Certificate

This is certified that, Mr/Miss. SHAHANIYA S N having Reg.no.

K/17 /175 has successfully completed the report on “SRP EL
ENTO 406 Mass production of Bio agents & Bio-pesticides” during
academic year 2020-21.

Student’s Sign

Module External Managing

In-charge’s Evaluator’s Director’s
Signature Sign Sign

1|Page
 INDEX
Sr.
Topic Pg.no. Remark
No.
1.
Plan of work 4-5

2. Market Survey for Biopesticide utilization of

6-11
Kolhapur region
3.
Product Manufacturing & Analysis 12-16

4. Procurement of raw material 17

5. Protocol for establishing Bio control Lab 18-20

6. Technical Skills acquired during ELP 21-22

7. Business approach & networking skills 23-24

8. Entrepreneurship skills developed 25-26

9. Business Analysis: SWOT Analysis 27-29

10. Logistic arrangement 30-31

Plant Pathology Section

11. Isolation of fungus 33-35

12. Serial Dilution & Colony counting 36-37

13. Slant preparation 38-39

Agricultural Economics Section

14 Cost of production. 44-43

15 Marketing Channels for Bio-pesticides 44

2|Page
 Schemes & loan availability for
16. 45-47
establishment of bio-control lab.
Project proposal for Bio-pesticide
17. 48-56
production.

Student's Ideas

18. Extension activities by student 57-63

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 1. Plan of Work

For the easy conduct of work our module manager divided batches in 2 batches, 20
students in each batch. The our batchmate list is as below:

Sr. Reg.no Name

no
1 K-17-101 Saurabh S. Kadam
2 K-17- 102 Kiran D. Kamble
3 K-17-110 . Mrunal P. Kharat
4 K-17-119 Radhika S. Ladane
5 K-17-123 Ashwini S. Madane
6 K-17-132 Shivani D. More
7 K-17-137 Amruta M. Naiknaware
8 K-17-143 Mamta S. Ovhal
9 K-17-150 Onkar K. Patil
10 K-17-164 Pratik P. Pol
11 K-17-175 Shahaniya S. N.
12 K-17-178 Ketan U. Shelke
13 K-17-187 Neha R. Shinde
14 K-17-191 Shubham S. Shinde
15 K-17-192 Shubhangi L. Shinde
16 K-17-193 Shubhangi S. Shinde
17 K-17-205 Suraj S. Thakur
18 K-17-210 Soniya S. Vhatkar
19 K-17-217 Rushikesh A. Zagare
20 K-17-221 Seema S. Bhanavase

The batch of 20 students is further subdivided into 4 groups, 5 students in each group.
The weekly schedule is assigned to every group. The group details of A batch are as
below:

Group no. Students

B1 Saurabh S. Kadam , Kiran D. Kamble , Mrunal P. Kharat , Radhika S.
Ladane, Ashwini S. Madane
B2 Shivani D. More , Amruta M. Naiknaware , Mamta S. Ovhal , Onkar K.
Patil , Pratik P. Pol
B3 Shahaniya S. N. , Ketan U. Shelke , Neha R. Shinde , Shubham S. Shinde
, Shubhangi L. Shinde
B4 Shubhangi S. Shinde , Suraj S. Thakur , Soniya S. Vhatkar , Rushikesh A.
Zagare , Seema S. Bhanavase

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 Daily Work allotted to batches
Day Lab cleaning Media Inoculation Mixing and
preparation packing
Monday B1 B2 B3 B4
Tuesday B2 B3 B4 B1
Wednesday B3 B4 B1 B2
Thursday B4 B1 B2 B3
Friday B1 B2 B3 B4
Saturday B2 B3 B4 B1
Sunday B3 B4 B1 B2

Target
 The assigned target for us was 4000 Kg production of Phule Metarhizium.
 Daily target of making150-200 kg Metarhizium powder and packing. 100 kgs in
morning and 100 kgs in the afternoon.
 Cleaning of whole lab by particular batch according to timetable. After
completion of all works in the lab.
 Preparation of media approx. 9 to 10 liters per day. It is done in Morning session
and kept in autoclave for sterilization.
 Inoculation is done in afternoon session after the removing the media bottles
from autoclave.

According to all of this, we made proper planning to achieve our target, and worked
accordingly. It leads to complete our target within time.

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 2. Market Survey for Bio-Pesticides
Name of Surveyor SHAHANIYA S N
Reg.no. K-17/175
Module SRP EL ENTO 406 Mass Production of Bio agents & bio
pesticides.
Object of survey Availability and sale of Bio-pesticides
Place of Survey Kolhapur
Date/Duration of 3/5/2021 To 6/5/2021
survey

1. Introduction
1. a. Bio pesticides
Bio pesticides are living organisms which can intervene the life cycle of insect pests in
such a way that the crop damage is minimized. The agents employed as biopesticides,
include parasites, predators and disease-causing fungi, bacteria and viruses, which are
the natural enemies of pests. Further, they complement and supplement other methods
of pest control. Utilisation of naturally occurring parasites, predators and pathogens for
pest control is a classical biological control.
1. b. Location
For the survey, we selected Kolhapur city. Kolhapur is enriched with farming culture.
Sugarcane is the major crop grown in this area. Other crops such as Rice, Soybean,
Gram, Groundnut, Vegetables, Mango, Cashew, etc are grown by the farmers. Many
pests and diseases occurred during the crop growth period. Major pests are White grub,
Woolly aphid, Fall army worm, Gram pod borer, sucking pest etc. Due to
indiscriminate and continuous use of chemical pesticides the insects developed
resistance to the chemical pesticides and it is difficult to control the infestation now a
days. That’s why farmers are going for bio – pesticides. This survey is accounted for
the availability, distribution and utilization, popularity of biopesticides in Kolhapur
market.
1. c. Method
To achieve the objectives of survey, I visited to various Agri service centres, Agri
clinics, Agriculture colleges and collected the info. For the survey, I made the
questionnaire for ease of collecting the information. I also used various communication
means such as mobile phones, Internet, Social media applications, Practical visit etc.
for conducting the market survey.

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2. Objectives of survey
1. To gain information about availability and sales of biopesticides.
2. To gain information about popularity of biopesticides
3. To know about customer’s choice about biopesticides.
4. To know about customer’s experience about biopesticides.
5. To get information about cost effectiveness of biopesticides.
6. To collect the information about demand and supply of biopesticides.
7. To gain information about year-round availability of bio pesticides.
8. To study the market strategy of biopesticides by different companies.

3. Data
3.a. Available Types of Biopesticides in Market
Sr.no Type/ Name
1 Trichoderma viridae
2 Metarrhizium anisopliae
3 HaNPV or SlNPV
4 Beauveria bassiana
5 Verticillium leccani
6 Mixed Formulation
7 EPN Culture

3.b. Biopesticides and their brand

Sr.no Type/ Name Brand name Company
Phule MPKV-R.C.S.M. College of
Trichoderma agriculture, Kolhapur.
K- Trichorich Khandelwal Bio Fertilizer
1 Trichoderma viridae Tricoz-P Utkarsh Agrochem Private
Limited
Fasitri Vidarbha Biotech Lab

Phule MPKV-R.C.S.M. College of

Metarrhizium Metarhizium agriculture, Kolhapur.
2
anisopliae Thunder Vidarbha Biotech Lab
Kalichakra International Panaacea Ltd
Sun Bio Sonkul Agro Industries Private
HaNPV Limited
3 HaNPV or SlNPV
VBL-Utkranti Vidarbha Biotech Lab

Multiplex Multiplex
4 Beauveria bassiana
BABA
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 S-Bravee Khandelwal Bio Fertilizer
5 Verticillium leccani S-Vertilec Khandelwal Bio Fertilizer
Pratikar-Bio Vasantdada Sugar Institute
Fungicide
6 Mixed Formulation BVM-Liquid Vasantdada Sugar Institute
Biopesticides
Entomo BVM Khandelwal Bio Fertilizer
7 EPN Culture Grub Nash Khandelwal Bio Fertilizer

