Science 10 Review for 2nd Assessment

Lesson EARTH AND SPACE

1 Earthquake and Types of Waves

As you have learned from your previous grade, earthquakes are natural
geological phenomena caused by the sudden and rapid movement of large volume
of rock.The violent shaking and destruction caused by earthquakes are the result of
the rupture and slippage along fractures of Earth’s crust called faults.
What happens when an earthquake starts? The sudden release of energy
from an earthquake sends out several different shaking movements, or seismic
waves.In some cases, an earthquake can haveforeshocks. These are smaller
earthquakes that happen in the same place where the larger earthquake occurs. On
the other hand, mainshocksare always followed byaftershocks. These are smaller
earthquakes that occur afterwards in the same place as the mainshock. Depending
on the size of the mainshock, aftershocks can continue for weeks, months, or even
years after the mainshock!

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=4+pics+1+word+earthquake&rlz=1C1CHJW_enPH750PH750&sxsrf=ALeKk03-
NmG4m2L2ttvp0pRd4Jvxcr3oBA:1594258623070&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjX06GXhL_qAhU9xosBHYn
0BqoQ_AUoAXoECAwQAw&biw=1366&bih=576#imgrc=QS1lk86hwREqDM

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 What I Need to Know
This lessonis designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Earth and Space. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. Moreover,the lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Define earthquake; and

2. Differentiate body waves from surface waves.

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you learned about the different active volcanoes which
may cause earthquakes in various regions. You have also learned that an
earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking of the ground caused by the movements
of the earth’s crust or volcanic eruption, sometimes leading to great destruction.
Have you ever wondered what makes the Philippines susceptible to
earthquakes?

This is because the Philippines is within the Pacific Ring of Fire. Hence, it is
expected to have more cases ofearthquakes and thesemay happen anytime.

Figure 1.1. Pacific Ring of Fire

Source: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/plate-tectonics-ring-fire/

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 What Is It

By definition, earthquake is the shaking and trembling of the Earth’s crust

caused by a sudden release of energy. It occurs when rocks along a certain fault line
suddenly move.
The study of earthquakes and the waves they create is called seismology
(from the Greek word “seismos” which means “to shake”). In turn, scientists who
studyearthquakes are called seismologists. During an earthquake, a sudden release
of storedenergyin the Earth’s crust creates seismic waves. Sometimes they cause
tsunamis and fire which may lead to loss of life and huge damage to property.
How would the sorroundings be affected during an earthquake? As an
earthquake occurs, energy moves out in all directions from the focus. The energy
that is released is carried by a vibration called seismic waves.
There are four (4) main types of seismicwaves:P-waves and S-waves (which
are body waves), and Rayleigh and Love waves (which are surface waves).
Body Waves Surface Waves
P-Wave or Primary Wave Love Wave
S-Wave or Secondary Rayleigh Wave
Wave

Types of Body Waves

P-Waves or Primary Waves
P-Waves or primary waves travel faster than other
seismic waves. It is considered as the first signal from an
earthquake to be felt. This may be transmitted through
gases, liquids and solids.

S-Waves or Secondary waves

S-Waves or secondary waves are a type of Figure 1.2. P and S Wave
Source:
elastic wave and are one of the two main types of https://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/basics/waves.html
elastic body waves. It is also called as shear waves.
The distance between the beginning of the first P wave and the first S wave
tells you how many seconds the waves are apart. This number will be used to tell
you how far your seismographis from the epicenter of the earthquake.
Types of Surface Waves
Love Wave
Love Wave is named after Augustus Edward
Hough Love. It has a horizontal motion that is
transverse to the direction the wave is travelling and
is considered to be the fastest surface wave and
moves the ground from side to side.
Figure 1.3. Love and Rayleigh Wave
Source: https://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/basics/waves.html

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Rayleigh Wave
Rayleigh Waves move in an elliptical motion, producing both vertical and
horizontal motions. This moves the ground up and down and side to side in the same
direction that the wave is moving. It is named after Lord Rayleigh (John William
Strutt).

What’s More
Activity 1
(Let’s Infer!)

