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Science 10: Prepared By: Jergen A. Romulo Sst-Iii

The document summarizes the female menstrual cycle and feedback mechanisms that regulate it. It describes menstruation and the four phases of the menstrual cycle: menses, follicular, ovulation, and luteal. Negative feedback mechanisms are discussed where high levels of one hormone inhibit production of another, such as estrogen preventing FSH production. Positive feedback is also described, such as estrogen providing positive feedback before ovulation to rapidly increase its own production and cause ovulation.

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Rona May Esperanzate
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193 views8 pages

Science 10: Prepared By: Jergen A. Romulo Sst-Iii

The document summarizes the female menstrual cycle and feedback mechanisms that regulate it. It describes menstruation and the four phases of the menstrual cycle: menses, follicular, ovulation, and luteal. Negative feedback mechanisms are discussed where high levels of one hormone inhibit production of another, such as estrogen preventing FSH production. Positive feedback is also described, such as estrogen providing positive feedback before ovulation to rapidly increase its own production and cause ovulation.

Uploaded by

Rona May Esperanzate
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SCIENCE 10

NAME: DATE: SCORE:


SUBJECT:SCIENCE 10
LESSON TITLE: Understanding Menstruation and Menstrual Cycle
LEARNING COMPETENCY: Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in
the female reproductive system
LEARNING OBJECTIVE/S:
 Explain the occurrence of menstruation in female.
 Describe the phases of menstrual cycle.
 Use menstrual cycle calendar to determine the nest menstruation and ovulation period.
ENABLING SKILLS: LAS NO. 1
REFERENCES:
https://www.womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/your-menstrual-cycle
https://www.yourperiod.ca/normal-periods/menstrual-cycle-basics/
CONCEPT NOTES:

A. Menstruation

 Menstruation is a woman’s monthly bleeding, often called your “period.”


 Menarche (/məˈnärkē/) is the occurrence of a first menstruation period in the female
adolescent.
 Menopause is the time when a woman’s life when her period stops.
 If a female is not pregnant, her estrogen and progesterone hormone levels begin falling. Very
low levels of estrogen and progesterone tell the body to begin menstruation. The first day of
menstruation is usually labelled as the beginning of the cycle. At this point, rising levels of
FSH stimulate the development of several follicles in the ovaries. These early follicles in turn
begin to produce estrogen. 
 During menstruation, the body discards the monthly build up of the lining of the
uterus (womb). Menstrual blood and tissue flow from the uterus through the small opening in
cervix and pass out of the body through the vagina.

Prepared by:
JERGEN A. ROMULO
SST-III Competence.Dedication.Optimism
Figure 1. The Uterus Before and During Menstruation
Source: https://kidshealth.org/EN/images/illustrations/menstrual-415x233-rd5-enIL.png

B. The Menstrual Cycle

 Learning about menstrual cycle helps a woman to be more equipped on identifying


fertility signs that indicate how close she is to ovulation and pregnancy.

Fig. 4 The Menstrual Cycle

 The important events during the menstrual cycle are as follows:


Prepared by:
JERGEN A. ROMULO
SST-III Competence.Dedication.Optimism
1. The pituitary gland controls and starts the cycle.
2. The pituitary gland releases hormones that cause the egg in the ovary to mature. The
luteinizing hormone (LH) initiates the maturation of the follicles, converts ruptured follicles
into corpus luteum and causes the secretion of progesterone. The follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) assists in the maturation of the follicles and causes the secretion of
estrogen from the follicles.
3. Meanwhile, the ovary itself releases a hormone called estrogen, which causes the uterine
lining to increase in thickness. The uterine lining becomes thicker so that the fertilized egg
can attach to it.
4. The ovary releases an egg on day 14. Assume that no sperm is present.
5. The egg moves through the oviduct and enters the uterus.
6. Meanwhile the uterine lining continues to thicken.
7. The egg has not been fertilized, therefore, it will not attach to the uterus.
8. The thick uterine lining is no longer necessary, so the cells of the thickened uterine lining
break off and leave the vagina. The unfertilized egg is lost and some blood is lost too. This
loss of cells from the uterine lining, blood, and egg is called menstruation.
9. After menstruation, the cycle starts again

 Menstrual cramps are the results of the strong contractions of the uterine wall that occur before and
during menstruation. The cramps can be caused by excessive secretion of prostaglandins. Shedding of
the endometrium of the uterus results in the inflammation in the endometrial layer of the uterus and
prostaglandins are produced as a consequence of the inflammation.

C. Phases of Menstrual Cycle


1. Menses Phase: This phase begins on the first day of menstruation and typically lasts
until the 5th day of the cycle. During the menstrual phase, the uterus sheds soft tissue
and blood vessels from its inner lining. On average, 10 ml to 80 ml of blood exits
through the vagina. Typically a woman is not fertile during the menstrual phase.

