s law of motion.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson the learners should be able to:

a. define and describe the Newton’s law of motion;
b. relate the laws of motion in a real life situation through Q and A.
c. perform an experiment about the Newton’a law of motion.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Read and follow the directions in every activity;

2. Read and understand the Learning Objectives and concept notes provided
for you;
3. Answer all the activities in the module;
4. Perform the experiment

2
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
ENTRY BEHAVIOR:

Before our lesson start, let’s us first know who explain this laws of
motion. The founder of Newton’s law of motion is Sir Isaac Newton. Newton was
one of the most influential scientist of all time. He describes the 3 laws of motion
with sample experiment and how they differ to each other. But before we discuss
that let’s have first a pre-test.

Direction: Encircle the letter that carries the right answer.

1. The following are laws of motion EXCEPT.

a. inertia b. acceleration c. interaction d. friction

2. What is the third law of motion that states that for every action in nature is an
equal and opposite reaction.

a. inertia b. acceleration c. interaction d. friction

3. What is the first law of motion that states that every object will remain at rest
unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force.

a. inertia b. acceleration c. interaction d. friction

4. Explain how velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an external

force.

a. inertia b. acceleration c. interaction d. friction

5.SI unit of force is

a. kg b. newton c. meter/sec d. m2

PRE-TEST:

3
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
FEEDBACK:

1. The following are laws of motion EXCEPT.

a. inertia b. acceleration c. interaction d. friction
2. What is the third law of motion that states that for every action in nature is an
equal and opposite reaction.
a. inertia b. acceleration c. interaction d. friction
3. What is the first law of motion that states that every object will remain at rest
unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force.
a. inertia b. acceleration c. interaction d. friction
4. Explain how velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an external
force.
a. inertia b. acceleration c. interaction d. friction
4
5.SI unit MECHANICS
Grade 8 Science: of force is AND MOTION
a. kg b. newton c. meter/sec d. m2
LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

5
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 6
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 ACTIVITY 1.1

PENNY ON A CARD
Materials for the Penny on the Card Experiment:

  a small plastic cup,

  a playing card

  a coin.

Procedure:

  Put a playing card on top of the plastic cup

  Put a coin on top of the card

  With a sharp flick, hit the card out from under the coin! Or pull it really quickly toward
you.

  The coin will drop into the cup.

7
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
EXPLAIN WHAT HAPPENED:

ACTIVITY 1.2

PROBLEM SOLVING

Direction: Solve the following problems and show your solutions.

Newton’s second law is best described with a mathematical equation that relates three
variables, force, acceleration and mass, to one another. The equation can be stated in three forms:

f= m x a m= f/a a= f/m

1. An object with a mass of 2.0 kg accelerates 2.0 m/s2 when an unknown force is applied to it.
What is the amount of the force? ______________________

2. An object with a mass of 5.0 kg accelerates 8.0 m/s2 when an unknown force is applied to it.
What is the amount of the force? ______________________

8
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
3. An object accelerates 3.0 m/s2 when a force of 6.0 newtons is applied to it. What is the mass
of the object?

_________________________

4. An object with a mass of 5.0 kg has a force of 20.0 newtons applied to it. What is the resulting
acceleration of the object? ________________________

5. An object with a mass of 2300 g has a force of 6.2 newtons applied to it. What is the resulting
acceleration of the object? ________________________

SOLUTIONS:

9
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 ACTIVITY 1.3

THINK! THINK! THINK!

Answer the following questions using complete sentences. Be sure to use Newton’s Laws of
Motion in your answers.

1. What happens according to Newton if you let an untied balloon go?

2. Describe what happens if you are riding a skateboard and hit something (like a curb) with the
front wheels.

3. Describe what happens if you try and push Mr. Larson. What happens if he pushes back?

10
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
4. Describe why you hold your gun next to your shoulder while deer hunting.

5. How do Newton’s laws affect your daily life?

POST-TEST:
GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Read, understand and follow instructions. Read each
questions/statements twice before giving your final answer.
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. The resistance of an object to any change in its motion is called

a. inertia b. friction c. gravity d. weight

2. According to Newton’s second law of motion, force is equal to mass times
a. inertia b. weight c. directio d. acceleration
3. Inertia is Newton’s law that says that an object will ______________________.
a. stay at rest or stay in motion b. resist all forces
c. overpower all forces d. roll in space forever
4. A push or a pull is called a/an…
a. motion b. Newton’s Law c. force d. constant speed
5. For every action there will be ______________________.
a. a punishment b. a reward
c. a speed d. an equal and opposite reaction
II. Put check if the statement is correct, if the statement is incorrect underline the word that
makes it wrong and right the correct word.

11
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
6. Whenever you exert a force on an object, the object exerts a force back on you that is greater
than your force.
7. Mass is a measure of the amount of force an object has.

8. Weight is the measure of the force of gravity exerted on an object.

9. Newton’s second law uses the formula F= m/a?

10. The greater the force the greater the friction.

FEEDBACK:

I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II.
1..
2.
3.
4.
5.

REFERENCES:

 NURTURING SCIENCE (Grade 7)

By: Dr. Nonato Cabal, Crisencio Paner, Nerissa Torreta;
PUBLISHED BY: EPHESIANS Publishing Inc.
 Science – Grade 8 Teacher’s Guide First Edition, 2013 ISBN:
12
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 LESSON 2

TITLE: ALL WORK AND NO

PLAY

RATIONALE:

In this module, you will learn about motion from the perspective of work
and energy. The concept of energy is one of the most important concepts in
physics. Energy is a word which tends to be used a lot in everyday life. Though
it is often used quite loosely, it does have a very specific physical meaning.
Energy is a measurement of the ability of something to do work. It is not a
material substance. Energy can be stored and measured in many forms. In this
module you will be doing activities related to our topic.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson, the learners should be able to:

a. identify if there is work done or no work done.

b. how work is related to power and energy;

c. differentiate potential and kinetic energy.

13
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Read and follow the directions in every activity;

2. Read and understand the Learning Objectives and concept notes
provided for you;
3. Answer all the activities in the module;

ENTRY BEHAVIOR:

Before our lesson start, let’s have first know what really energy
means. Energy, in physics, the capacity for doing work. It may exist
in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various
forms. There are, moreover, heat and work, energy in the process of transfer
from one body to another. But before we discuss those terms above let’s have
first a pre-test.