Fig. 1.1 Damaged Building Fig. 1.2 Tsunami Fig.1.3 Fire

Based on the pictures given above, what can you infer about all of them as a whole?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Activity 2
(Draw me)
In the box below, illustrate the seismic waves and give a short explanationfor
each of them.
Illustration Explanation

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 What I Have Learned

Fill in the boxes with the necessary information to complete the concept about
seismic waves. (15 points)

Earthquake

Seismic Waves

What I Can Do
As a concerned citizen and an informed individual, what can you do to help your
neighbor during an earthquake. Give at least five (5) steps/actions that you can do to
help them. (3 points each)
1. ______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________

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 Assessment (Posttest)
Multiple Choice: Select the best answer from the givenchoices and write it in
CAPITAL LETTERon a separate sheet of paper

1. Why is Philippines prone to experience earthquakes?

A. It is within the Pacific Ring of Fire.
B. The Pacific Ocean causes daily shaking of the archipelago.
C. It has plenty of stored energy in the crust part.
D. The Philippines is in tropical area.

2. What is an earthquake?
I. The shaking and trembling of the Earth’s crust.

II. A man-made calamity.

III.Can be measured through a thermometer.
IV.Systematic waves that are created due to the sudden release of energy in

the Earth crust’s.

A. I and II B. I and IV C. II only D. II and III
3. In what direction do seismic waves carry the energy of the earthquakes?

A. Away from the focus

B. Through the focus
C. From the core
D. Away from the core

4. What are the possible effects of an earthquake?

I. It may cause buildings to collapse, thus, injuring and killing people.
II. It can destroy roads, railways, bridges and communication lines by
creating cracks in the ground.
I. It can lead to floods and landslides that may harm humans and other
organisms.
II. It may not cause tsunamis.
A. I and II B. III and IV C. I, II and III D. II, III and IV

5..What starting point is to be traced to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

A. First P wave and the first S wave
B. Second P wave and the second S wave
C. Third P wave and the third S wave
D. Fourth P wave and the fourth S wave

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 6. They are the scientists who study earthquakes.
A. Seigmographists B. Seismologists C. Seismologihists D. Seismogists

7. What seismic wave travels horizontally that is transverse to the direction the
wave?
A. Love Wave B. P wave C. Rayleigh Wave D. S wave

8. Which earthquake waves travel through the outer core?

A. P-waves C. P-waves and S-waves
B. S-waves D. Primary and Surface waves

9. Seismology comes from the Greek word “seismos” which means to _________.
A. dance B. shake C. skip D. wave

10. Which of theseismic waves travels the fastest?

A. Instant WaveB. Primary WaveC. Secondary Wave D.Surface Wave

11. What seismic wave moves in an elliptical motion, thus producing both vertical
and horizontal motions?
A. Love Wave B. P wave C. Rayleigh Wave D. S wave

12. Seismic waves start at the .

A. epicenter B. focus C. seismic distance D. seismic gap

13. S waves are also called ________.

A. Sad Wave B. Secret Wave C. Shear Wave D. Shed Wave

14. It is considered to be the slowest wave as it travels on the surface of the Earth.
A. Body Wave B. Sad Wave C. Shed Wave D. Surface Wave

15. What type of seismic wave is considered as the first signal for an earthquake
to be felt?
A. Love Wave B. P wave C. Rayleigh Wave D. S wave

Additional Activities

Make a list of atleast five (5)materials or equipments that everyone must

prepare before an earthquake occurs.
1. ______________ 4. ______________
2. ______________ 5. ______________
3. ______________

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 Lesson EARTH AND SPACE

2 Locating the Epicenter

Seismologists can locate the epicenter of an earthquake by using triangulation

method. When seismic data is collected from atleast three (3) different locations, it
can be used to determine the epicenter of an earthquake by where it intersects.
Hence, scientists need atleast three (3)seismic stations to clearly identify the
location.

What I Need to Know

This lesson will help you master the nature of Earth and Space, specifically
locating the earthquake’s epicenter. The scope of this module is geared towards its
usability in various learning situations; its language is adapted to the needs of
diverse learners; and its lessons do agree to the sequences of the course. Also, its
order is flexible and can be changed depending on the textbook you are currently
using.

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Differentiate epicenter from hypocenter of an earthquake; and
2. Identify the different measurementsused to determinine the
magnitude of an earthquake.

What’s In
In the previous lesson, you have learned about earthquakes, surface waves
and body waves.Earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking of the ground caused
by the movements of the earth’s crust or volcanic eruption leading to destruction.