2. Follicular Phase: The follicular stage also begins on the first day of menstruation but
doesn’t end until around day 13, or when ovulation starts. During the follicular phase,
the pituitary gland releases a hormone that stimulates egg cells to grow in the ovaries.
One egg cell will mature into a follicle. Once matured, the follicle secretes a hormone to
stimulate the uterus to develop endometrium, a lining of blood vessels and soft tissues.

3. Ovulation Phase: Around the 14th day of the cycle, ovulation occurs. The pituitary gland
secretes the luteinizing hormone (LH) that causes the release of the matured egg cell
from the ovary. The egg cell then travels to the fallopian tube with the help of the cilia of
the fimbriae, finger-like projections located at the end of the fallopian tube.

4. Luteal Phase: The luteal phase begins around day 15 and lasts until the end of the
cycle. During this phase, the egg cell stays in the fallopian tube for 24 hours. If a sperm
cell fails to impregnate the egg during this time, the egg cell disintegrates. When the
hormone used to retain the endometrium runs out, a new menstrual cycle begins.
Activity 1

I. Determine the phases in the menstrual cycle calendar and select from the sentences below the
Prepared by:
JERGEN A. ROMULO
SST-III Competence.Dedication.Optimism
condition of the uterus in each phase.

A. Estrogen rises, uterus lining begins to build up


B. Uterus lining continues to thicken. If ovum remains undefertilized, uterus contracts
in readiness to shed the built-up layer
C. Uterus lining breaks down causing your period
D. Estrogen peaks, ovulation occurs

II. Using the 28- day menstrual cycle calendar, fill-in the table with hypothetical dates of ovulation
and next menstruation.

Prepared by:
JERGEN A. ROMULO
SST-III Competence.Dedication.Optimism
Name Start of Period Date of Ovulation Date of Next Menstruation

Sophie March 2

Diane March 12

Gina March 22

III. Answer the following questions:

1. How long is one menstrual cycle?


2. On which day of the menstrual cycle does the period start?
3. Why does the lining of the uterine thickens?
4. What happen to the lining of the uterus if an egg is not fertilized?
5. Does a woman have periods while she is pregnant? Explain your answer.
6. Describe the levels of hormones during menstruation.

IV. Cases Analysis:

An egg can survive for up to 3 days after it is released (14 th-17th day). Sperm can survive
up to 8 days inside the woman. Susie wants to have a baby. She has 28-day cycle. On which
days is she most fertile (most likely to get pregnant)?

SCIENCE 10

Prepared by:
JERGEN A. ROMULO
SST-III Competence.Dedication.Optimism
NAME: DATE: SCORE:
SUBJECT:SCIENCE 10
LESSON TITLE: Feedback Mechanism
LEARNING COMPETENCY: Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in
the female reproductive system
LEARNING OBJECTIVE/S: Relate feedback mechanism to processes involve in female
reproductive system.
ENABLING SKILLS: LAS NO. 2
REFERENCE:
DepEd Science 10 Learner’s Material Unit 3
https://anatomyandphysiologyi.com/homeostasis-positivenegative-feedback-mechanisms/

CONCEPT NOTES:
 A feedback mechanism is the process through which the level of one substance influences the level of
another substance.

 A negative feedback affects the production of hormones in the menstrual cycle. High levels of one
hormone may inhibit (slows down) the production of another hormone.

Fig. 4 Negative Mechanisms in the Menstrual Cycle

 Negative Feedback mechanisms in menstrual cycle:


1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the ovaries to release estrogen. High levels of
estrogen then prevent the further production of FSH.

2. Estrogen also stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland, which in
turn controls the production of progesterone. High levels of progesterone then inhibit the further
Prepared by:
JERGEN A. ROMULO
SST-III Competence.Dedication.Optimism
release of LH.

 In positive feedback, rising levels of hormones feedback to increase hormone production.


During days 12–14 of the cycle, estrogen provides positive feedback to the hypothalamus and
pituitary gland. This causes a rapid rise in the production of estrogen by the ovaries and leads
to ovulation.
 A good example of a positive feedback system involves oxytocin and its other effect: causing
contraction of uterine muscle during childbirth. In this case the stimulus for oxytocin secretion
is dilation of the uterine cervix. Upon receipt of this information through sensory nerves, the
brain signals the release of oxytocin from nerve endings in the posterior pituitary gland.
Enhanced uterine contraction in response to oxytocin results in greater dilation of the cervix,
which strengthens the signal for oxytocin release and so on until the infant is expelled from the
uterine cavity.

Prepared by:
JERGEN A. ROMULO
SST-III Competence.Dedication.Optimism
Activity 2:

1. Describe the feedback mechanism occur during menstruation.

2. Describe the feedback mechanism occur during ovulation.

3. Differentiate the negative feedback mechanism from positive feedback mechanism

Prepared by:
JERGEN A. ROMULO
SST-III Competence.Dedication.Optimism

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