3.c. Biopesticide products and their forms

Sr.no Brand name Form
Phule Trichoderma Wettable Powder
K- Trichorich Liquid, Wettable Powder
1
Tricoz-P Wettable Powder
Fasitri Wettable Powder
Phule Metarhizium Wettable Powder
2 Thunder Liquid
Kalichakra Wettable Powder
Sun Bio HaNPV Liquid
3
VBL-Utkranti Liquid
Multiplex BABA Wettable Powder
4
S-Bravee Liquid
5 S-Vertilec Liquid
Pratikar-Bio Fungicide Liquid
6 BVM-Liquid Biopesticides Liquid
Entomo BVM Liquid
7 Grub Nash Wettable Powder

3.d. Biopesticide and their target pests according to Kolhapur region

Sr.no Type/ Name Target Pest
1 Trichoderma viridae Various Fungal Pathogens
2 Metarrhizium anisopliae White grub, Lepidopterous
pest
3 HaNPV or SlNPV Gram pod borer, Fall army
worm
4 Beauveria bassiana Sucking Pests
5 Verticillium leccani Sucking Pests
6 Mixed Formulation White grub, Lepidopterous
pest, Sucking Pests
7 EPN Culture White grub

8|Page
3.e. Popularity of different type of bio-pesticides

Popularity
9%
10%

23% 58%

Trichoderma Metarhizium EPN Mixed Formulations

3.f. Available stock of different types of bio-pesticides

Sr.no Type/ Name Stock status
1 Trichoderma viridae Adequate
2 Metarrhizium anisopliae Inadequate
3 HaNPV or SlNPV Very poor
4 Beauveria bassiana Very poor
5 Verticillium leccani Very poor
6 Mixed Formulation Inadequate
7 EPN Culture Inadequate

3.g. Ranking of products according to their cost effectiveness

Sr.no Type/ Name Rank
1 Trichoderma viridae 1st
2 Metarrhizium anisopliae 2nd
3 EPN Culture 3rd
4 Mixed Formulation 4th
5 Beauveria bassiana 5th
6 Verticillium leccani 6th
7 HaNPV or SlNPV 7th

9|Page
3.h. Demand flow of Biopesticides according to season

6
Seasonwise Demand of Biopesticides
5

0
Summer Rainy Winter
Trichoderma Metarhizium Other

3.i. Salient features of bio-pesticides which make them more popular

 Safer to human and live-stocks
 Can be used for seed treatments.
 Ease in handling.
 Vividity in formulations.
 Organic approach.
3.j. Limitations faced by users while using bio-pesticides
 Non compatibility with other agrochemicals.
 Fluctuation in supply.
 Lack of stocks of trusted brands.
 Continuous application is required.
 Effect of climatic factors on efficiency of bio-pesticides.

4. Conclusion
As per the results and findings I gained by this market survey
carried out in Kolhapur region, the use biopesticides is increasing day by day. The
awareness regarding this is increasing among farmers and they are diverting towards
integrated management of pests and diseases rather using only chemical means. There
are few biopesticides enlisted as in 3.a. which are widely used by farmers. The
Trichoderma is widely used product in Kolhapur market followed by Metarhizium.
The companies such as Khandelwal biofertilizers, College of
agriculture, Kolhapur, Vidarbha Biotech lab, Vasantdada Sugar Institute are leading in

10 | P a g e
the Kolhapur Bio-pesticide market. The majority of products are available in liquid and
wettable powder form which can lead to ease of handling.
In consideration about target pests, Trichoderma is used against various fungal
pathogens and nematodes while Metarhizium is intensively used against white grubs.
HaNPV & SlNPV is used for Gram pod borer & American Fall Army worm.
The availability of these bioproducts is quite poor in market.
Demand is increasing but the supply is very short. The rainy season thrives peak
demand of biopesticides. But due to inadequate supply it may cause shortage of
biopesticides.
Considering the features/ opportunities and limitations of use of
biopesticides the improvement in product suitability, cost effectiveness, year-round
availability of products, creating awareness among farmers etc. these are some
suggestions for the manufacturing companies.

11 | P a g e
 3. Product Manufacturing & Analysis
History:
 Metchinikoff was the first who isolate the fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae from
the larvae of grain weevil.
 and also first demonstrate Entomopathogenic nature of fungus against
Chrysomelid, Curculionids, and Scarbaeid Beetles
 Gopalkrishnan and Naryanan (1987) reported 80-100% mortality of H.armigera
by M.anisopliae.
 It was also used for control of Earias insulana.
 (Aly and Rashad 1997),Cabbage semilooper (Wickramntilake,2000)
 Virulence of M.anisopliae against mustard (Pandey and Kanaujia)
 Aphis gossypii,Myzus persicae (Loureio and Mouno,2006) And Maconellicoccus
hirsutus (Ujjan and Saleem ,2007) has been documented.
 Driver et.al (2000) Reevaluated the taxonomy of genus Metarhizium using
sequence data from ITS and 28S rDNA D3 region and also using RAPD
patterns, revealing 10 distinguishable clades.

Type of Bio-pesticide :
1. Microbial Bio-pesticide.
2. Slightly toxic

Mode of action:
Entomopathogenic fungi Metarrhizium anisopliae produces spores which
infect their host by germinating on its surface and then growing into its body, death of
inset take place between 4 to 10 days. The most common portal entry of fungi is
through the alimentary tract.
The development of fungal infections in terrestrial insect is highly
influenced by high humidity which is being vital for the germination of fungal spores
and transmission with the most entomopathogenic fungi, disease development
involves.
 Attachment of the infective unit i.e. spores or 200 spores to the insect cuticle.
 Germination of fungal spores on cuticle.
 Penetration of the cuticle, either directly by germ tube or by appressorium.
 Multiplication of the hyphal bodies in the haemocoel.
 Death of insect.
12 | P a g e
  Growth in mycelial phase with invasion of virtually at host range.
 Penetration of hyphae from the interior through cuticle to the exterior of the
insects.
 Production of infective units on the exterior of the insect

Flow chart of mode of action:

Conidia adhere to cuticle

Germination

Formation of appressorium

Invasion of epidermis and hypodermis

Tissue invasion by normal Proliferation of hyphae.

Hyphae bodies in haemolymph

Insect death

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 Production procedure of Phule Metarhizium
Materials required:
1. Molasses medium/ PDA
2. Metarhizium anisopliae culture
3. Glass bottles
4. Surgical cotton
5. Homogenizer
6. Autoclave
7. Laminar air flow
8. Talc powder
9. Sieves
10.Packaging bags
11.Weighing machine

STEP I: Preparation of Media:

1. Take the cleaned bottles.
2. Take about 100 ml of molasses for 1 Lit media.
3. And add remaining quantity of water.
4. Fill the glass bottles with 100 ml media in each.
5. Cover it with cotton plug and tied with paper and rubber.
6. Autoclaved the bottles at 121℃ temperature and 15psi.

STEP II: Carrying out Inoculation:

1. The autoclaved bottles are allowed to cool down and then put it in the laminar air
flow cabinet.
2. Switch on UV. Light of the laminar air flow cabinet 20 minutes prior of actual
work.
3. After that switch off the U.V. Light and switch on the blower and day light.
4. The working platform of laminar air flow cabinet and hands also disinfected with
0.1% HgCl2 (mercury chloride) solution.
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 5. The inoculating needle also flame sterilized then used for inoculation purpose.
6. Then autoclaved media is inoculated with mother culture of M.anisopliae with
the help of sterilized needle. And plugged it with cotton plug.
7. Bottles are kept horizontally on the racks for growth of culture. The culture
become ready for use when it turns brownish.

STEP III: Preparation of Metarhizium powder:

1. First, we collect the mature culture in bucket along with media i.e. sugarcane
molasses.
2. Then homogenize it well with help of homogenizer.
3. The homogenized material is then well mixed with talcum powder.
4. The mixture is then sieved twice with the help of sieves to make
it homogenous.

STEP IV: Packaging and storage of Phule Metarhizium:

1. The sieved powder is then weighed on weighing balance and packed in packets
of 1 Kg each.
2. Then it is sealed with help of packaging machine.
3. The packets can be stored on racks or in bags in dry room away from direct
sunlight.
4. The packets can be stored in room temperature.

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16 | P a g e
 4. Procurement of raw material

1. Mother Culture
The pure mother cultures of various strains are being maintained in Agricultural
Universities, IARI, some ICAR institutions, NCOF, MoA (Regional bio-fertilizer labs),
etc.