Seismologists, the scientists who study earthquakes,haveproventhat seismic

waves are caused bythe sudden breakingapart located within the earth or the
slipping of tectonic plates. The study of earthquakes and the waves they created is
called seismology (from the Greek word “seismos” which means “to shake”).During
an earthquake, there is a sudden release of stored energy in the Earth’s crust
thus, seismic waves are formed. Sometimes, they cause tsunamis and fire which
may lead to loss of life and huge damage to property.

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What’s New
Arrange the letters to form a word. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Iriantnolguat - ____________________
2. cfsuo - ____________________
3. eneirpcte - ____________________
4. utfla - ____________________
5. aeaqerhktu - ____________________

What Is It

Location of an Epicenter
The epicenter is usually the location where the waves from an earthquake
arehighly intense. As a result, it is also the area wherethe most damage can possibly
occur. However,it is not always the case. If an earthquake is particularly large, it
mayrun across a large section of a plate boundary. In this case, the epicenter
mightonly be one of the many hotspot areas and the damage could be greater
elsewhere.

Epicenter

Hypocenter or focus

Fig. 2.1. An earthquake showing the hypocenter and epicenter

How to locate the earthquake epicenter?

In order to locate the epicenter of an earthquake, you need to determine the
time interval between the arrival of the P and S waves (the S-P interval) on
theseismo-grams from at least three different stations.
Locating the epicenters will determine which fault lines are active. Generally,
the less active fault line stores great amount of potential energy that could cause a
majorearthquake once released. Hence, areas near fault lines that remain inactive
for along period of time are prone to experience a major earthquake.
The distance between the beginning of the first P wave and the first S wave
tells youhow many seconds the waves are apart. This number will be used to tell you
how faryour seismograph is from the epicenter of the earthquake. In order to locate

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the epicenter, the distance between the first P wave and the first S wave is
measured.

What causes an earthquake?

An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip on a fault. The tectonic plates are

alwaysslowly moving, but they get stuck at their edges due to friction. Figure 2.2
shows an earthquake that took place in the Philippines. The areawhere an
earthquake occurs is called fault, or where the surface slipped.In addition, the
location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the
hypocenter or focus, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is
called the epicenter.
The magnitude of an earthquake is based on the measurement of the
maximum motion recorded by a seismograph. The most commonly used are
theLocal Magnitude (ML) or known asthe Richter magnitude, thesurface wave
magnitude (Ms), body -wavemagnitude (Mb), and moment magnitude (Mw).

Fig. 2.2 An earthquake aftermath in

Davao City,Philippines
(October 31, 2019)

What’s More
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the cause of an earthquake?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. How does a hypocenter differ from an epicenter?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. How can we locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

4. What are the different measurements used to determine the magnitude of an

earthquake?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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 What I Have Learned
Complete the table below by citing the differences between an epicenter and a
hypocenter based on their characteristics. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
Characteristics Epicenter Hypocenter
Location on Earth’s
Surface

Associated waves

Assessment (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice: Select the best answer from the givenchoices and write it in
CAPITAL LETTER on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the exact location of the epicenter on the surface of the Earth?
A. Beneath where the earthquake starts.
B. Directly above where the earthquake starts.
C. Located at the center where the earthquake starts.
D. Right beside where the earthquake starts.

2. When will an earthquake occur? It occurs when the__________________.

A. Air on the ground evaporates along a fault.
B. Rocks underground suddenly breaks along a fault.
C. Soil on the ground was suddenly eroded by a flash flood.
D. Water underground usually breaks along a fault.

3. By determining the starting point, we can locate the epicenter of an earthquake.

Which waves should we trace first?
A. First P wave and the first S wave
B. Second P wave and the second S wave
C. Third P wave and the third S wave
D. Fourth P wave and the fourth S wave

4.What will be the starting point to be traced to locate the epicenter of an

earthquake?
A. First P wave and the first S wave
B. Second P wave and the second S wave
C. Third P wave and the third S wave
D. Fourth P wave and the fourth S wave

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5 .If a Magnitude 10 earthquakes occur, what are its possible effects?
A. destroys some well-built wooden structures
B. felt by only a few
C. not felt by many
D. slight damages to specially designed structures

6. The significance of locating an earthquake’s epicenter is to ______________.

A. identify the fault that did not rupture causing the earthquake.
B. increase the confidence in the hazard exhibiting in the area.
C. locate the epicenter that can be used as plate boundary.D. lessen the
confidence in the hazard exhibiting in the area.