PRE-TEST:

Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct, write FALSE if the

statement is incorrect.

1. Work is a form of energy.

ANSWER:
2. A Watt is the standard metric unit of work.
ANSWER:
3.Units of work would be equivalent to a Newton times a meter.
ANSWER:
4. A kg•m2/s2 would be a unit of work.
ANSWER:
5. Work is a time-based quantity; it is dependent upon how fast a force
displaces an object.
ANSWER:
14
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
FEEDBACK:

1. Work is a form of energy.

AMSWER:
2. A Watt is the standard metric unit of work.
ANSWER:
3.Units of work would be equivalent to a Newton times a meter.
ANSWER:
4. A kg•m2/s2 would be a unit of work.
ANSWER:
5. Work is a time-based quantity; it is dependent upon how fast a force
displaces an object.
ANSWER:

15
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

Work is done when a force that is applied to an object moves that

object. The work is calculated by multiplying the force by the amount of
movement of an object (W = F * d). A force of 10 newton’s, that moves an
object 3 meters, does 30 n-m of work. A newton-meter is the same thing as
a joule, so the units for work are the same as those for energy – joules.
EXAMPLE:

Sitting and looking at a computer screen is not work. Tapping on the

keyboard and making the keys move is work. Your fingers are applying a
force and moving the keys. Driving to your job is not work because you just
sit, but the energy your car engine uses to move the car does work. You have
to exert a force AND move something to qualify as doing work.

Imagine that you are holding a brick above the ground. Your arm is
straight out in front of you and it's pretty tough to hold. Slowly, your arm
gets tired, the brick feels heavier and heavier, and you finally have to stop to
let your arm rest. Even though you put forth a lot of effort to hold the brick
up, did you do any work on the brick? Nope. The brick didn't move. No work
was done if no movement happened. If you lifted the brick again after your
arm had rested, that would be work.

16
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 When a gas tries to expand, it exerts an increasing force on the surfaces
of a container and may make those surfaces move. The gas would then be doing
Work = Change in Kinetic Energy
work and transferring energy to the container. If you heat a balloon (carefully),
= ΔK, where Kinetic energy is
the molecules of air inequal
the balloon
to K =gain
½energy
mv2 and strike the inner walls of the
balloon with greater force. Because the inner surface of the balloon is flexible,
This means that if an objects kinetic energy doesn’t change, then no
that surface moves outward. The air does work, and transfers energy to the
work has been done on the object.
balloon. If you compress a balloon, you do work, and transfer energy to the air
Now
inside the remember, that the force cause accelerations according to
balloon.
Newton’s Second law: An object can accelerate by:
Measuring Work for Gases
1. speeding up, in which case, the objects kinetic energy increases;
When scientists measure the work done on, or by, gases, they look at
2.
theslowing
system down,
at the in
beginning
which case
andthe
theobjects
end ofkinetic
the project.
energyThey
decrease;
look at the initial
and final states. To figure out the total work done on, or by, a gas system, they
3. or changing direction, in which case, the objects kinetic energy does not
use the formula W = P (delta)V. W stands for work, P is the pressure of the
change.
system (for gases), and delta V is the change in volume for the system. A
Kinetic
variationEnergy
would be W = V(delta P), where V is volume, and delta P is the
change The energy The
in pressure. of adelta
moving object
values is called
are taken at theenergy of motion
beginning or kinetic
and end.
17
energy (KE). How the equation of KE is derived is shown in the student’s
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
Sometimes they might take measurements while things are happening.
module.
Those are measurements of intermediate states. They could then use the
The KE of an object depends on its mass and velocity. What will
 happen to the KE of an object if its mass is doubled but the velocity remains

Thus, an object lifted from the ground gains energy. Since the work is done
against the force of gravity, it is called gravitational potential energy or
simply potential energy (PE).
The force of gravity also acts on objects falling to the ground. As an
object falls, the potential energy decreases because it is transformed to
become the kinetic energy of the object. It depends on the mass and height of
the object. The height can be measured relative to an assigned level. But
usually, the common reference level is the ground.
IF THE FORCE ACTS IN THE DIRECTION THAT THE
OBJECT MOVES:
This force will tend to increase the objects speed. If the objects speed
increases, then its kinetic energy will increase. If the kinetic energy increases,
the change will be positive.
IF THE FORCE ACTS IN THE DIRECTION OPPOSITE TO
THE DIRECTION THAT THE OBJECT MOVES:
In this situation, the force tends to slow the object down, thereby
decreasing its kinetic energy. If the kinetic energy decreases, then the change 18
Grade 8 in
Science:
kinetic MECHANICS AND MOTION
energy is negative.
IF THE FORCE IS PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION
 ACTIVITY 2.1

GUESS

I. Identify if there is work done or no work done. Explain

1. Earth rotates around the sun whole year but the work done by gravitational force on the Earth
is zero.

2. A person holds a bundle of hay over his head for 30 minutes and gets tired.

3. If a block is moving on a smooth horizontal surface

4. Pushing a car horizontally from rest;

5. A horse pulling a plow through the field

19
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
6. A girl pushing a chair. 

7. A fruit falling from a branch.

8. Carrying a bag of grocery. 

9. A man lifting a box to be placed on a table. 

10.A boy pushing a wall.

ACTIVITY 2.2

BRAIN ON!

I. How work is related to power and energy?

20
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
II. Differentiate Kinetic and Potential Energy.

POST-TEST:
GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Read, understand and follow instructions. Read each
questions/statements twice before giving your final answer.
Put check if the statement is correct, if the statement is incorrect underline the word that makes it
wrong and right the correct word.

1. A force acting in the direction an object is moving does positive work.

ANSWER:

2. Kinetic energy is a vector quantity.

ANSWER:

3. The gravitational potential energy of a moving object is always zero.

ANSWER:

4. When mechanical energy is conserved, the kinetic energy you end up with always equals the
gravitational potential energy you start with.