2. Carrier material
We required 200 mesh talcum powder as a carrier material for the Phule Metarhizium.

3. Growth materials
We need Potato Dextrose, Molasses as a growth material for production of
Metarhizium powder.

Details of Used Raw Materials for ELP

A . Raw materials required for mass production of Metarhizium anisopliae

1. Metarhizium culture
2. Ingredients for growth medium: Molasses, Water
3. Carrier material: Talc
4. Packing materials: HDPE bags
5. Lab equipment: Autoclave, Air flow chamber, conical flask, cotton, bottles, papers,
inoculation needle, spirit lamp, spirit, racks, surface sterilizers.

B. Source for materials

1. Mother culture : MPKV, Rahuri &IIHR, Bengaluru
2. Molasses : Rajaram Sugar factory, Kolhapur
3. Talc : Kalekar cosmetics , Kolhapur
4. Packing material: Ganesh Printing, Kolhapur

C. Comment on availability /regular supply

There is regular supply of materials required for mass production of M.anisopliae,

since many of the raw materials are available in Kolhapur itself.
As far as Maharashtra is considered the will be regular and surplus production and
supply of molasses. Cotton is also available abundantly.

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 5. Protocol for establishing biocontrol laboratory
Basic requirements for establishment of Commercial Bio-control agents

A) Production Unit
Based on the field visits to bio-control production units and in line with the technology
and objective of bio-pesticides production, various facilities required for the successful
implementation of such projects are indicated below:

1) Land
Land is required for construction of culture and rearing rooms, processing room,
laboratory, office and construction of poly house etc.

2) Building and civil works

Bio-pesticides production involves rearing of insects. Hence, the basic infrastructure to
be created includes only the civil structures built in such a way as to provide suitable
environmental conditions for rearing of insects. The production unit has to be located
away from industrial unit to avoid pollution problems. For the proposed installed
capacity, an estimated built up are of about 1000 m2 is required for group-I (mass
production of Trichogramma, Chrysoperla and Cryptolaemus beetles) & for Group-II
(production of NPV, Trichoderma and pheromone lures) about 2400 sq.mtr. area is
required. Other utilities required are power, water and vehicle. Among others, the civil
structure may be designed to have separate room for diet preparation, corcyra culture,
egg production, host culture etc. The host culture room for NPV production should be
kept at a distance with proper hygiene and entry may be restricted to prevent any
contamination. Entry to host culture room must be prohibited after visiting a facility,
where NPV is extracted from dead infected larvae.

3) Plant and Machinery

No heavy plant and machinery is required for the production of these Bio-pesticides.
Racks, trays and other facilities are required for rearing insects. Apart from this
centrifuge, mixers and some fabricated equipment’s for insect collection and rearing
are required. For production Of Trichoderma fermenters, laminar flow apparatus etc.
are required. All the machinery required are locally manufactured.

4) Raw material
For rearing of insects special diet is required which comprises of pulses, vitamins,
antibiotics etc. For production of Trichoderma molasses-yeast medium, is required. All
these materials are available locally.

5) Water
The water requirement is mainly for feed preparation, washing, cleaning, drinking etc.
Water quality should be tested to establish the suitability.

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 6) Power
Power supply is essential for bio-pesticide units. Electricity charges under recurring
cost are considered in the models.

7) Manpower
Production of bio-pesticides required skilled manpower. There is need for a number of
laborers at each stage of production. The project is labour intensive. The manpower
requirement is as under:

Sr.No Particularls Model 1 Model 2

1 Technical staff 1 3
2 Skilled labour 2 5
3 Semi skilled labour 3 10
Total 6 18

B) List of laboratory equipments.

Sr.No Name of equipments Quantity Approx.cost Justification

required
1 Ultra Pressure Liquid 1 40,00,000 For the quantification
Chromatography of active ingredient of
(UPLC) system botanical bio-
pesticides
2 Ultra water purification 1 8,00,000/ Purification of water
system for better output of the
results
3 BOD incubator 1 6,00,000/ For cultivation of
microbial cultures
4 Incubator shaker 1 8,00,000/ For cultivation of
microbial cultures
5 Microscopic facility 1 12,00,000/ For identification of
with phase contrast and microbial culture
3D imaging software
6 Refrigerator centrifuge 1 6,00,000/ For centrifugation
purpose
7 Autoclave 1 7,00,000/ For sterilization of
media
8 Deep freezer 1 7,00,000/ For preservation of
microbial strains
9 Bio-safety cabinate 1 8,00,000/ For inoculation
10 Rotary shaker 2 2,00,000/ For mixing of

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 substrates
11 Minor Equipments (Cost - 6,00,000/
of less than 1.5 Lacs)
Total 1,10,00,000/

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 6. Technical Skills Acquired
Lab Management
1. In this EL Programme, we were acquainted with various lab instruments. Their
uses, functioning mechanism, working and user guidelines were learned and
developed skill on using them efficiently.
2. We also learned to manage the raw materials as well as final product and
accounted all the production details. Data were recorded constantly and
efficiently.
3. We have cleaned and organized the lab daily. The sterilization of working space
was necessary on lab management. We used laminar air flow as well as
autoclave for ensuring the product were contamination free. Cleaned the lab
before and after working and organized the unit.
4. We checked the cultures frequently for contamination and ensured growth.
Frequent checking of the raw materials for continuous and efficient working of
the production unit was also done.

Staff management
1. For the proper functioning of the production unit organization and co-ordination
was necessary. Working in groups made our communication as well as co-
ordination skills better.
2. The batches were divided into the groups of five and each group was assigned on
various steps of Phule Metarhizium preparation.
3. Each groups managed various steps on the process with the guidance of module
in-charge and department staff.
4. We learnt how to manage staff resources for efficient works. We also learnt the
importance of communication & leadership.

Resource management
1. Efficient management of the variable resources is essential for the success of
every business establishment.
2. The infrastructure available were maintained cleanly and organized.
3. The working as well as efficiency of equipment were inspected consistently and
done needed repair works. The raw materials were also stored in proper
temperature and humidity.
4. The cleanliness of the lab as well as raw materials also ensured daily.
5. We learnt the optimum utilization of resources for better output.

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Mass multiplication techniques
During the ELP, we learnt the mass production procedures for important predators,
parasitoids. We get acquainted with Hands on training on these techniques.
(1) Mass multiplication of Metarrhizium anisopliae
It is a fungal bioagent used against the various sucking pests of order hemiptera
and coleoptera and also against lepidopteran pests.
(2) Rearing of Helicoverpa armigera on artifiel diet
It is used for mass production of HaNPV which is a viral bioagent against gram
pod borer.
(3) Mass multiplication of mealy bug on red pumpkin
It is the laboratory host used for mass multiplication of Australian ladybird beetle
Cryptolameus montruzieri which is the predator of grapevine mealy bug,citrus
mealy bug etc.
(4) Rearing of rice moth Corcyra cephalonica which is the laboratory host.

Quality Control
1. We ensured the quality of Phule Metarhizium by serial dilution and colony
counting. Serial dilution is the process of stepwise dilution of a solution with an
associated dilution factor
2. We made 10-fold dilutions of Metarhizium powder and 10-6, 10-7, 10-8
concentrations for the pure culturing on PDA (potato dextrose agar) media by
pour plate method.
3. We kept the Petri plates on room temperature for 3 days and counted colonies. 2,
3, 4 resp. colonies were found on Petri plates.

Storage and packaging

1. Phule Metarhizium wettable powder formulations packed in the 100 percentage
recyclable polythene bags and sealed using the sealing machine.
2. Packets of 1kg were prepared and stacked in the storage area of the production
unit.
3. The packets are stored in room temperature and can be kept up to 1 year
duration.

22 | P a g e
 7. Business Approach
A business strategy is an outline of the actions and decisions a company plans to
take to reach its business goals and objective. The strategy defines what the business
needs to do to reach its goals, which can help, guide the decision making process for
hiring and resource allocation.
Entomology mass production unit of R.C.S.M. Collage of Agriculture, Kolhapur,
under the University of M.P.K.V, Rahuri maintains the good quality with pure culture
of organisms and standard microbial count which is cost effective and very reasonable
to the farmers.
Biological Pesticide Market
Demand for effective and environmentally responsible bio-based products for
crop protection continues to increase. Biopesticides include micro-organisms that are
pathogens of insects, nematodes or other pests and micro-organisms that produce
metabolites that kill pests, as well as low-risk biochemicals, such as pheromones fatty
acids and some plant extracts. The global market for bio-pesticides, was valued at USD
5,084.5 million in 2020 and is projected to reach USD 11,438.1 million in 2026,
registering a CAGR of 14.5% during forecast period (2020-2026).
Business Area Coverage
Area covered by the R.C.S.M.A.C, Kolhapur Entomology unit is all over Kolhapur
District and its 12 Talukas and also nearby districts of Kolhapur.
Mainly covers Talukas in Kolhapur District namely,
1. Shahuwadi 7. Radhanagari
2. Panhala 8. Kagal
3. Hatkanangle 9. Bhudargad
4. Shirol 10. Ajara
5. Karveer 11. Gadhinglaj
6. Gaganbavada 12. Chandgad
Also the farmers from Satara, Sangli districts & from Nipani district of Karnataka are
coming to buy the product.

