CSAT Formula Book

Last Minute Reading

LCM and HCF +

Factorials
Probability
Venn Diagram
Quadratic Equation
Ratios and Proportion
Surds and Indices
Calendar
Clock
Direction
( ad be cf )=>LCM (d,e,f)
HCF (a,b,c)
Mean,Median and Mode Find HCF
Geometry
Quadrilateral

c)
( a,b,
LCM ,e,f
)
a b
c => HCF
) ( d

LCM
(d e
f

Find Divisibility Rules

Progression
Geometric Progression
Harmonic Progression
Algebraic Formulas
Time,Speed and Distance
Simple and Compound
Interest
Profit and Loss
Averages
Percentage

  

 
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CHAPTER
Index
CHAPTER NAME PAGE
NO NO
1 DIVISIBILITY RULES 1
2 PROGRESSION 3
i. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION 3
ii. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION 4
iii. HARMONIC PROGRESSION 5
3 IMPORTANT ALGEBRAIC FORMULAS 6
4 TIME, SPEED AND DISTANCE 7
5 SIMPLE AND COMPOUND INTEREST 9
6 PROFIT AND LOSS 10
7 AVERAGES 11
8 PERCENTAGE 12
9 LCM AND HCF 14
10 FACTORIALS 15
11 PROBABILITY 16
12 VENN DIAGRAM 18
13 ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATION 20
14 IMPORTANT SERIES SUM 21
15 RATIOS AND PROPORTIONS 22
16 SURDS AND INDICES 23
17 SQUARES 24
18 CUBES 25
19 CALENDAR 26
20 CLOCK 27
21 DIRECTION 28
22 NUMBERS 30
23 UNIT DIGIT 32
24 MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE 33
25 GEOMETRY 35
i. TRIANGLE AND ITS PROPERTIES 35
ii. IMPORTANT PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLETS 36
iii. QUADRILATERAL 37
iv. CIRCLE 38
v. CUBE 39
vi. CUBOID 39
vii. CYLINDER 39
26 TIME AND WORK 40
27 TRIGONOMETRY 41
28 SYLLOGISM DIAGRAMS 42
29 CODING DECODING 44

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CH-1 Divisibility Rules

• 2 – Last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8
• 3 – Sum is divisible by 3
• 4 – Last two digits are divisible by 4
• 5 – Last digit is 0 or 5
• 6 – Number is divisible by 2 and 3
• 7 – Using rule of Triplet, if alternating sum is divisible by 7
• 8 - Last three digits are divisible by 8
• 9 – Sum is divisible by 9
• 10 – Unit digit is 0
• 11 – Difference of odd digits and even digits are 0 or divisible by 11
• 12 – Number divisible by 3 and 4
• 13 - Using rule of Triplet, if alternating sum is divisible by 13

Practice Question – UPSC 2019

Question - An 8 digit number 4252746B leaves remainder 0 when divided by 3. How many values
of B are possible?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 6
Solution –
As per rule of divisibility by 3, the sum should be divisible by 3
Sum = 4 + 2 + 5 + 2 + 7 + 4 + 6 + B = 30 + B
So, 30 + B should be divisible by 3
B can take values of 0, 3, 6 and 9 for the sum to be divisible by 3
So, total 4 values are possible i.e. Option C is correct answer

Practice Question – UPSC 2020

Question - How many 5 digit prime numbers can be obtained by using all the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
without repetition of digits?

A. 0
B. 1
C. 9
D. 10
Solution – Digits given are 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Sum of digits = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15
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15 is divisible by 3
Any number formed by using all 5 digits will have its sum as 15, which is divisible by 3
As number is always divisible by 3 (using rule of divisibility by 3), formation of prime number is not
possible
Thus, no prime number can be formed
Hence, option A is correct answer

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-2 Progression

Arithmetic Progression
Sum of observations
• Arithmetic Mean =
Number of observations
x1+x2+⋯…+xn
=
n
• Tn = a + (n-1)d
n
• Sn = [2a + (n-1)d]
2
n
= (a + l)
2
If numbers are consecutive numbers starting from 1 with difference = 1,
Then a = 1 and d = 1
n n (n + 1)
Sn = [2 (1) + (n-1) (1)] =
2 2
Where a = First term
d = Common difference
Tn = nth term
Sn = Sum of n terms