ANSWER:

5. A force acting perpendicular to an object’s displacement does negative work.

21
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
ANSWER:

6. Energy can be converted from one form to another form.

ANSWER:

7. The force needed to lift an object at a constant speed is equal to the weight of the object.

ANSWER:

8. Centripetal forces do zero work on an object.

ANSWER:

9. The harder you push on a wall the more work you do.

ANSWER:

10. Doing the same amount of work in less time requires a greater power output.

ANSWER:

II. PROBLEM SOLVING:

1. How much work is done by you when you lift a 9.0 kg object 0.50 meters off of the ground
and exerted a force of 50 N.

2. How long does it take a motor with an output of 8.0 W to lift a 2.0 kg object 88 cm?

22
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
FEEDBACK:

I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II. PROBLEM SOLVING:
1.
2.

REFERENCES:

 NURTURING SCIENCE (Grade 7)

By: Dr. Nonato Cabal, Crisencio Paner, Nerissa Torreta;
PUBLISHED BY: EPHESIANS Publishing Inc.
 Science – Grade 8 Teacher’s Guide First Edition, 2013 ISBN:
23
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND
 Physics4kids.com: MOTION
MOTION
 LESSON 3

SOUND
TITLE:

RATIONALE:

This module deals with the propagation of sound through solid, liquid,
and gas. Sound consists of longitudinal or compression waves that move
through air or other materials. It does not travel in a vacuum. Sound has the
characteristics of wavelength, frequency, speed and amplitude. Sound waves are
created by the vibration of some object and are detected when they cause a
detector to vibrate. You will be learning this since we always encounter this,
and mostly sound is used to communicate.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson, the learners should be able to:

a. compare the speed of sound through solids, liquids and gases;

b. infer how the movement of particles of an object affect speed of

sound through it;

c. investigate the effect of temperature on speed of sound.

24
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
INSTRUCTION:

1. Read and follow the directions in every activity;

2. Read and understand the Learning Objectives and concept notes
provided for you;
3. Answer all the activities in the module;
4. Perform the experiment

ENTRY BEHAVIOR:

Before we start our lesson, let’s have first know what are the
properties of sound waves: wavelength, frequency, pitch, also we need to
understand where does sound travel faster: solid, liquid and gas also the
constructive, destructive and interference of sound waves. But before that
let’s have first a pre-test.

PRE-
TEST:

Direction: Encircle the letter that carries the right answer.

1. Sound travel fastest through which of these materials.
a. air b. empty spacec. metal d. water
2. Sound is caused by?
a. force b. vibrations c. instruments
3. Sound is a form of?
a. energy b. pitch c. volume
4. An object that does not vibrate cannot produce
A. sound b. electricity c. light d. heat
5. What medium does sound travel through slowest?
a. gas b. solid c. liquid d. trees 25
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
FEEDBACK:
1. Sound travel fastest through which of these materials.
a. air b. empty spacec. metal d. water
2. Sound is caused by?
a. force b. vibrations c. instruments
3. Sound is a form of?
a. energy b. pitch c. volume
4. An object that does not vibrate cannot produce
A. sound b. electricity c. light d. heat
5. What medium does sound travel through slowest?
a. gas b. solid c. liquid d. trees

LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

SOUND
Sound is present in gas, liquid, and solid medium. It is a vibratory
disturbance, or simply, sound is the vibration of any substance. Sound is
produced in substances when it vibrates or when it rapidly moves back and
forth.
However, sound is not a vibration of an entire volume of a substance
that moves back and forth at once. If that happens, if we consider sound
coming from the atmosphere, it will shift to where the sound is coming from.
Vibrations move in the individual molecules of the substance.
When sound waves travel in a material, each molecule hits another
molecule and returns back to its original position. When this happens, if region
in the medium become denser alternately, it is called condensation. While
when it is less dense, it is called refractions.

26
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 PROPERTIES OF SOUND WAVES

Wavelength

The minimum distance in which a sound wave repeats itself is called

its wavelength. That is it is the length of one complete wave. It is denoted by
a Greek letter λ (lambda).  We know that in a sound wave, the combined
length of a compression and an adjacent rarefaction is called its wavelength.
Also, the distance between the centers of two consecutive compressions or
two consecutive rarefactions is equal to its wavelength.
Amplitude
The height of sound wave is amplitude. When a wave passes through a
medium, the particles of the medium get displaced temporarily from their
original undisturbed positions.

The maximum displacement of the particles of the medium from

their original undisturbed positions, when a wave passes through the
27
Grade 8medium
Science:isMECHANICS
called amplitude
ANDof the wave. In fact, the amplitude is used to
MOTION
describe the size of the wave. The S.I unit of measurement of amplitude is
meter (m) though sometimes it is also measured in centimeters. 
 Pitch
The human brain interprets the frequency of sound through pitch.
Since frequency is the number of sound waves passing a point per second,
the faster the vibrations of sound, the higher the frequency, the higher the 28
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
pitch. A lower pitch is a sound that has a lower frequency.
 THE SPEED OF SOUND

Liquids
Sound travels faster in liquids than in gases because molecules are
more tightly packed. In fresh water, sound waves travel at 1,482 meters per
second (about 3,315 mph). That's well over 4 times faster than in air!
Several ocean-dwelling animals rely upon sound waves to communicate 29
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
with other animals and to locate food and obstacles. The reason that they are
able to effectively use this method of communication over long distances is
 30
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 constant sound but a sound that has a loudest that rises and falls. For
constructive interference, condensation, rarefactions and rarefactions meet,
hence the amplitude increases. Otherwise, it is destructive interference
where condensation and rarefactions meet, hence no sound is produced. The
change in loudness are called beats. The difference between 50-40=10 Hz
corresponds to the loudness of rise and fall.
31
Diffraction
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
Diffraction is the spreading out of waves as they pass through an
 Characteristics of waves in two and three dimensions
•A wavefront is a curve or surface in a medium on which all points of a 32
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS
propagating wave have theAND MOTION
same phase.
• A planar wavefront is a flat wavefront that is either a plane or a straight
line.
 ACTIVITY 3.1

WAZZUP BRAIN!

1. Compare the speed of sound through solids, liquids and gases;

33
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
2. Explain how the movement of particles of an object affect speed of sound through it.

ACTIVITY 3.2

EXPERIMENT TIME

(Since you are in your home do it with the guidance of you parent/s.)

Material:
 A glass of hot water
 A glass of cold water
 2 empty glass

34
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
PROCEDURE:

1. pour the gold water to an empty glass and listened the sound when you pour it.
2. pour the hot water to an empty glass and listened the sound when you pour it.