Distribution Strategy
Kolhapur is a district with majority of population engaged in agriculture, and
large numbers of farmers are aware about the mass production unit of biopesticides at

23 | P a g e
A.C. Kolhapur. Many farmers approach to the in charge of bio-pesticides unit Dr.
Abhay Bagde with their pest problems on field and ask him for solution. As Dr. abhay
guides farmers with proper pest identification and harmless, eco-friendly pest
management techniques, also visits the fields of farmers from various villages near
Kolhapur. Hence the farmers prefer the biopesticides from the trusted unit of college.
Selling of the biopesticides among,
 Farmers
 Nursery growers
 Gardeners
 People having home gardens and indoor plants
 Krushi Seva Kendra, etc.

Marketing Strategy
Marketing of the biopesticides is done with the help of Folders , Leaflets ,
Demonstrations on field, lecture are conducted by Agriculture Professors in villages for
awareness of farmers, visits to the farmer field, Mass discussions by Agril. Professors
and Scientist. The Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) programme is
conducted by university for college students where they spend 6 months in village and
guides farmers about modern techniques in agriculture, Information about pest
management, nutrient management, soil study etc. and conducts demonstrations on
fields of farmers, organizes Group discussion and Lectures on agricultural topics By
Professors of College for awareness and guidance of farmers.
In this way the marketing of the product is done. As biopesticides are effective
over pest management, eco-friendly, pest and target specific, doesn’t harm to crop
rather useful to it, maintains natures balance and populations of organisms, hence it’s
demand is high.

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 8. Entrepreneurship skills acquired

During the EL programme we learnt so many things intended to develop

entrepreneurship. Some of them we want to highlight here.
Ambition
It is easy to give up when the going gets tough, but the most successful entrepreneurs
persist because of their ambitious nature. They want to succeed, and they thrive on
reaching small milestones that are stepping stones to their major goal. When you are
highly ambitious, you may have an internal drive to work hard, and you may be
committed to doing what it takes to make your business a success. Generally, you will
not look for shortcuts and are willing put in the time necessary to get the job done
right. We learnt that how good ambition leads to path of success.

Willingness to Learn
During this module we learnt that always seek new knowledge. More than that look for
the most successful people in your industry and do not be afraid to ask for their
opinions or advice. We asked our queries & problems to our managing director & got
the satisfactory answers from them.

Ability to Listen
Communication is a two-way street. In order to communicate outwardly in an effective
manner, you must pay attention to others’ motivations, hot buttons, interests and more.
You also must be aware of non-verbal cues, such as body language. This can foster
collaboration, get others excited about our goals and more rather than turn them off
because we seem overly interested in our own self-interests. We learnt that we should
listen before we speak & it will help us to understand the real problems of farmers.

Creativity
If we always do the same thing, very likely we will not enjoy new and better results.
We must try new things to find what works best. We also need to enrich our live with
new experiences regularly. This may be something as simple as talking to new people
or taking a personal interest class. Each experience that can lead to new opportunities
those we previously did not have available to us. By creating various extensions means
such as Extension Folders, Leaflets & videos we always trying to create something
new.

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Assertiveness and Confidence
We learnt that, we should listen to others who are making reasonable claims and
requests, but we also need to know when to say no. Be consistent yet open-minded to
earn respect and trust from those around you. We need to know what we stand for, and
we need to stand up for those beliefs. This module develops the feeling of self
confidence among us.

Perseverance
Many of the most successful business owners have suffered devastating defeats and
failures. Rather than look at these events as an end to a situation, they have looked at
these events as important learning moments. They maintained their optimism and
perseverance, but they also made calculated changes to future efforts. We remember
that we only fail when we stop trying. Persistence is the key to success.

Courage and Risk Taking

In order to harness the power of creativity, we must have the courage to act on our
great ideas and plans. While we need to research our ideas thoroughly, we must also
have the courage to take an unknown step and try things that are unfamiliar to us. We
knew the importance of taking risks in market & how to tackle them.

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 9. Business Analysis

Scope & Importance of Biopesticide Industry:

The global biopesticides market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 14.7% from an
estimated value of USD 4.3 billion in 2020 to reach USD 8.5 billion by 2025. The
usage of synthetic chemicals can lead to pollution and contamination of the soil as well
as can have their harmful effects on the food chain. With this concern, there has been
increasing awareness of residue-free food, because of which huge importance is given
for biological products.
The India Biopesticides market is anticipated to register a CAGR of 7.3% during the
forecast period. Biopesticides include all biological materials and organisms used to
control pests. Currently, a small segment, the biopesticides market is expected to grow
in the future, owing to government support and increasing awareness about the use of
non-toxic, environment-friendly pesticides. The problem of chemical pesticide
residues, popularity for organic farming, environmental concerns, and the easy
registration process are the prime drivers of the markets. Less awareness among the
farmers and the high prices of the biopesticides are the key market restraints.
The acreage under organic cultivation for fruits & vegetables is also increasing, and to
achieve the standards prescribed by international exports, farmers are adopting the
usage of biopesticides. To combat the harmful effects of synthetic pesticides, the
government is taking initiatives in various regions by emphasizing the use of integrated
pest management. Strategic developments such as expansions, new product launches,
collaborations, and agreements have been adopted by the majority of key players to
strengthen the market.

Future Prospects
Biopesticides are attracting global attention as safer strategy to manage pest
populations such as weeds, plant pathogens and insects while posing less risk to human
being and the environment. In the US, biopesticides are monitored by Environmental
Protection Agency which supports their registration based on the findings of “no
unreasonable adverse effects” to human and the environment to permit their sale and
distribution under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), as
well as ensures a “reasonable certainty of no harm” under the Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to provide pesticide residue-free food and feed. Most of the
times, it is the farmers who are affected by the problems of pesticide resistance and
withdrawal of plant protection products, and yet they are ‘policy takers’ rather than
‘policy makers’. Hence, a public-private sector approach to the development,

27 | P a g e
manufacturing and sale of environment friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides for
developing countries is the need of the day. Research in production, formulation and
delivery may greatly assist in commercialization of biopesticides. More research is
needed towards integrating biological agents into production system, improving
capability of developing countries to manufacture and use biopesticides. At the same
time, it is also required to encourage public funded programmes, commercial investors
and pesticide companies to take up biopesticide enterprises. Equally important is the
development of strict regulatory mechanisms to maintain the quality and availability of
the biopesticides at affordable cost in the developing countries. Thus, various aspects
of biopesticides covering the current status, constraints, prospects and regulatory
network towards their effective utilization for the benefit of human kind need to be
reviewed regularly.

Opportunities
If we consider the global usage of 1 kg of bio-pesticide per hectare of organic farming
area, India should be consuming at least 1,00,000 MT of bio-pesticide instead of the
present 2,890 MT. This indicates the huge scope for growth of the bio-pesticide sector
in India. Due to rising cost of developing new molecules and the incapability of most
Indian companies to invest such amounts, there should be greater growth in the
biopesticide sector. Rich biodiversity of India offers plenty of scope for natural
biological control organisms as well as natural plant-based pesticides. Rich traditional
knowledge base of the diverse indigenous communities may provide valuable clues for
developing effective bio-pesticides.

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 SWOT Analysis
SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats, and so a SWOT
Analysis is a technique for assessing these four aspects of your business.
You can use SWOT Analysis to make the most of what you've got, to your
organization's best advantage. And you can reduce the chances of failure, by
understanding what you're lacking, and eliminating hazards that would otherwise catch
you unawares.
Strengths Weakness

 Better utilization of resources  Regular application required

 Infrastructure availability  Tedious Legal procedure for
 Proper Guidance registration
 Available Manpower  Lack of awareness among farmers
 Customer Reliability
 Better Teamwork

Opportunities Threats

 Wide market of Kolhapur  Risk of new entrant in market

 May develop new formulation
 May extend the business coverage

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 10. Logistic arrangement

What Is Logistics Management?