• While solving three unknown terms in an Arithmetic Progression whose sum or product is given
should be assumed as a-d, a, a+d
• While solving four terms in an Arithmetic Progression whose sum or product is given should be
assumed as a-3d, a-d, a+d, a+3d

Practice Question – UPSC 2020

Question - One page is torn from a booklet whose pages are numbered in the usual manner
starting from the first page as 1. The sum of the numbers on the remaining pages is 195. The torn
page contains which of the following numbers
A. 5, 6
B. 7, 8
C. 9, 10
D. 11, 12
Solution –
The numbers are in Arithmetic Progression starting from 1 and common difference of 1
n (n + 1)
Sum of consecutive numbers = = 195
2

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As there is a page which is torn, we need to find value of n where the value on left hand side is
just above 195
n (n + 1)
For value of n = 20, = 210
2
This implies that sum of two numbers of the torn page must be 210 – 195 = 15
As the sum should be 15, only option B satisfies this condition

Geometric Progression

• Geometric Mean = √𝑥1 ∗ 𝑥2 ∗ 𝑥3 ∗ … . . 𝑥𝑛

𝑛

• Tn = arn-1
a (rn −1)
• Sn = if r > 1
𝑟−1
a (1 − rn )
• Sn = if r < 1
1−𝑟
𝑎
• SInfinity =
1−𝑟
Where a = First term
r = Common ratio
Tn = nth term
Sn = Sum of n terms
SInfinity = Sum of infinite terms with decreasing common ratio r

• While solving three unknown Term in a G.P whose sum or product is given should be assumed
a
as ( ), a, ar
r

Practice Question – UPSC 2021

Question - A biology class at high school predicted that a local population of animals will double in
size every 12 years. The population at the beginning of the year 2021 was estimated to be 50
animals. If P represents the population after n years, then which one of the following equations
represents the model of the class for the population?
A. P = 12 + 50n
B. P = 50 + 12n
C. P = 50 (2)12n
D. P = 50 (2)n/12
Solution –
The population is getting doubled every 12 years
So, this is a case of Geometric Progression
So, r = 2
Also, initial population = 50
Being a case of GP, the population should be in form of arn-1 or 50(2)t

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Thus, option A and B are eliminated since they are not represented in this particular manner
Check for option C and D by putting value of n =12 for doubling of population, we find that option
C gives correct answer
Hence, option C is right choice

Harmonic Progression

n
• Harmonic Mean = 1 1 1 1
+ + +⋯..+ xn
x1 x2 x3

1
• Tn = + (n-1)d
a
• If A, G and H are respectively the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, then
A≥G≥H
• A * H = G2, i.e. A, G, H are in GP

Sample Question
𝟏
Question - What is the minimum value of a + ?
𝒂
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 20
𝟏
Solution - Using AM ≥ GM of a and ,
𝒂
𝟏
𝒂+𝒂 𝟏
≥ (a. )2
𝟐 𝒂
After solving,
𝟏
a+ ≥2
𝒂
Thus, minimum value of expression is 2
Hence, option C is correct answer

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-3 Important Algebraic Formulas

• (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
• (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab
• a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
• (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
• (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3
• (a−b) 3 = a 3− 3a2b + 3ab2 − b3
• a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a 2− ab + b2)
• a3−b3 = (a−b) (a2 + ab + b2)

Practice Question - UPSC 2020

Question - How many pairs of natural numbers are there such that the difference of whose squares is 63?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 2
Solution - Let the required natural numbers be a and b
As per statement, a2 – b2 = 63

Using formula a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)

(a + b) (a – b) = 63
63 = 9*7
Or 63 = 21*3
Or 63 = 63*1
There will be a total of three possible cases in which product of two numbers is 63

Case 1 :
(a + b) = 9 and (a – b) = 7
Then a = 8 and b = 1

Case 2 :
(a + b) = 21 and (a – b) = 3
Then a = 12 and b = 9

Case 3 :
(a + b) = 63 and (a – b) = 1
Then a = 32 and b = 31

Total three such pair will be there

Hence, option A is correct answer

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CH-4 Time, Speed and Distance

Distance
• Speed =
Time
Total distance travelled
• Average Speed =
Total time taken
• Relative Speed
Sum of lengths
Time =
Relative Speed
L1 + L2
Time =
S1±S2
Speeds to be added if two objects are travelling towards each other and subtracted if going away
from each other