Investigate the effect of temperature on speed of sound. Explain

X. POST-TEST:
GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Read, understand and follow instructions. Read each
questions/statements twice before giving your final answer.
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. Wave B will create a ______________ sound than wave A. 

a. Louder b. quieter c. lower pitch d. higher pitch

2. In a given medium, if the frequency of a wave decreases, its   ________  .
a. wavelength increases b. speed increases
c. amplitude decreases d. wavelength decreases
3. We measure the frequency of a wave in.
a. Meters b. Hertz c. Meters per second d. Hertz per second

35
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
4. What are constructive and destructive?
a. 2 types of light b.2 types of animals
c. 2 types of interference d.2 types of pitch
5. The measure of the distance between a line through the middle of a wave and a crest or trough
is the   
a. amplitude b. frequency c. wavelength d. wave speed
II. Put check if the statement is correct, if the statement is incorrect underline the word that
makes it wrong and right the correct word.

1.  Amplitude is the measure of the height of a wave.

2. The Frequency of a sound wave determines the pitch of sound.

3.The frequency of a wave is the number of wavelengths that pass by a point each second.

4. The height of sound wave is pitch.

5. Sound travels fastest through gas.

FEEDBACK:

I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

REFERENCES:
36
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
  NURTURING SCIENCE (Grade 7)
By: Dr. Nonato Cabal, Crisencio Paner, Nerissa Torreta;
PUBLISHED BY; EPHESIANS Publishing Inc.
 Science – Grade 8 Teacher’s Guide First Edition, 2013 ISBN:
 Physics4kids.com: MOTION

LESSON 4

TITLE: LIGHT

RATIONALE:

This lesson is concerned with the demonstration of understanding of

some properties and characteristics of light. Light is a part of Electromagnetic
spectrum, which ranges from radio waves to gamma rays. The different
activities provided in this module will make us realize the beauty of
everything with light.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson the learners should be able to:
a. explain the video experiment about the existence of the color
components of visible light using a prism or diffraction grating;
b. explain that red is bent the least and violet is bent the most
according to their wavelengths or frequency;
37
Grade 8 Science:c.MECHANICS
explain the hierarchy of colors in relation to energy.
AND MOTION
INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Read and follow the directions in every activity;

2. Read and understand the Learning Objectives and concept notes
provided for you;
3. Answer all the activities in the module;
4. Watch a video experiment about light.

Before our lesson start, let’s have first know the characteristics and
properties of light, refraction and dispersion of light. We will try to find out
through simple activities on how light disperse to form the colors of light. We
will also try to find the hierarchy of colors of light in terms of frequency,
wavelength, and energy. But before that let’s have first a pre-test.

ENTRY BEHAVIOR:

PRE-TEST:

I. Encircle the letter that carries the right answer. 38

Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
1. Which color has the least amount of energy?
a. red b. orange c. green d. blue
FEEDBACK:

I. Encircle the letter that carries the right answer.

1. Which color has the least amount of energy?
a. red b. orange c. green d. blue
2. What type of energy can you can sense with your eyes?
a. light b. thermal c. sound d. electric
3. What happens when light energy is stopped by and object and soaks in?
a. absorption b. refraction
c. reflection d. transmission
4. Convex mirrors are thicker in the middle so they cause light rays to
________.
a. converge b. diverge
5. This type of mirror makes everything look huge.
a. convex mirror b. magnitude mirror 39
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
c. maximize mirror d. concave mirror
LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

Incandescence
Incandescence
On the other involves the
hand, luminescence vibration
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 A convex mirror or diverging mirror is a curved mirror in which the

ACTIVITY 4.1

THE COLORS OF LIGHT

Double Convex Lenses Double concave lenses

INTERFERENCE
Interference is a phenomenon in which two waves superpose to form a
resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude. Constructive and
destructive interference result from the interaction of waves that are correlated
or coherent with each other, either because they come from the same source or
because they have the same or nearly the same frequency. Interference effects
can be observed with all types of waves. The resulting images or graphs are
called interferograms.

41
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
Direction: Since you’re in your home, and we cannot easily buy the materials because of this
pandemic, instead of performing the experiment watch the video experiment about the existence
of the color components of visible light using a prism. The video will be posted on the google
classroom.

Questions

– Q1: List and arrange the observed colors according to how they appeared on the paper.

– Q2: Describe the position of the different colors after passing through the prism.

ACTIVITY 4.2

Mr. Red VS. Mr. Violet

Explains that red is bent the least and violet is bent the most according to their wavelengths or
frequency.

42
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 ACTIVITY 4.3

COLORS

Explain the hierarchy of colors in relation to energy.

43
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
POST-TEST:
GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Read, understand and follow instruction. Read each
questions/statements twice before giving your final answer. .Encircle the letter of the best
answer.
1. What is the law of reflection?
a. The angle of incidence is always greater than the angle of reflection
b. The angle of entry equals the angle of reflection
c. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
2. Which color of light is refracted the least?
a. red b. green c. violet d. yellow
3. How do we calculate refractive index?
a. n = sin r ÷ sin I b. n = sin I ÷ sin r c. n = sin r x sin i

44
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
4. n which does light travel the fastest?
a. glass b. water c. air
5. The bending of light as it travels from one medium into another.
a. reflection b. diffraction c. refraction d. A & B
6. Images formed by concave lenses are
a. real and invertedb. virtual c. enlarge d. upright
7. If an object is outside the focal point on a concave mirror, the image will be.
a. real and inverted b. virtual and inverted c. virtual and upright
8. How is a rainbow formed?
a. The air during rain reflects all the colors of the rainbow. 
b. The light is being absorbed by the raindrops.
c. The light is transmitted through the clouds which causes us to see a rainbow.
d. Light rays bend as they pass from air through drops of water.
9. What type of material does not allow light to pass through?
a. opaque b. translucent c. Transparent
10. Shadows are created when:
a. light travels through an object b. light bends through an object
c. light hits an object and reflects
FEEDBACK:

ANSWERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

45
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
REFERENCES:

 NURTURING SCIENCE (Grade 7)

By: Dr. Nonato Cabal, Crisencio Paner, Nerissa Torreta;
PUBLISHED BY: EPHESIANS Publishing Inc.
 Science – Grade 8 Teacher’s Guide First Edition, 2013 ISBN:
 Physics4kids.com: MOTION

LESSON 5

HEAT
TITLE:

RATIONALE:

In this module, you will learn about heat and temperature. Heat is the form of
energy that is transferred between two substances at different temperatures. Heat is
measured in units of energy, usually calories or joules. Temperature is the measure
of hotness or coldness of matter. You will understand and know what happens to an
object when heat is transferred to or from it and the factors that affect the amount of
heat that an object can transfer.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

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Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 At the end of this lesson the learners should be able to:

a. differentiate between heat and temperature at the molecular level;

b. define the effects of heat on the body;

c. convert and solve problems using the equations shown in the module.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Read and follow the directions in every activity;

2. Read and understand the Learning Objectives and concept notes provided
for you;
3. Answer all the activities in the module.