Logistics management is a detailed process of organizing and implementing an
operation. When it comes to business, that process is the flow of work from the
beginning to the end, in order to fulfil customer expectations as well as those of your
organization.
Logistics management manages resources that can range from tangible goods (such as
materials, equipment and supplies) to food or other consumable items. In doing so,
logistics management deals with integrating the flow of information and its
management tools, materials handling, production packaging, inventory, transportation,
warehousing and sometimes security.

Some types of Logistic management in Industry

1. Supply Management and Logistics

This involves the planning, procuring and coordinating materials which are needed at a
certain time at a particular place for the production of a task. This includes
transportation of the materials as well as a place to store them. Additionally, evaluating
the level of supply at the different stages of the process is required to make sure the
needs of the customer are met, for example delivering materials to a construction site
or parts for a manufacturing plant.

2. Distribution and Material Movement

This takes stored materials and transports them to where they need to go. The issues in
this involve moving materials; including loading, unloading and transportation, as well
as keeping track of the stock and how it is used. This type of management controls the
movement of supplies from a central warehouse to the stores that sell the product to the
public.

3. Production Logistics and Management

This manages the stages of combining distributed supplies into a product, such as
coordinating what is needed to make or put together something. This involves the
staging of materials at the right time to work with the building of a product. This type
of logistics management falls in the realm of product management.

4. Reverse Logistics and Product Return

This is about the management of reclaiming materials and supplies from production.
For example, on a construction site it involves the removal of excess material and

30 | P a g e
returning those materials to one’s stock. It can also refer to the return of unwanted or
unused products from the end customer seeking a refund.

Care & Handling during Transport

1. The bags should be filled in boxes or in plastic sacks.

2. Do not use hook to carry the sacs.
3. Keep the bags in cool & dry place.
4. Due not overload the container.
5. Do not clash sacks. Handle with care.
6. Do not store bags near to any chemical stock.

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 Plant
Pathology
Section

32 | P a g e
 11. Isolation of fungus
Fungal entomopathogens can directly be isolated from insect cadavers in the case of
visible mycosis. Moreover, they can also be isolated from soils or phylloplane as they
spend a considerable part of their life as saprophytes in soils or as plant endophytes.
However, to our knowledge, their survival as soil saprophytes has not been proven yet.
In either case, the material can be cultured directly onto a medium selective for an EPF
or the material can be baited with an infection-sensitive insect. In case of the isolation
of EPF as endophyte, proper disinfection of the material is needed.

1. Isolations from Naturally Mycosed Insect Cadavers

This method is applied to study the natural EPF infections in the fields as it relies on
the collection of the dead insects from the fields.
(a) Insect cadavers are brought to the laboratory as separate entities in sterile tubes.
(b) Insects are observed under a stereomicroscope (40×) for probable mycosis.
(c) In case of a visible mycosis, the insects are surface sterilized using 70% ethanol or
1% NaOCl, for 3 min, followed by 3 distinct washes with 100 mL of sterilized water.
Then, the sporulating EPF from the insect cadaver is plated directly.
(d) Cadavers are then cultured on a selective medium at 22 oC for up to 3 weeks,
depending on the time taken by the fungi for germination and proliferation. In case of
no germination, the cadavers can be homogenized and plated on the selective medium.
(e) Obtained fungi are sub-cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) or Sabouraud
dextrose agar (SDA) until pure culture is obtained.
(f) Fungi are identified by comparing morphological characteristics using light
microscopy (400×), described in several fungal identification keys, such as Domsch et
al. and Humber.

2. Isolations from Soils

Isolations of fungal entomopathogens from soils can be done in 2 ways, i.e., either by
culturing the soil inoculums or by employing bait insects. In any of the cases, after
visible mycosis, the steps are similar to those described above.

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2.1 Soil Suspension Culture
A wide range of fungi occur in the soil environment and they have various ecological
functions. Most of these fungi, along with a range of bacteria, can grow on artificial
media in vitro. These abilities have long been exploited to isolate microorganisms from
soil samples and specific media have been developed to select for certain groups of
microorganisms. Some media for the selective isolation of entomopathogenic fungi
have also been developed.
1. The soil samples each containing 1 kg cultural soil in depth of 0-20 cm from
different provinces in field should be collected.
2. The samples in plastic bags were stored at 4°C until culture.
3. For isolation 10 g of each soil sample was subjected to a 1:5000-1:10000 soil
suspension and one ml of final solute was transferred to sterile 9 cm petri plates
then culture medium containing 0.5 g KH2PO4, 0.5 g K2HPO4, 0.5 g peptone, 0.5
g MgSO4, 10 g dextrose, 0.5 g yeast extract, 0.05 g rose-bengal, 0.03 g
streptomycin sulphate.
4. The rose-bengal and streptomycin were added to medium after sterilization
before transferring to petries. The isolates were purified by single spore method.
5. After 3-5 days different fungal colonies grew and sporulation completed about 7-
10 days. In primary investigations on different fungal colonies via a
stereomicroscope and morphological comparisons suspected Metarhizium
colonies were selected and transferred to PDA slants.

2.1 Insect Bait method

The traditional bait insect is the highly susceptible larvae of the wax moth, Galleria
mellonella, (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) but also mealworm larvae, Tenebrio molitor
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), are suitable.
1. In a vial (3.85 x 6.0 cm) containing 60 g of soil sample, add 4 rice moth larvae
(Corcyra cephalonica) and keep the vials at 25 ± 2 °C for a period of 14 days.
2. Turn the vials upside down every day. After 14 days, screen the soil samples for the
presence of mycosed rice moth larvae. Isolate the entomopathogenic fungus by
streaking spores from sporulating cadavers on selective medium.
3. After obtaining pure cultures, transfer the isolates to potato dextrose agar (PDA)
slants and incubate at 28 °C and 70-80% RH for 7 days to allow sporulation. Following
sporulation, maintain the mother cultures at 8 °C until use.

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Advantages & disadvantages of both isolation methods
1. Soil Suspension on selective media
Advantages 1. Quantitative data available
2. Parametric data; use of standard statistical analyses (e.g.
ANOVA) available.
Disadvantages 1. Overgrowth of opportunistic soil fungi on media
2. Small soil sample (1 g); risk of not sampling the fungus
because entomopathogenic fungi are usually clumped in the
soil.
3. Dilution effects: zero-values when in fact the fungus is
present because only a diluted sample is taken from 1 g sample
of the original sample.

2. Insect Bait method

Advantages 1. Use of G. mellonella is a very sensitive detection method.
2. Entomopathogenic fungi are selectively isolated.
Disadvantages 1.Some insect species may select for specific fungal pathogens
2. Moist soil may enhance the infection of nematodes and not
fungi.
3. Difficult to quantify inoculum levels.

35 | P a g e
 12. Serial Dilution & Colony Counting
A serial dilution is the stepwise dilution of a substance in solution. Usually, the dilution
factor at each step is constant, resulting in a geometric progression of the concentration
in a logarithmic fashion. A ten-fold serial dilution could be 1 M, 0.1 M, 0.01 M, 0.001
M ... Serial dilutions are used to accurately create highly diluted solutions as well as
solutions for experiments resulting in concentration curves with a logarithmic scale. A
tenfold dilution for each step is called a logarithmic dilution or log-dilution, a 3.16-fold
(100.5-fold) dilution is called a half-logarithmic dilution or half-log dilution, and a
1.78-fold (100.25-fold) dilution is called a quarter-logarithmic dilution or quarter-log
dilution. Serial dilutions are widely used in experimental sciences, including
biochemistry, pharmacology, microbiology, and physics.