• Speed Downstream = Speed of boat in still water + Speed of Stream

-> Direction of boat

- > Direction of Stream

As both are in same direction, speeds will be added

• Speed Upstream = Speed of boat in still water - Speed of Stream

<- Direction of boat

- > Direction of Stream

As both are in opposite direction, speeds will be subtracted

1
• Speed of the boat in still water = (Downstream speed + Upstream speed)
2
• Conversion from Km/h to m/s -> Multiply by 5/18

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• An object covers equal distance at speed S1 and other equal distance at speed S2 then his
2(𝑆1)(𝑆2)
average speed for the distance is
𝑆1+𝑆2

Practice Question – UPSC 2020

Question - A man takes half time in rowing a certain distance downstream than upstream. What is
the ratio of the speed in still water to the speed of current?
A. 1 : 2
B. 2 : 1
C. 1 : 3
D. 3 : 1
Solution –
Let speed of boat in still water = a
Let speed of current = b
Speed downstream = a + b
Speed upstream = a – b
Let total distance = D
As given in question,
1
Time taken for downstream = * Time taken for upstream
2
D 1 D
= *
a+b 2 a−b
After solving, we get
a = 3b
a 3
=
b 1
Hence, option D is right choice

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-5 Simple and Compound Interest

• Amount = Principal + Interest
Principal∗Rate∗Time
• Simple Interest =
100
R
• Compound Interest = P * (1+ )T − P
100
Where P = Principal
R = Rate
T = Time
• Doubling of money – Rule of 72 i.e. For doubling of money
Rate * Time = 72 (approx.)
• Tripling of money – Rule of 114 i.e.
Rate * Time = 114 (approx.)
• Quadrupling of money – Rule of 144 i.e.
Rate * Time = 144 (approx.)

Practice Question
Question - A particular sum of money doubles itself in 8 years when interest rate is compounded
annually. What is the interest rate?

A. 6%
B. 8%
C. 9%
D. 12%
Solution –
As money doubles in 8 years,
Using Doubling of money formula,
Rate * time = 72

Rate * 8 = 72
Rate = 9%

Hence, option C is correct answer

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CH-6 Profit and Loss

• Profit = Selling Price – Cost Price
• Loss = Cost Price – Selling Price
Profit
• Profit % = * 100
Cost Price
Loss
• Loss % = * 100
Cost Price

• Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price

Discount
• Discount % = * 100
Marked Price
xy
• Successive Discount formula = (x + y - )%
100
Where x and y refer to successive discounts offered

Practice Question – UPSC 2020

Question - A person bought a car and sold it for Rs. 3,00,000. If he incurred a loss of 20%, then
how much did he spend to buy the car?
A. Rs. 3,60,000
B. Rs. 3,65,000
C. Rs. 3,70,000
D. Rs. 3,75,000
Solution –
Loss
Loss % = * 100
Cost Price
Cost Price−Selling Price
Loss % = * 100
Cost Price
Substituting values as given in question
300000
20% = 1 - * 100
CP

Solving the equation,

We get CP = 3,75,000
Hence, option D is right choice

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-7 Averages
Sum of observations
• Average =
Number of observations
w1x1+w2x2+⋯……..wnxn
• Weighted Average =
x1+x2+⋯…..+xn
• If the value of each unit in a set is increased or decreased by some value x, then the average of
the set also increases or decreases respectively by x

Practice Question – UPSC 2020

Question - The average score of a batsman after his 50th innings was 46.4. After 60th innings, his
average score increases by 2.6. What was his average score in the last ten innings?
A. 122
B. 91
C. 62
D. 49
Solution –
Average score after 50 innings = 46.4
Total score after 50 innings = Average * Number
= 46.4 * 50 = 2320
Average after 60 innings = 46.4 + 2.6 = 49
Total score after 60 innings = Average * Number
= 49 * 60 = 2940
Runs scored in last 10 innings = Score after 60 innings – Score after 50 innings
= 2940 – 2320
= 620
Score in last 10 innings
Average of last 10 innings =
10
620
=
10
= 62
Hence, option C is correct answer

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-8 Percentage
Fraction Percentage
½ 50%
1/3 33.33%
¼ 25%
1/5 20%
1/6 16.66%
1/7 14.28%
1/8 12.5%
1/9 11.11%
1/10 10%
1/11 9.09%
1/12 8.33%
1/13 7.69%
1/14 7.14%
1/15 6.66%
1/20 5%
1/24 4.16%
1/25 4%
1/30 3.33%
1/40 2.5%
1/50 2%
1/100 1%

Final Value−Initial Value

• Percentage Change = * 100
Initial Value
• Successive change of x% and y%
xy
Total change in percentage = ( x + y + )%
100

Practice Question – UPSC 2021

Question - If the price of an article is decreased by 20% and then the new price is increased by
25%, then what is the net change in the price?