Before our lesson start, let’s have first know what will you be learning
from this lesson. In this lesson you will know what is heat and temperature. There
will be enhancing of skills in computation, enhancing of skills in understanding
the problem and how to solve a problem using the formula of heat and also how
to convert into different temperatures. But before that let’s have first a pre-test.

ENTRY BEHAVIOR:

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Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
PRE-TEST:

Direction: Encircle the letter that carries the right answer.

1. Temperature in Celsius at which water boils.

a. 0 b. 100 c. 50 d. 105

2. Which is a form of energy that can move from a hot place to a cooler place, or
the transfer of energy from one body to another?

a. Celsius b. Fahrenheit c. heat d. freezing point

3. If Mr. Levering burns his hand grabbing a hot cup of coffee, what type of
thermal energy transfer has taken place?

a. Radiation b. Convection
c. Conduction d. Equilibrium
4.                          is the measure of how hot or cold something is.

a. Thermometer b. Radiation
c. Temperature d. Conduction 48
Grade5.8Liquids
Science:expand
MECHANICS AND
when heated MOTION
EXCEPT.
a. alcohol b. water c. oil d. juice
FEEDBACK:

Direction: Encircle the letter that carries the right answer.

1. Temperature in Celsius at which water boils.

a. 0 b. 100 c. 50 d. 105
2. Which is a form of energy that can move from a hot place to a cooler place, or
the transfer of energy from one body to another?
a. Celsius b. Fahrenheit c. heat d. freezing point
3. If Mr. Levering burns his hand grabbing a hot cup of coffee, what type of
thermal energy transfer has taken place?
a. Radiation b. Convection
c. Conduction d. Equilibrium
4.                          is the measure of how hot or cold something is.
a. Thermometer b. Radiation
c. Temperature d. Conduction
5. Liquids expand when heated EXCEPT.
a. alcohol b. water c. oil d. juice

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Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

HEAT
Heat is a form of energy which gives the sensation of warmth. The sum
total kinetic energy of all the vibrating molecules of a matter is heat energy.
Temperature –The degree of hotness or coldness of a body is called temperature.
Temperature is a property of a material, while heat is a form of energy. A larger
object will have a lower temperature than a small object with the same amount
thermal energy. Heat is measure of how much thermal energy is transmitted from
one body to another

Heat Temperature

The sum total kinetic energy of all the

The degree of hotness or coldness of a
vibrating molecules of a matter is heat
body is called temperature.
energy.

Heat is measured by using calorie Temperature is measured by using

meter. thermometer.

Temperature Scales
Several temperature scales exist. In the United States, the Fahrenheit
temperature is most commonly used, though the International System of Units
(SI unit) Centigrade (or Celsius) is used in most of the rest of the world.
The Kelvin scale is used often in physics and is adjusted so that 0 degrees
Kelvin is equal to absolute zero, which is, in theory, the coldest possible
temperature and at which point all kinetic motion ceases.

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Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 CELSIUS
Also called centigrade, is a scale based on 0 degrees for the freezing
point of water and 100 degrees for the boiling point of water. This system was
invented in 1742 by the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius.
FAHRENHEIT
This temperature scale is based on 32 degrees for the freezing point of
water, and 212 degrees for the boiling point. The interval between the two
points is divided into 180 equal parts.
The German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit devised this scale in 1724.
The average human body temperature is 98.6°F, while the absolute zero is -
459.67°F on this scale.
KELVIN
This temperature scale is named after the British mathematician and
physicist William Thomson Kelvin, who proposed it in 1848. It is an absolute
temperature scale, having an absolute zero below which temperatures do not
exist.
Each unit on this scale is called a Kelvin rather than a degree. For this reason,
just the K, not the degree symbol °, is used when reporting temperatures in
Kelvin. There are no negative numbers on the Kelvin scale, as the lowest
number is 0 K.
FORMULAS: COVERSION
Celsius to Fahrenheit ° F = 9/5 ( ° C) + 32
51
Kelvin
Grade to Fahrenheit
8 Science: ° F AND
MECHANICS = 9/5 MOTION
(K - 273) + 32
Fahrenheit to Celsius ° C = 5/9 (° F - 32)
 CALORIES
Heat is frequently measured in terms of calories ( cal ). Unlike joules,
calories relate heat to changes in temperature, making them a more convenient
unit of measurement.
Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius. One calorie is
equivalent to 4.19 J.
1 cal = 4.19 J
SPECIFIC HEAT

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Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
Thermal equilibrium is the condition under which two substances in
physical contact with each other exchange no heat energy. Two substances in
thermal equilibrium are said to be at the same temperature.
PHASE CHANGES
A phase change is when matter changes to from one state (solid, liquid,
gas, plasma) to another. These changes occur when sufficient energy is
supplied to the system (or a sufficient amount is lost), and also occur when the
pressure on the system is changed.
Melting Point and Boiling Point.
The melting point is usually defined as the point at which materials
changes from a solid to a liquid.
The temperature at which solid changes its state to liquid at atmospheric
pressure is called the melting point of that liquid. This is the point at which
both liquid and solid phase exists at equilibrium. The melting point of the
substance also varies with pressure and is specified at standard pressure.