1.Take 1 g. of product and mix it in 9 ml of sterilized distilled water in a clean and

sterilized test tube to make 10-1 dilution (1:10).
2. Shake well and take 1 ml. of the suspension to 9 ml. of sterile water in a tube to
make 10-2 dilution (1:100).
3. Make six more serial dilutions in the same way to get 10-8 dilution. Transfer 1 ml.
of this suspension to sterile Petri Plates and add 15 ml. of sterilized, melted and cooled
selective media.
4. Rotate the plates gently and allow it to solidify. Incubate the Perti plates in BOD
incubator under the fluorescent illumination at 25oC ± 2oC and R.H. at 65% ± 5 % for
five to seven days.
5. Observe the development of typical Metarhizium anisopliae colony and calculate the
number of colony unit per gram of the sample. as the following formula.
CFU/g.= Average number of colonies/dilution factor

Colony Counting
We made 10 fold dilutions of Metarhizium powder and 10 -6, 10-7,10-8 concentrations
for the pure culturing on PDA (potato dextrose agar) media by pour plate method. We
kept the Petri plates on room temp for 3 days and counted colonies and 2, 3, 4 resp.
colonies were found on Petri plates. We calculated the number of colony unit per gram
of the sample. as the following formula.
CFU/g.= Average number of colonies/dilution factor

36 | P a g e
37 | P a g e
 13. Slant preparation
For future use we have to prepare the slants or mother culture. The procedure is
described here.
1.After wiping the work area with a disinfectant and washing your hands with soap and
water, light the alcohol or gas burner.
2. Hold the stock culture tube and a sterile agar slant tube in the palm of one hand.
3. Pick up the inoculating loop with the other hand, grasping it a little farther back than
you would a pencil. Hold the wire in the flame until it glows red.
4.Pass the lower end of the handle through the flame several times. Any part of the
wire or holder that will be inserted into the tube must be flamed.
5. Remove the caps or cotton plugs from the stock tube and the sterile tube with the
“loop” hand.
6. Do not lay the loop or caps down or allow them to touch anything.
7. Sterilize the mouths of the tubes by passing them through the flame several times.
8.Insert the inoculating loop into the stock culture tube. Touch the loop to the top of the
slant to cool it.
9. Pick up a small quantity of fungal spores from the stock culture tube with the loop.
10. Remove the loop from the culture tube, being careful not to touch the sides, and
insert it into the sterile tube.
11. Streak the loop back and forth from the bottom to the top of the slant.
12. Withdraw the loop and flame the mouths of the tubes.
13. Replace the caps or cotton plugs and flame the loop until it glows red.
14. Place the loop in a holder or lay it on the workbench.
15. Label the new tube with your name, the name of the organism, the medium used,
the incubation temperature, and the date.

38 | P a g e
39 | P a g e
 Agricultural
Economics
Section

40 | P a g e
 14. Cost of Production
The cost for establishment of Metarhizium bio pesticide producing unit is as given
below:
A. Capital Cost
Sr. Particulars Quantity Cost/Unit Amount(Rs.)
No.
1. Land 500 Sq.ft 2500 Rs Per 125000
Sq.ft
2. Building 500 Sq.ft 2500 Rs Per 125000
(Sq.ft) Sq.ft
3 Autoclave 1 17600 17600

4 Laminar Flow 1 75000 45000

5 Humidifier 1 15000 15000

6 Room 2 50000 100000

7 Racks 2 5000 10000

8 Refrigerator 1 65000 11000

BOD Rs 65000 65000

9 Incubator 1
10 Vacuum 1 8000 8000
cleaner
11 Sealing 1 2500 2500
Machine
Total Rs.
30,36,500
Interest on fixed capital @10% of Fixed Rs. 303,650
investment
Depreciation @10% of Fixed investment Rs. 303,650

Total Rs.607,300

41 | P a g e
B. Recurring Cost
Sr. Particulars Quantity Cost/Unit Amount
No. (Rs.)
1. Human labour 10 350/labour 3500

2. Molasses 160 lit 9/lit 1440

3. Reusable saline 3000 0.50 1500

bottles
4 Petri dishes 50 120 6000

5. Test tube 25 10.60 265

6. Conical flask 100 369 36900

Measuring cylinder 2 200 400

7.
Beaker 2 68 136
8.
Rubber band 10 pack 50 500
9.
10 papers 10 kg 25 250

11. Talc powder 8000kg 15645 125160

12. LDEP Bags 500 kg 182 91000

13. Distilled Water 80 lit 30 2400

Total 282951

Interest on working capital @10% of 28295.1

operational cost

 Operation cost of M.anisipliae for year =

Interest on fixed capital + total depreciation
+Interest on working capital+ variable cost
303,650 + 303,650 + 28295 + 282951 = 9,18,546
 Production of M.anisopliae within 12 month : 6,627kg
42 | P a g e
  Per kg cost of M.anisopliae production
9,18,546/ 6627kg = 138.60/kg

D. Receipts from M.anisopliae sale @Rs.200 per kg

Production X Rate= 6627 X 200 =13,25,400
Net profit: receipt - total cost
1325400-918546 = 4,06854
B:C ratio=1325400/918546=1.44
B:C ratio = 1.44 : 1

43 | P a g e
 15. Marketing Channels
Marketing channel is a system which ensures the distribution of the merchandise from
the producer to the consumer by passing it through multiple levels. A marketing
channel consist of people, organizations, and activities necessary to transfer the
ownership of goods from the point of production to the point of consumption. It is the
way the product get to the user, the consumer; and it is also known as distribution
channel.

Channel used by us for the sale of Metarhizium Biopesticide

 Department-Farmers

Other possible channels

 Producer-Retailers-Farmers
 Producer-Traders-Retailers-Farmers
 Producer-Primary Wholesalers-Secondary Wholesalers-Retailers-Consumers

44 | P a g e
 16. Government Schemes for Biopesticide

1. Capital Investment Subsidy Scheme

Under, Capital Investment Subsidy Scheme, Government of India promotes production
of bio-fertilizers by providing 100% assistance to State Government / Government
Agencies upto a maximum limit of Rs.160.00 lakh/ unit for setting up of state of art
liquid/ carrier-based Bio-fertilizer units of 200 Tonnes Per Annum capacity. Similarly,
for individuals/ private agencies assistance upto 25% of cost limited to Rs.40 lakh/unit
as capital investment is provided through National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development.

2. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY),

Government of India through organic farming schemes of Paramparagat Krishi Vikas
Yojana (PKVY), Mission Organic Value Chain Development) and Capital Investment
Subsidy Scheme (CISS) aims for sustainable agriculture production with eco-friendly
process in tune with nature, promoting organic inputs and chemical free agriculture
produce for improving the health condition of the people.
Under, Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), assistance of Rs. 50,000 per
hectare for 3 years is provided, out of which Rs. 31,000 (62%) is given to the farmers
directly through DBT, for inputs (bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides, vermicompost,
botanical extracts, etc.) production/ procurement, post-harvest management etc.

Under Mission Organic Value Chain Development, the farmers are given assistance of
Rs. 25000 per hectare for 3 years for both on-farm & off-farm organic inputs, and
seeds/ planting material.

3. Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme.

Under this scheme approximately 90% of the total estimated cost of establishing lab is
sanctioned in the form of loan.

4. Agri clinic and Agribusiness Centres Scheme

The ACABC scheme is being implemented by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’
Welfare, Government of India, with NABARD acting as subsidy channelizing agency.

The Objectives of the scheme are –

 To supplement efforts of public extension by necessarily providing extension

and other services to the farmers on payment basis or free of cost as per business
model of agri-preneur, local needs and affordability of target group of farmers;
 To support agricultural development; and
 To create gainful self-employment opportunities to unemployed agricultural
graduates, agricultural diploma holders, intermediate in agriculture and
biological science graduates with PG in agri-related courses.

45 | P a g e
Agri-Clinics

Agri-Clinics are envisaged to provide expert advice and services to farmers on various
aspects to enhance productivity of crops/animals and increase the incomes of farmers.
Agri-Clinics provide support in the following areas:

 Soil health
 Cropping practices
 Plant protection
 Crop insurance
 Post-harvest technology
 Clinical services for animals, feed and fodder management
 Prices of various crops in the market, etc.

Agri-Business Centres

Agri-Business Centres are commercial units of agri-ventures established by trained

agriculture professionals. Such ventures may include maintenance and custom hiring of
farm equipment, sale of inputs and other services in agriculture and allied areas,
including post-harvest management and market linkages for income generation and
entrepreneurship development.

The scheme covers full financial support for training and handholding, provision of
loan and credit-linked back ended composite subsidy.