A. 0%
B. 5% increase
C. 5% decrease
D. Cannot be determined due to insufficient data
xy
Solution - Total change in percentage = ( x + y + )%
100

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(−20)(25)
Total change = (-20) + (25) +
100

= 5 – 5 = 0%

Thus, there is no change in price of article

Hence, option A is correct answer

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-9 LCM and HCF

HCF of Numerator
• HCF of fraction =
LCM of Denominator
LCM of Numerator
• LCM of fraction =
HCF of Denominator
• LCM * HCF = Product of two numbers
• The least number which when divided by a, b and c leaves a remainder R in each case. Required
number = (LCM of a, b, c) + R
• The greatest number which divides a, b and c to leave the remainder R is HCF of (a – R), (b – R)
and (c – R)
• The greatest number which divides x, y, z to leave remainders a, b, c is HCF of (x – a), (y – b)
and (z – c)

Practice Question – UPSC 2020

1 3
Question - What is the greatest length x such that 3 m and 8 m are integral multiples of x?
2 4
1
A. 1 m
2
1
B. 1 m
3
1
C. 1 m
4
3
D. 1 m
4
Solution –
The question asks for finding the greatest possible length i.e. HCF of two numbers
1 7
First number = 3 =
2 2
3 35
Second number = 8 =
4 4
HCF of Numerator
HCF of fraction =
LCM of Denominator
HCF of (7,35)
=
LCM of (2,4)
7 3
= =1 m
4 4
Hence, option D is correct answer

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CH-10 Factorials

• n! = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * …….. n
• n! = n * (n - 1)!
n!
• Permutation nPr =
(n−r)!
n!
• Combination nCr =
r!(n−r)!
• nCr = nCn-r
• nC0 + nC1 + nC2 + ….. + nCn = 2n
• Total number of Handshakes possible among total n people = nC2
• Total number of Triangles that can be formed by joining sides of polygon of n sides = nC3
n∗(n−3)
• Total number of diagonals of a polygon of n sides =
2
• Total number of circular permutations if clockwise and anti-clockwise are taken as different=
(n-1)!

Number Factorial
0 1
1 1
2 2
3 6
4 24
5 120
6 720
7 5040
8 40320
9 362880
10 3628800

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-11 Probability
• Random Experiment – An experiment whose result cannot be predicted e.g. Dice, coin etc
• Probability of an event always lies between 0 and 1
• P (Not A) = 1 – P(A)
Number of favourable outcomes
• Probability of an event =
Sample space or Total number of outcomes

Number of favourable outcomes

• Odds in favor of event =
Number of unfavourable outcomes

Number of unfavourable outcomes

• Odds against an event =
Number of favourable outcomes

Practice Question – UPSC 2018

Question - A bag contains 15 red balls and 20 black balls. Each ball is numbered either 1 or 2 or 3.
20% of the red balls are numbered 1 and 40% of them are numbered 3. Similarly, among the black
balls, 45% are numbered 2 and 30% are numbered 3. A boy picks a ball at random. He wins if the
ball is red and numbered 3 or if it is black and numbered 1 or 2. What are the chances of his
winning?
1
A.
2
4
B.
7
5
C.
9
12
D.
13

Solution –
Total red balls = 15
Total black balls = 20

Red Ball
15
Probability of picking a random ball is Red –
35
15 40
Probability of picking Red and Number 3 = * - Eq 1
35 100
(As 40% red balls are Number 3)

Black Ball

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20
Probability of picking a random ball is Black –
35
20 25
Black and Number 1 = * - Eq 2
35 100
(As Black Number 1 balls = 100% - Black Number 2 balls – Black Number 3 balls
= 100% - 45% - 30% = 25%)