The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapour

pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure of the liquid’s
environment. At this temperature, the liquid is converted into a vapour. Boiling
point for any material is the temperature point at which the material transforms
into the gas phase in the liquid phase. This happens at 100 degrees centigrade
for water. The Celsius scale was in fact created on the basis of the ice / water
melting point and the liquid water / vapor boiling point. Each substance carries
its own boiling point.
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Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 LATENT HEAT OF TRANSFORMATION
Latent heat, energy absorbed or released by a substance during a
change in its physical state (phase) that occurs without changing
its temperature. The latent heat associated with melting
a solid or freezing a liquid is called the heat of fusion; that associated with
vaporizing a liquid or a solid or condensing a vapour is called the heat of
vaporization. The latent heat is normally expressed as the amount of heat (in
units of joules or calories) per mole or unit mass of the substance undergoing a
change of state.
THERMAL EXPANSION

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Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 Example:
Eiffel tower is made up of iron and its height is roughly 300 m. During
winter season (January) in France the temperature is 2°C and in hot summer its
average temperature 25°C. Calculate the change in height of Eiffel tower
between summer and winter. The linear thermal expansion coefficient for iron
α = 10 ×10−6 per °C
Solution: ΔL = 10 × 10−6 × 300 × 23 = 0.69 m=69 cm

METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

CONDUCTION
Conduction is the transfer of heat between substances that are in direct
contact with each other. The better the conductor, the more rapidly heat will be
transferred. Metal is a good conduction of heat. Conduction occurs when a
substance is heated, particles will gain more energy, and vibrate more. These
molecules then bump into nearby particles and transfer some of their energy to
them. This then continues and passes the energy from the hot end down to the 55
Grade 8colder
Science:
endMECHANICS AND MOTION
of the substance.
 CONVECTION

Convection occurs when warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler

areas in the liquid or gas. Cooler liquid or gas then takes the place of the
warmer areas which have risen higher. This results in a continous circulation
pattern. Water boiling in a pan is a good example of these convection currents.
Another good example of convection is in the atmosphere. The earth's surface
is warmed by the sun, the warm air rises and cool air moves in.

RADIATION

Radiation is a method of heat transfer that does not rely upon any
contact between the heat source and the heated object as is the case with
conduction and convection. Heat can be transmitted through empty space by
thermal radiation often called infrared radiation. This is a type electromagnetic
radiation . No mass is exchanged and no medium is required in the process of
radiation. Examples of radiation is the heat from the sun, or heat released from
the filament of a light bulb.

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Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 ACTIVITY 5.1

CONVERIONS

Direction: Convert the following and show your solution.

1. Convert 37˚C to both Fahrenheit degrees and Kelvin.

2. Convert 80K to both Celsius and Fahrenheit degrees

3. The boiling temperature of liquid oxygen (O2 ) is -297.3˚F. Convert this temperature to
Celsius degrees and Kelvin.

4. Calculate the difference between 97˚F and 40˚F in both Celcius degrees and Kelvin.

5. Convert -40˚F to Celsius degrees.

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Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 ACTIVITY 5.2

PROBLEM SOLVING

Direction: Solve the following problem and show your solution.

1. A 500 gram cube of lead is heated from 25 °C to 75 °C. How much energy was required to
heat the lead? The specific heat of lead is 0.129 J/g°C.

2. A 25-gram metal ball is heated 200 °C with 2330 Joules of energy. What is the specific heat of
the metal?

3. A bimetallic strip of steel and brass of length 50 cm, initially at 10 °C, is heated to 30 °C. What is
the difference in length between the two substances after they have been heated? The coefficient of linear
expansion for steel is 1.2 x 10−5 °C, and coefficient of linear expansion for brass is 1.9 x 10−5 °C.

ACTIVITY 5.3
58
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 EXPLAIN

1. Define the effects of heat on the body.

2, Differentiate between heat and temperature at the molecular level.

POST-TEST:

59
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Read, understand and follow instructions. Read each
questions/statements twice before giving your final answer.

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. A form of energy which flows from hotter region towards cooler region n reach on same
temperature is called
a. conduction b. convection c. radiation d.heat
2. Which of the following is the fastest process of heat transfer?

a. Conduction b. convection c. radiation d. insolation

3. At what temperature are the Celsius and Fahrenheit equal?

a. + 40o b - 40o c. - 0o d. + 100o

4. In which of the following processes of heat transfer no medium is required?

a. Conduction b. convection c. radiation d. All

5. When a solid, liquid, or a gas changes from one physical state to another.

a. melting b. enthalpy c. sublimation d. melting

6. Which one of the following is the mode of heat transfer in which warm material is transported
so as to displace a cooler material?

a. Conduction b. convection c. radiation d. All

7.  Which one among the following denotes the smallest temperature?

a. 1° on the Celsius scale b. 1° on the Kelvin scale

c. 1° on the Fahrenheit scale d. 1° on the Reaumur scale

8. An example of conductor of heat is

a. paper b. cloth c. air d. aluminum

9. Heat is measured in:
a. Joule b. Calorie c. Joule/second d. both A and B
10. The form of energy that produces a feeling of hotness is called as:

60
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 a. work b. Heat c. Energy d. temperature

FEEDBACK:

ANSWERS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
61
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
REFERENCES:

 NURTURING SCIENCE (Grade 7)

By: Dr. Nonato Cabal, Crisencio Paner, Nerissa Torreta;
PUBLISHED BY: EPHESIANS Publishing Inc.
 Science – Grade 8 Teacher’s Guide First Edition, 2013 ISBN:
 Physics4kids.com: MOTION

LESSON 6

TITLE: ELECTRICITY

RATIONALE:

This module talks about electricity. The generation of electricity is most

commonly achieved by converting chemical energy in fuels or
the flowing energy of wind, water, or steam into electrical energy, using a
mechanical turbine connected to a generator. The force of the fluid causes the
turbine to rotate, which in turn rotates the magnetic field inside the generator to
produce electricity. The topics covered in this module are relevant because of
the applicability of the lesson in preventing accidents like fires caused by unsafe
use of electricity.

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Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson the learners should be able to:

a. differentiate electrical power and electrical energy;

b. explain the functions of circuit breakers, fuses, earthing, double

insulation and the advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel
connection in home;

c. infer the relationship between current and charge.

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Read and follow the directions in every activity;

2. Read and understand the Learning Objectives and concept notes provided
for you;
3. Answer all the activities in the module;

ENTRY BEHAVIOR:

Before our lesson start, let’s have first know what you will learn from this
topic. You will study charges as moving through conducting materials, you will
be dealing mostly on terms like voltage, current and resistance in studying
electricity, electrical power and electrical energy, functions of circuit breakers,
fuses, earthing, double insulation and also the advantages and disadvantages. But
before that lets hake first a pre-test.

63
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
PRE-TEST:

Direction: Encircle the letter that carries the right answer.