7. What is the pointon the surface directly above the seismic focus called?
A. fault B. seismic focus C. focus D. epicenter

8. What bestdecribesthe distributionof an earthquake’s epicenter?

A. The location of an earthquake’s epicenter can be used to define plate
boundaries.
B. Plate tectonic activity has nothing to do with the earth’s tectonic activity.
C. The epicenter of an earthquake is derived from microseismic data.
D. None of the choices.

9. How is the magnitude of an earthquake measured? Through the use of a/an

___________.
A. Digital scale B. Inverted scale C. Richter scale D. Weighing
scale

10.Where does the first motion of an earthquake occur?

A. core B. epicenter C.fault D. focus

11. Which of the following statements is true about a seismologists’ predictionon

earthquake?
A. Predict 50% of all earthquakes.
B. Accurately predict when an earthquake occurs.
C. Predict the time and location of all earthquakes.
D. Characterize the seismic risk of an area, but cannot yet accurately predict
most earthquakes.

12. Given the diagram below, where does the epicenter occur?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

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13. Where does the focus occur in the diagram in question number 12?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

14. An area where an earthquake occurs is called ______________.

A. crust B. epicenter C.fault D. focus
15. . What method do seismologists use in locating an epicenter?
A. Focus Group Discussion
B. Interview
C. Observation
D. Triangulation

Lesson
EARTH AND SPACE
Measuring Earthquake and Safety
3 Precautionary Measures

What I Need to Know

This lesson will help you master the nature of Earth and Space - Measuring
Earthquakes and Safety Precautionary Measures. The scope of this module is
geared toward its usability in various learning situations; its language is adapted to
the needs of diverse learners; and its lessons coincide to the sequences of the
course. Also, its order is flexible and can be changed depending on the textbook you
are currently using.

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Identify the scale used to measure the magnitude and intensity of an

earthquake;
2. Determine the impacts of anearthquake; and
3. Identify theprecautionary measures before,during and after an earthquake.

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What’s In
In the previous lesson, locating an earthquake’s epicenter isto bedone
through the application of a triangulation method. In this case, seismologists need to
have atleast three seismic sites to locate the epicenter. It is also imperative that we
must learn about its intensity, magnitude andthe safety precautionary measures.

What’s New
To answer this activity, use the photo shown below. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

Fig. 1. An earthquake aftermath taken in Davao City, Philippines

1. What causes an earthquake? __________________

2. Cite some damages caused by an earthquake. _____________________

What Is It
Most earthquakes are caused by thesudden slip along fault lines. It slips
because of the movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates leading to ground shaking
which further results to landslides and other rock movements. Some of the primary
effects that are caused by earthquakes are tsunamis, loss of properties and lives,
while the lack of water, food, electricity and telecommunications are considered as
some of the secondary effects.

How can we measure an earthquake?

Earthquake can be measured using a Richter Scale and Mercalli Scale.
Intensity is a measure of the amount of earth shaking that happens at a given
location. This can be measured through the Richter Scale. Magnitude, on the other

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hand, measures the size of the seismic waves or the amount of energy released at
the source of the earthquake and will be measured using a Mercalli Scale.

Table 2. How strongisan Earthquake?

INTENSITY EFFECTS TO PEOPLE MAGNITUDE

1 not felt by many Instrumental
2 felt by few Feeble
3 felt by few indoors Slight
4 felt by many indoors Moderate
5 felt by almost everyone Rather Strong
6 felt by all Strong
7 find damages to few buildings Very strong
8 slight damage to specially designed structures Destructive
9 destroyssome well-built woodenstructures Ruinous
10 destroys well-built wooden structures Disastrous
11 destroys bridges and railways Very disastrous
12 Total Damage Catastrophic

Safety Precautionary Measures

What to do before an Earthquake

 Must prepare a fire extinguisher;
 First aid kit;
 Battery powered radio;
 Emergency light/flashlights with extra battery;
 Must learn to turn off gas, electicity and water;
 Heavy objects must not be placed above the head level; and
 Make a plan where to meet with your family.
What to do during an Earthquake

 Stay calm.
 If you are outdoors, stay in an open area far away from power lines or
anything that might fall.
 if you are indoors, stay inside and observe the Drop-Cover-Hold protocol.
 In case you are in a high rise building, do not use the elevators.
What to do after an Earthquake

 Be prepared for aftershocks.

 Listen to the radio, or television, for information.
 Check your home for any damages.
 Wear protective clothing and sturdy shoes.