20 45
Black and Number 2 = * - Eq 3
35 100
(As 45% black balls are Number 2)

Total probability = Eq 1 + Eq 2 + Eq 3
4
=
7
Hence, option B is correct answer

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-12 Venn Diagram

A A⋂B B

• n(A ⋃ B) = n(A) + n (B) – n(A ⋂ B)

• n(A ⋃ B ⋃ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A ⋂ B) – n(B ⋂ C) – n(A ⋂ C) + n(A ⋂ B ⋂ C)

Practice Question – UPSC 2019

Question - All members of a club went to Mumbai and stayed in a hotel. On the first day, 80%
went for shopping and 50% went for sightseeing, whereas 10% took rest in the hotel. Which of the
following conclusion(s) can be drawn from the above data?

1. 40% members went for shopping as well as sightseeing.

2. 20% members went for only shopping.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither 1 nor 2

Solution –

n (Shopping) or n (S1) = 80%

n (Sight Seeing) or n (S2)= 50%
People who took rest = 10%
This implies that rest 90% (100-10) people went either for Shopping or Sight Seeing
So, n(S1 ⋃ S2) = 90%
Using Formula,

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n(S1 ⋃ S2) = n(S1) + n(S2) – n(S1⋂S2)

90 = 80 + 50 - n(S1⋂S2)
n(S1⋂S2) = 40%
So, 40% members went for shopping as well as sightseeing
Statement 1 is correct.

People who went for only Shopping = n(S1) - n(S1⋂S2)

= 80 – 40 = 40%
Statement 2 is incorrect
Hence, option A is correct

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-13 Roots of Quadratic Equation

The roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 :
−b ± √b 2 − 4ac
2a

Practice Question
Question – The roots of the equation 6x2– 17x + 12 =0 are
5 3
A. and
2 2
3 4
B. and
2 3
2 3
C. and
3 2
5 3
D. and
2 4

Solution –

Using Formula,
−b ± √b 2 − 4ac
2a

−(−17)±√(−17)2−4(6)(12)
Roots =
2∗6

17±1
Roots =
12
3 4
Roots = and
2 3
Hence, option B is correct answer

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-14 Important Series Sum

n(n+1)
• Sum of first n Natural numbers =
2
• Sum of first n Odd numbers = n2
• Sum of first n Even numbers = n (n+1)
n(n+1)(2n+1)
• Sum of squares of first n Natural numbers =
6
n(n+1)
• Sum of cubes of first n Natural numbers = [ ]2
2

Practice Question
Question – The average of all odd numbers upto 100 is
A. 50
B. 51
C. 99
D. 100

Solution –

Odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …… 99

Total number of odd values till 100 = 50

As per formula,
Sum of odd numbers = n2
Sum of 50 odd numbers till 100 = (50)2

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
Average =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
(50)2
Average =
50
Average = 50
Hence, option A is correct answer

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-15 Ratios and Proportions

a c
• If = then
b d
b d
o As per Invertendo law, =
a c
a b
o As per Alternendo law, =
c d
a+b c+d
o As per Componendo law, =
b d
a−b c−d
o As per Dividendo law, =
b d
a+b c+d
o As per Componendo and Dividendo, =
a−b c−d
a
• For a proper fraction i.e. a<b, then for a positive quantity c, then
b
a+c a
> and
b+c b
a−c a
<
b−c b
a
• For improper fraction i.e. a>b, then for a positive quantity c, then
b
a+c a
< and
b+c b
a−c a
>
b−c b

Practice Question UPSC 2019

Question – If the numerator and denominator of a proper fraction are increased by the same positive quantity
which is greater than zero, the resulting fraction is

A. always less than the original fraction

B. always greater than the original fraction
C. always equal to the original fraction
D. such that nothing can be claimed definitely
Solution –

As discussed in formula above,

Proper fraction is one where numerator is less than denominator
a
For a proper fraction i.e. a<b, then for a positive quantity c, then
b
a+c a
>
b+c b
(Can also assume values of a, b and c to reach to the answer)
Hence, option B is correct answer