1. Which of the following is the unit of measurement for electric potential?
a. ohm b. volt c. watt d. ampere
2. Which of the following devices produces electric current?
a. compass b. electric c. motor d. generator
3. Electric current in a/an _____________ circuit travels in ONE path.
a. series b. parallel c. electric d. wire
4. In order for a circuit to work, the path must be _____________.
a. series b. parallel c. close d. open

5.  Which of the following is a good conductor?

a. plastic b. glass c. iron d. wood

FEEDBACK:

1. Which of the following is the unit of measurement for electric potential?

a. ohm b. volt c. watt d. ampere
2. Which of the following devices produces electric current?
a. compass b. electric c. motor d. generator
3. Electric current in a/an _____________ circuit travels in ONE path.
a. series b. parallel c. electric d. wire
4. In order for a circuit to work, the path must be _____________.
a. series b. parallel c. close d. open

5.  Which of the following is a good conductor?

a. plastic b. glass c. iron d. wood

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Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

ELECTRICITY
Electricity is the presence and flow of electric charge. Using electricity
we can transfer energy in ways that allow us to do simple chores. [1] Its best-
known form is the flow of electrons through conductors such as copper wires.
STATIC ELECTRICITY
Static electricity refers to an imbalance between the electric charges in a
body, specifically the imbalance between the negative and the positive charges
on a body. The imbalance in the charge is introduced by physical means. One of
the most common causes of static electricity is the contact between solid objects.

It was mentioned earlier that the movement of protons is not possible and
the only movement of electric charge seen in static electricity is electrons.
Electrons in materials are held extremely loosely meaning that they can be
exchanged through simple contact like rubbing. These charges can build up on the
surface of an object until they find a way to be released or discharged. One way to
discharge them is through a circuit and this is exactly what a lightning strike is.
Static electricity is the electric field which is developed due to the stationary
charges. The surface of the material includes some electric charges which
combine the static electricity on that material. These static charges might come on
the surface or through the contact with one of the most charged body or it can be
through extra ions present in the air.

How does static electricity work?

An imbalance between negative and positive charges in objects.

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Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
When electrons move, they carry electrical energy from one place to
another. This is called current electricity or an electric current. Electric currents
are also involved in powering all the electrical appliances that you use, from
washing machines to flashlight and from telephones to MP3 players. This form of
electricity exists when charges are able to constantly flow. Charges are always on
the move. Charged Electricity.
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Electric circuit, path for transmitting electric current. An electric circuit
includes a device that gives energy to the charged particles constituting the
current, such as a battery or a generator; devices that use current, such
as lamps, electric motors, or computers; and the connecting wires or transmission
lines. When you turn-on the switch, electricity flows around the circuit. If there is
a break anywhere in the circuit, electricity cannot flow. This is why a switch is
sometimes called a circuit breaker.
HOW ELECTRICITY MOVES IN A CIRCUIT
Material such as copper metal that conducts electricity called conductors.
Materials don’t allow electricity to pass through, such as rubber and plastic, are
called insulators. 66
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS
A current AND
of electricity is aMOTION
steady flow of electrons. When electrons move
from one place to another, they carry electrical energy from place to place. Metals
 Conductors that let electricity flow freely are said to have a high conductance and
a low resistance; insulators that do not allow electricity to flow are the opposite;
they have a low conductance and a high resistance. For electricity to flow there
has to be something to push the electrons along. This is called an electromotive
force (EMF). A battery or power outlet creates the electromotive force that makes
a current of electrons flow. An electromotive force is better known as voltage.

ELECTROMAGNETISM

Electromagnetism is a process where a magnetic field is created by

introducing the current in the conductor. When a conductor is electrically charged
it generates magnetic lines of force of conductor. For example, if current i.e.,
positive charges moving in a wire, it produces the magnetic field along the wire
and the direction of magnetic lines, and force can be determined using Right Hand
Rule.

67
GradeElectromagnetic force is aAND
8 Science: MECHANICS typeMOTION
of physical interaction that occurs between
electrically charged particles. It acts between charged particles and is the
 SERIES CIRCUIT
A circuit is said to be connected in series when the same current flows
through all the components in the circuit. In such circuits, the current has only one
path. Let us consider the household decorative string lights as an example of a
series circuit. This is nothing but a series of multiple tiny bulbs connected in
series. If one bulb fuses, all the bulbs in series do not light up.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
A circuit is said to be parallel when the electric current has multiple paths
to flow through. The components that are a part of the parallel circuits will have a
constant voltage across all ends.

68
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
Potential energy means energy that is stored. A car at the top of a hill has
 MAKING ELECTRICITY

69
Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS
Electricity is about using relatively large currents of electrical energy to do
useful jobs, like driving a washing machine or powering an electric drill.
Electronics is a way of controlling things using tiny currents of electricity.
THE POWER OF ELECTRICITY
Before the invention of electricity, people had to make energy wherever
and whenever they needed it. They had to make wood or coal fires to heat their
homes or cook food. The invention of electricity changed all that. It meant energy
could be made in one place then supplied over long distances to wherever it was
needed.
MEASURING ELECTRICITY
VOLTAGE
Voltage is the amount of potential energy available (work to be done) per 70
Grade unit
8 Science:
charge,MECHANICS AND MOTION
to move charges through a conductor. Because voltage is an
expression of potential energy, representing the possibility or potential for energy
 CURRENT
What moves through the wire in a circuit is electrical current: is a steady
flow of electrons, measured in amperes.
POWER
Power is a function of both voltage and current. The bigger the voltage
and current, the more electrical power you have. We measure electric power in
units called watts. Circuit=voltage x current
ENERGY
Power is a measurement of how much energy you’re using each second.
To find out the total amount of energy an electric appliance uses, you have to
multiply the power it uses per second by total amount of seconds you use it for.
The result you get is measured in units of power x time, often converted into a
standard unit called the kilowatt hour (kWh).
EARTHING

Earthing is used to protect you from an electric shock. It does this by

providing a path (a protective conductor) for a fault current to flow to earth. It
also causes the protective device (either a circuit-breaker or fuse) to switch off the
electric current to the circuit that has the fault.