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What’s More
Fill in the blanks and write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the difference between a 10 magnitude earthquake and a 4magnitude
earthquake? Magnitude 10_______________________ while amagnitude
4_____________________________.

What I Have Learned

Put acheck (/) on the box if the activities indicated hereunder
wereperformed/prepared by yourself before, during, and after an earthquake. Write
( x) if NotApplicable.

Before During After

Fire extinguisher Stay calm Check fire hazards
First aid kit If indoors, stand against the Check gas leaks
wall, near the center of the
building, and stand on the
doorway or crawl under a
heavy furniture such as a
desk or a table.
Turn on gas tank If you’re outdoors, stay in Check damaged
the open away from power electrical wiring. Shut
lines or anything that might off power at the
fall. control box if there is
any danger to house
wiring.
Turn off electricity Don’t use matches, candles,
& water pipes or any flame

What I Can Do
Suppose you are to hold a campaign about earthquake awareness in your
community, what will you say to effectively deliver your message? Write a speech of
atleast 500 words.

Assessment
Multiple Choice: Select the best answer from the given choices and write it in
CAPITAL LETTER on a separate sheet of paper.
1. A measure of the amount of earth’s shaking that happens at a given location
is called_________.
A. Center B. Focus C. Intensity D. Magnitude

2. What magnitude of an earthquake is considered to be catastrophic?

A. 6 B. 8 C. 10 D. 12

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3. What is the scale that measures the magnitude of an earthquake.
A. Mercalli B. Modified C. Richter D. Seismo

4. What do you call a measure of the size of the seismic waves or the amount of
energy released at the source of an earthquake?
A. Center B. Focus C. Intensity D. Magnitude

5. A scalethat is used to measure the intensity of an earthquake is

____________.
A. Mercalli B. Modified C. Richter D. Seismo

6. If you experience an earthquake, you must do the following, EXCEPT:

A. Be calm
B. Drop, cover and hold
C. Proceed in an open area
D. Stay close to power lines

7. What intensity of an earthquake that destroy bridges and railways?

A. 7 B. 9 C. 10 D. 11

8. Before an earthquake, the following must be prepared for an emergency

EXCEPT:
A. Emergency Make-Up Kit
B. First Aid Kit
C. Fire Extinguisher
D. GO Bag

9. Which of the following best describes aftershocks?

A. Giant waves of the ocean
B. Big tremors after the small shake
C. Small shakes after a minor shake
D. Small shakes after the major quake

10. Which of the following must NOT be observed after an earthquake?

A. Listen to information
B. Expect for aftershocks
C. Wear your new clothes
D. Check your home for any damages

11. What magnitude of an earthquake that is considered to be very strong and

can damaged few buildings?
A. 1 B. 3 C. 5 D. 7

12. What must be observed while you are inside a room during an earthquake?
A. drop, cover, fold
B. drop, cover, hold

17
 C. duck, clap, fold
D. drop, cover, hold

13. The following are primary effects of earthquake, EXCEPT:

A. fire
B. landslides
C. rupture
D. shaking

14. In schools, an earthquake drill is always conducted quarterly. Why do you

think we must adhere to this mandate of the DRRM?
A. for documentation
B. for everyone’s safety
C. for everyone’s happiness
D. for it is a motivational activity

15. What type of calamity is an earthquake?

A. explosive
B. man-made
C. natural
D. superficial

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 KEY TO ANSWERS
Lesson 1
WHAT’S MORE
Activity 1- caused by an
earthquake
Activity 2- answers vary
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
 Body Waves Lesson 3
o P-Wave WHAT’S NEW
o S-Wave Lesson 2 1. Answers Vary
 Surface Waves WHAT’S NEW 2. Answers Vary
o Love Wave 1. Triangulation WHAT’S MORE
o Rayleigh 2. Focus 1. Disastrous
Wave 3. Epicenter 2. Moderate
ASSESSMENT 4. fault WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
1. A 5. earthquake Before During After
2. B WHAT’S MORE / / /
3. C 1-3- Answers Vary / / /
4. C WHAT I HAVE LEARNED / / /
5. A Answers Vary
6. B ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT
7. A 1. B I. C
8. C 2. C II. D
9. B 3. A III. A
10. B 4. A IV. D
11. C 5. B V. C
12. B 6. B VI. B
13. C 7. D VII. D
14. D 8. A VIII. A
15. B 9. D IX. D
10. D X. C
11. D XI. D
12. B XII. B
13. A XIII. A
14. A XIV. B
15. D XV. C

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