List of Beneficiaries

 Graduates in agriculture and allied subjects from State Agriculture Universities

(SAUs)/Central Agricultural Universities/Universities recognized by
ICAR/UGC. Degree in Agriculture and allied subjects offered by other agencies
are also considered subject to approval of Department of Agriculture &
Cooperation, GoI, on recommendation of the State Government
 Diploma (with at least 50% marks)/Post Graduate Diploma holders in
Agriculture and allied subjects from State Agricultural Universities, State
Agriculture and Allied Departments and State Department of Technical
Education.
 Diploma in Agriculture and allied subjects offered by other agencies are also
considered subject to approval of Department of Agriculture, Cooperation &
Farmers’ Welfare, GoI on recommendation of the State Government
 Biological Science Graduates with Post Graduation in Agriculture & allied
subjects
 Degree courses recognised by UGC having more than 60 percent of the course
content in Agriculture and allied subjects

46 | P a g e
  •Diploma/Post Graduate Diploma courses with more than 60 percent of course
content in Agriculture and allied subjects, after B.Sc. with Biological Sciences,
from recognised colleges and universities.
 Agriculture related courses at Intermediate (i.e. plus two) level, with at least 55%
marks.

47 | P a g e
 17. Bankable proposal Bio-control agents /
Bio-pesticide Producing unit

1 Introduction

The problem of insect-pest is one of the major constraints for achieving higher
production and better income. Problems are there for all crops and especially
acute in case of commercial crops. India loses about 30% of its crops due to
pests and diseases each year amount to Rs.60,000 crores annually. The use of
pesticides has certainly contributed in crop protection, thus minimizing yield
losses. With the introduction of intensive cropping, the use of insecticides and
pesticides have increased manifolds to control harmful pests such as insects,
nematodes, diseases, weeds etc during the past 3 - 4 decades. Practically
pesticide applications don’t follow any scientific recommendations and quite
often the indiscriminate and unscientific use has adversely affected the
ecological balance resulting in pest resurgence, development of resistance in the
pest species and environmental pollution. However, excessive use of pesticides
not only leave residues in soil, water and air but also have adverse effects on the
non-target organisms such as pollinators, parasitoids, predators and wild
animals.
1.1 Need for Alternate Crop protection practices:

Growing public concern over potential health hazards of synthetic pesticides and
also steep increase in cost of cultivation result in low profit making by farmers
has led to the need for minimizing the use of chemical pesticides in the
management of insect pests. In view of the several disadvantages associated
with the poisonous chemicals and their unscientific use in agriculture, there is
need for alternate methods of crop protection. Biological control of pests is the
eco-friendly pest management practices useful in almost all agro-ecological
situations.
1.2 Bio-control Agents:
Biological control agents are living organisms, including parasites, predators

48 | P a g e
 and disease-causing fungi, bacteria and viruses. These are the natural enemies of
pests, which can intervene the life cycle of insect pests in such a way that the
crop damage is minimized. They are both less toxic and more flexible than
chemical pesticides. Biological control includes a wide range of approaches,
from natural predators to biologically produced molecules. Microorganisms,
including viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoan, cause disease or poison their
targets through toxin production.
These bio agents can be conserved, preserved and multiplied under Laboratory
condition for field release. Once these bio-agents are introduced in the field to
build their population considerably, they are capable of bringing down the
targeted pest' population below economic threshold level (ETL).
However, the crux lies in their mass production and application at the
appropriate time. Among all pest management techniques, the microbial agents
are most effective in controlling the target insect-pest and require appropriate
formulation and application.

1.3 Major advantages of Bio-control agents

Bio-control agents are preferred over chemical pesticides for the following reasons:

 No harmful residues;
 Target specific and safe to beneficial organisms like pollinators, predators,
parasites etc.;
 Growth of natural enemies of pests is not affected, thus reducing the pesticide
application;
 Environment friendly;
 Cost effective;
 Important component of IPM as 1st line and 2nd line of defense, chemicals
being the last resort.

2 Status of Bio-control agents / Bio-pesticide usage in India

 A tremendous breakthrough in Bio-pesticide is being observed in the last

decade, especially on standardization of production techniques of a
number of micro-organisms to use them against many insect pests and
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 diseases.
 There are a number of instances where bio control agents have been
successfully employed in India. Some examples of these are given below:

1. Growth of lantana weed was controlled by using the bug Telonemia

scrupulosa
2. Sugarcane pyrilla has been successfully controlled in a number of States
by the introduction of its natural enemy Epiricania melanoleuca and
Tetrastictus pyrillae.
3. Trichogramma, which feeds on the eggs of sugarcane borers, has been
used against the borers in the states of Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, UP, Bihar
and Haryana.
4. Similarly, Trichogramma, Bracon, Chelonus and Chrysopa spp. are
being used for the control of cotton bollworms. Trichogramma has also
been used against rice stem borer and leaf folder.
5. The sugarcane scale insect has been controlled with the help of predatory
coccinellid beetles in
UP, West Bengal, Gujarat and Karnataka.
 The popularity of bio-pesticides has increased in recent years, as
extensive and systematic research has greatly enhanced their
effectiveness. Also, techniques for the mass production, storage, transport
and application of bio-pesticides have been improved in recent years.

3 Scope for Commercial Production of Bio-control agents

Though there are about 140 bio-pesticide production units existing in the
country as on today, they are able to meet the demand of only less than 1% of
cropped area. There exists a wide gap, which can only be bridged by setting up
of more and more units for production of Bio-pesticides. There is a scope to
enhance production and use of biological control agents in the days to come as
the demand is on the increase every year. This requires large scale investment
and private participation.

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 3.1 Location of Commercial Bio-control agents Production Unit

To achieve optimum results, bio-pesticide facilities are to be set up in areas

which have appropriate climatic conditions. Because temperature control is less
costly in locations where there are no extreme conditions. Besides the climatic
conditions, the proximity of the location to the market is also important.
However, care must be taken that the production facilities are set up at least a
quarter of a mile away from farming areas, so as to prevent the contamination of
production facilities by insecticides from the farming areas. Also, as air
pollution can damage bio-pesticides, the production should be located away
from industrial and urban areas.

3.2 Objectives of Commercial Production of Bio-control agents

 The primary objective of bio-pesticide projects is to establish the

bankability of mass multiplication of various bio-agents discussed in the
models
 To serve as guidelines for extending financial assistance to
entrepreneurs who may be interested in setting up bio-pesticide units
 To promote setting up of more bio-control production units
 To disseminate widely the technology

3.3 Basic requirements for establishment of Commercial Bio-control

agents Production Unit

Based on the field visits to bio-control production units and in line with the
technology and objective of bio-pesticides production, various facilities required
for the successful implementation of such projects are indicated below:

4.2.1Land
Land is required for construction of culture and rearing rooms, processing room,
laboratory, office and construction of poly house etc.

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 4.2.2Building and civil works
Bio-pesticides production involves rearing of insects. Hence, the basic
infrastructure to be created includes only the civil structures built in such a way
as to provide suitable environmental conditions for rearing of insects. The
production unit has to be located away from industrial unit to avoid pollution
problems.
For the proposed installed capacity, an estimated built up area of about 1000 sq
mtr is required for group-I (mass production of Trichogramma, Chrysoperla and
Cryptolaemous beetles) & for Group-II (production of NPV, Trichoderma and
pheromone lures) about 2400 sq.mtr. area is required. Other utilities required are
power, water and vehicle. Among others, the civil structure may be designed to
have separate room for diet preparation, corcera culture, egg production, host
culture etc. The host culture room for NPV production should be kept at a
distance with proper hygiene and entry may be restricted to prevent any
contamination. Entry to host culture room must be prohibited after visiting a
facility, where NPV is extracted from dead infected larvae.

Plant and Machinery

4.2.3
No heavy plant and machinery is required for the production of these Bio-
pesticides. Racks, trays and other facilities are required for rearing insects. Apart
from this centrifuge, mixers and some fabricated equipment’s for insect
collection and rearing are required. For production of Trichoderma fermenters,
laminar flow apparatus etc. are required. All the machinery required are locally
manufactured.
4.2.4Raw material
For rearing of insects special diet is required which comprises of pulses,
vitamins, antibiotics etc. For production of Trichoderma molasses-yeast
medium, is required. All these materials are available locally.

Water
4.2.5
The water requirement is mainly for feed preparation, washing, cleaning,

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 drinking etc. Water quality should be tested to establish the suitability.
Power
4.2.6
Power supply is essential for bio-pesticide units. Electricity charges under
recurring cost are considered in the models.