DOUBLE INSULATION

Double Insulation. An electrical appliance which is double insulated does

not have an earth wire fitted. The appliance is designed in such a way that the
electrical parts can never come into contact with the outer casing of the device.
Common double insulated appliances are hair dryers, radios and cassette players.
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 Pioneers in Electricity and Magnetism
Andre-Marie Ampere (1775=1836)
Although he was not the first person to observe a connection between
electricity and magnetism, André-Marie Ampère was the first scientist to attempt
to theoretically explain and mathematically describe the phenomenon.
William Gilbert (1554-1603)
William Gilbert was an English physician and natural philosopher who
wrote a six-volume treatise that compiled all of the information regarding
magnetism and electricity known at the time.
James Joule (1818-1889)
Experimented with engines, electricity and heat throughout his life. Joule’s
findings resulted in his development of the mechanical theory of heat and Joule’s
law
James Clark Maxwell (1831-1879)
One of the most influential scientists of the nineteenth century. His
theoretical work on electromagnetism and light largely determined the direction
that physics would take in the early twentieth century.
James Watt (1736-1819)
The Scottish instrument maker and inventor James Watt had a tremendous
impact on the shape of modern society. His improvements to the steam engine
were a significant factor in the Industrial Revolution, and when the Watt engine
was paired with Thomas Edison’s electrical generator in the late nineteenth
century, the generation of electricity on a large scale was possible for the first
time.

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 DON’T EVER PLAY WITH
ELECTRICITY!
MAGNETISM
Magnetism is force of attraction or repulsion that acts at a distance. It is
due to a magnetic field, which is caused by moving electrically charged particles
or is inherent in magnetic objects such as a magnet. A magnet is an object that
exhibits a strong magnetic field and will attract materials like iron to it. Magnets
have two poles, called the north(N) and south (S) poles. Two magnets will be
attracted by their opposite poles, and each will repel the like pole of the other
magnet.
MAGNETIC FIELD
A magnetic field consist of imaginary lines of flux coming from moving
or spinning electrically charged particles. Examples include the spin of a proton
and the motion of electrons through a wire in an electric circuit.
Names of Poles
The lines of magnetic flux flow from one end of the object to the other. By
convention, we call one end of magnetic object the N or North-seeking pole and
the other S or South-seeking pole, as related to the Earths North and South
magnetic poles.
MAGNETIC FORCE
The magnetic field of an object can create a magnetic force on other
objects with magnetic fields. That force is what we call magnetism.
When a magnetic field is applied to a moving electric charge, such as a
moving proton or the electrical current in wire, the force on the change is called a
Lorentz Force.
ATTRACTION
When two magnets or magnetic objects are close to each other, there is a
force that attracts the poles together.
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Grade 8 Science: MECHANICS AND MOTION
 REPULSION
When two magnetic objects have like poles facing each other, the
magnetic force pushes them apart.
MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELDS
The magnetic and electric fields are both similar and different. They are
also inter-related.
Electric charges and magnetism similar
Just as the positive (+) and negative (-) electrical charges attract each
other, the N and S poles of a magnet attract each other. In electricity like charges
repel, and in magnetism like poles repel.
Electric charges and magnetism different
The magnetic field is a dipole field. That means that every magnet must
have two poles.
On the other hand, a positive(+) or negative (-) electrical charge can stand
alone. Electrical charges are called monopoles, since they can exist without the
opposite charge.

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 ACTIVITY 6.1

SERIES CIRCUIT

 Instructions
You are the engineer! You need to design a system where one switch can turn on multiple
lights! An example might be a string of holiday lights. Now, construct both a series circuit and a
parallel circuit using the batteries, wires, and bulbs provided to you. Your series circuit will look
something like the drawing below:

Draw your own diagram below that illustrates how your Parallel Circuit will look:

ACTIVITY 6.2

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 SHARPEN YOUR MEMORY

1. Differentiate electrical power and electrical energy.

2. Discuss the relationship between current and charge.

3. Explain the Advantage and Disadvantage of series and parallel circuit.

4. Explain the functions of the following:

 Circuit Breakers

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  Fuses

 Earthing

 Double Insulation

ACTIVITY 6.3

SIMPLE CIRCUIT

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INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Look at the example of a simple circuit.

2. Answer the questions which follow.

QUESTIONS:
1. What are the parts that make up the system for transferring electrical energy?
Answer:

2. Do you think this is an open or close circuit? Explain your answer.

Answer:

3. Which part is providing the source of energy?

Answer:

4. What is conducting material?

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ANSWER:

5. What type of energy does the battery have?

ANSWER:

6. What is the energy transferred to when the circuit is closed and the electrons move through the
wire?
ANSWER:

7. What is the output of this system?

ANSWER:

8. In most systems, the input energy is more than the useful output of energy is transferred to
wasted output energy in this simple circuit with a light bulb, what is the wasted output energy?

ANSWER:

POST-TEST:
GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Read, understand and follow instructions. Read each
questions/statements twice before giving your final answer.
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following best describes voltage?
a. Filling a shopping cart with groceries
b. Pushing a shopping cart quickly down a hill.

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 c. Adding bigger wheels to a shopping cart.
d. Trying to stop a runaway shopping cart.
2. Current is measured in...
a. Volts b. Ohms c. Watts d. Amps
3. Electricity is the flow of.
a. electrons b. protons c. neutrons d. electricity
4. To pull towards one another.
a. circuit b. attract c. pole lightning d. detract
5. To push away.
a. discharge b. open circuit c. closed circuit d. repel
6. A material through which electricity doesn’t flow.
a. insulator b. open circuit c. conductor d. closed circuit
7. A material in which electricity flows easily.
a. insulator b. open circuit c. conductor d. closed circuit

8. A complete circuit.

a. closed circuit b. open circuit c. magnetism d. lightning

9. An incomplete circuit.

a. closed circuit b. open circuit c. magnetism d. lightning

10. When two much current flows through a conductor.

a. shutdown b. short circuit c. blown fuse d. insulator

FEEDBACK:

ANSWERS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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9.
REFERENCES:

 NURTURING SCIENCE (Grade 7)

By: Dr. Nonato Cabal, Crisencio Paner, Nerissa Torreta;
PUBLISHED BY: EPHESIANS Publishing Inc.
 Science – Grade 8 Teacher’s Guide First Edition, 2013 ISBN:
 Physics4kids.com: MOTION

 https://www.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-8/energy-transfer-in-
electrical-systems/10-energy-transfer-in-electrical-systems

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