Manpower
4.2.7
Production of bio-pesticides required skilled manpower. There is need for a
number of laborers at each stage of production. The project is labour intensive.
The manpower requirement is as under:

Table 2ManpowerRequired

Sr.N Particulars Model 1 Model 2

o.
1 Technical staff 1 3
2 Skilled labour 2 5
3 Semi-skilled 3 10
labour
Total 6 18

3.4 Scale of production

1. 4.3.1 Unit Size
The unit size of the models in brief is given below:

Table 3 Unit
Size

Model Bio control agent Capacity per year

1  Trichgramma 16,200 cards per
cards
year 6000 per
 Crysopid
grub/larvae year
 Cryptolaemus 5250 beetles per year
beetles
2  Ha NPV & SINPV Ha NPV-18000 bottles & SINPV- 12,000
bottles

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  Trichoderma fungi 2000 kg
 Pheromone lures 1000 lures

4 Financials

Based on the various techno-economic parameters, income and expenditure have

been arrived for the models simultaneously. Further, based on the cash flow,
financial parameters and repayment schedule have been worked out to establish
the bankability of the project. The summary of financial programme is given
below:

Table 4 Project Cost

Particular Unit cost Cont. Total Cost

Land - - 7.50
Site Development 11.20 0.56 11.76
Building 237.00 11.85 248.85
Plant & Machinery 16.25 0.82 17.07
Misc. Fixed Assets 4.30 0.22 4.52
Preoperative Expenses 2.00 - 2.00
Security Deposits 5.00 - 5.00
Total 275.75 13.45 296.70

The details of project cost breakup:

4.1 Cost of Technical Infrastructure and Plant and Machinery

The total cost of technical infrastructure Rs. 248.85 Lakhs and Rs. 17.06 Lakhs
of the equipment’s required. The breakup cost given is as:

Table 5 Infrastructure and Equipment Cost

Particular Uni Qty Unit Cont. Total

t Cost Cost
Basi
s
Technical Building
Production Units for Bio- SQ 800 64.00 3.20 67.20
Agents M
Production Unit for NPV, SQ 2000 160.00 8.00 168.00
Pheromones M
and Trichoderma
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 Room for diet SQ 100 8.00 0.40 8.40
M
preparation, corcera
culture, egg production,
host culture
Office SQ 50 5.00 0.25 5.25
M
SUB-TOTAL 237.00 11.85 248.85

Equipment’s
Micro Centrifuge LS 1 0.41 0.02 0.43
Laminar Air Flow Cabinet LS 2 0.92 0.05 0.97
Research Micro Scope LS 1 1.07 0.05 1.13
Air-conditioning LS 1 1.00 0.05 1.05
Internal Electrification LS 1 11.85 0.59 12.44
DG Sets LS 1 1.00 0.05 1.05

SUB-TOTAL 16.25 0.81 17.06

4.2 Profitability Statement

The profitability statement is below:

Table 6 Profitability
Statement

Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7

Income 113.58 129.80 146.03 146.03 162.25 162.25 162.25
Expenditure 33.67 35.32 37.02 38.40 40.25 41.77 43.37
Variable Cost 2.73 3.12 3.51 3.51 3.90 3.90 3.90
Diet for Rearing Insects 2.03 2.32 2.61 2.61 2.90 2.90 2.90
Power 0.70 0.80 0.90 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fixed Cost 30.94 32.20 33.51 34.89 36.35 37.87 39.47
Administrative Expenses 2.98 2.98 2.98 2.98 2.98 2.98 2.98
Salary 25.08 26.33 27.65 29.03 30.48 32.01 33.61
Repair & Maintenance 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.88 2.88
Gross Profit 79.90 94.48 109.00 107.62 122.00 120.48 118.88
Depreciation 10.53 10.53 10.53 10.53 10.53 10.53 10.53
Interest On Term Loan 25.57 25.57 22.23 17.78 13.32 8.87 4.42
Interest On Working Capital 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
Preliminary Expenses Written 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
Off
Profit Before Tax 41.99 56.57 74.43 77.50 98.09 101.02 103.87
4.3 Sensitivity Analysis

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 The cash flow statement covering the Internal/financial rate of return (IRR/FRR), breakeven point and
payback period have been worked out for the project. The IRR is around 24.02, while payback period is
4.78 Years.

Table 7 Sensitivity Analysis

Key Indicators Envisaged

As Per 6th Year
Net Profit After Tax 69.68
Internal Rate of Return 24.02
Break Even Point 30.61
Pay Back Period 4.78
(Years)

B. 5.4 Financial Assistance

The projects on manufacturing bio-pesticide products would be considered for refinance support by National
Bank. Therefore, all participating banks may consider financing this activity subject to their technical
feasibility, financial viability and bankability. The means of finance will be:

Table 8 Means of Finance

MEANS OF Amount
FINANCE
Equity 25% 74.21
Subsidy 50.00
Unsecured Loan
Term Loan 14.00% 172.64

TOTAL 296.85

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 19. Extension activities by student

I. Extension folder Phule Metarhizium.

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 II. PREPARATION OF DASHPARNI ARK

Method of preparation:
1) Take a 20 L vessel (either plastic one or similar ones)
2) Pour the water (17 L) first

3) Submerge all the 10 different leaves in the water.

1. Neem leaves – 500 g

2. Lantana camara leaves -200 g
3. Pongamia pinnata leaves – 200 g
4. Indian oleander leaves – 200 g
5. Jatropha or castor leaves – 200 g
6. Tinospora cordifolia leaves – 200 g
7. Custard apple leaves – 200 g
8. Calotropis gigantea – 200 g
9. Papaya leaves – 200 g
10. Vitex negundo leaves – 200 g

4) Pour the cow urine (500 mL) and cow dung (200 g) on
top of the submerged leaves.
5) Mix them well and leave it for 5 days
6) On sixth day, add 5-7 litres of water and again mix all
the contents in the vessel
7) Leave the same as it is for a month.
8) The Dashparni ark is ready to use after filtering it.

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59 | P a g e
 III. PREPARATION OF NEEM SEED KERNEL
EXTRACT

Method of preparation:

 Neem seed kernels are collected, washed, cleaned in

pure water and shade dried for a few days.
 The outer rind of seed is broken and kernels are
gathered and ground well as paste form.
 20 litre of water and 15 mL of soap solution are added
and kept undisturbed for overnight.
 Filter it and spray in the morning.

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61 | P a g e
 IV. FLOWCHART OF MASS MULTIPLICATION
OF Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

Rearing of mealy bugs (Planococcus citri)

Rearing of mealy bug on Red

Rearing of mealy bug on potato pumpkin

Medium sized pumpkins with

Fill wooden trays (45 x 45 x 10 ridges and grooves and a small
cm) with pumpkin slits stalk is selected

Place 25 - 36 potatoes 2 cm Clean with distilled water.Treat it with

apart 0.1% Bavistin solution(1g/L). If any
wound detected plug it with cotton
plug

Maintain temperature at 20-30o C

keep the pumpkin in wooden cage
for sprouting

Put ovisacsof mealy bugs over the

potato sprouts
Introduce ovisacs in cage

Within 20 - 25 days mass culture Mealy bugs will develop with 30-
of mealy bugs could be obatined 40 days

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Rearing of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Place 25 mated
females over 8-10
days old mealy bug
cultures over Maintain Collect emerging
pumpkins/potatoes 2 darkness during beetles from the
beetles/colony pupation pumpkins

The released Feed them with

female feed on Provide paper honey agar diet
mealy bugs eggsn strips for or mealy bugs
nymphs and adults puapting
predators

Remove them On hatching, the

after 12 days and grubs feed on
let the eggs stages of mealy
develop bug

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 References
1.Potential of Bio-Pesticides in Indian Agriculture Vis-a-Vis Rural development Article in
SSRN Electronic Journal: Bikramjit Sinha, Zoological Survey of India, Indranil Biswas,
CSIR-CGCRI.
2.Biopesticides: Present Status and the Future Prospects Suresh Kumar* and Archana Singh.
3.https://agritech.tnau.ac.in ›
4.//www.fortunebusinessinsights.com
5. ppqs.gov.in
6. https://rkvy.nic.in
7.Standard operating procedure for analysis OF Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium
anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii & Ampilomyces quisquali: ppqs.gov.in
8. Techniques for Studying Bacteria and Fungi, Juliana T. Hauser, Microbiology
Department, Carolina Biological Supply Company.
9.wikipedia.com

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