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CH-16 Surds and Indices

• x0 = 1
• xa * xb = xa+b
𝑥𝑎
• = xa-b
𝑥𝑏
1
• x-a =
𝑥𝑎
1
• √𝑥 = (𝑥)
𝑎
𝑎

𝑎
• (𝑥) = √𝑥 𝑎
𝑏
𝑏

• (xa)b = xab
• xaya = (xy)a
• √a * √b = √ab

Practice Question UPSC 2020

Question – What is the largest number among the following?
A. ( 1/2 )−6

B. ( 1/4 )−3

C. ( 1/3 )−4

D. ( 1/6 )-2

Solution –

As discussed in formula above,

1
x-a =
𝑥𝑎
1
Option A -> ( )-6 = 26 = 64
2
1
Option B -> ( )-3 = 43 = 64
4
1
Option C -> ( )-4 = 34= 81
3
1
Option D -> ( )-2 = 62 = 36
6
Thus, it is clear that option C has the highest value. Hence, it is the correct answer

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CH-17 Squares
Number Square
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100
11 121
12 144
13 169
14 196
15 225
16 256
17 289
18 324
19 361
20 400
21 441
22 484
23 529
24 576
25 625
26 676
27 729
28 784
29 841
30 900
31 961
32 1024
33 1089
34 1156
35 1225

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CH-18 Cubes
Number Cube
1 1
2 8
3 27
4 64
5 125
6 216
7 343
8 512
9 729
10 1000
11 1331
12 1728
13 2197
14 2744
15 3375

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-19 Calendar
• Normal Year – 365 days or 52 weeks and 1 day
• Leap Year – 366 days or 52 weeks and 2 days
• Century Leap Year – If century year is divisible by 400
e.g. 2000 is leap year , but 1900 is not a leap year
• Leap Years in 400 year time period - 97
• Leap Years in 100 year time period – 24 or 25 depending whether 100 year end is in century
leap year or not

Practice Question – UPSC 2021

Question - Which day is 10th October, 2027 if it is Sunday on 10th October, 2021?

A. Sunday

B. Monday

C. Tuesday

D. Saturday

Solution –

We need to find day after exactly 6 years i.e. 2027 – 2021 =6

From 2021 to 2027, there are 5 normal years and 1 year (2024)

Normal year has 52 weeks and 1 extra day

Leap year has 52 weeks and 2 extra days

So, extra days = (Number of normal years * 1) + (Number of Leap years * 2)

= (5*1) + (1*2)
=7

So, day on 10th October, 2027 = Day on 10th October, 2021 + Extra days
= Sunday + 7
= Sunday
Hence, option A is correct answer

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CH-20 Clock
• Degrees covered by Minute hand in 1 min = 6°
• Degrees covered by Second hand in 1 second = 6°
1
• Degrees covered by Hour hand in 1 min = °
2

• Angle between Hour and Minute Hand at a

particular time =
60 ∗ Hour − 11 ∗ Minute
2
e.g. If time is 7:30 then angle between Hour and minute hand =
60∗7−11∗30
= 45°
2

• If we wish to find exact minutes when a particular angle will be formed between Hour and
Minute Hand, then
2
(A1±A2)
11
Where A1 =smaller hour number *30 and A2 is the required angle

e.g. At what time between 7 and 8 o clock are the hands of clock at an angle of 45 degree?
Using Formula,
2 2
Time = (A1±A2) = (7*30±45)
11 11
4
= 30 and 46
11
4
So, 7:30 and 7:46 will be the two times when angles between two hands will be 45°
11

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-21 Direction

Practice Question – UPSC 2021

Question - A bank employee drives 10 km towards South from her house and turns to her left and
drives another 20 km. She again turns left and drives 40 km, then she turns to her right and drives
for another 5 km. She again turns to her right and drives another 30 km to reach her bank where
she works. What is the shortest distance between her bank and her house?

A. 20 km

B. 25 km

C. 30 km

D. 35 km

Solution –

The final direction is as shown in the figure

STUDENT’S NOTE

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North 5

40

30
Start
West East
Final
10

20
lpca
tion
South

Total distance between Start and Final point is 20 + 5 = 25 Km

Hence, option B is correct answer

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-22 Numbers
• Representation of a Number
o ab = 10a + b
o abc = 100a + 10b + c
o abcd = 1000a + 100b + 10c + d

• Natural Number – Counting numbers containing set of positive integers from 1 to infinity
• Whole Number – Natural numbers with 0 adjoined
• Prime Number – Natural number greater than 1 having only 1 and itself as factors e.g., 2, 3, 5,
7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37 etc.

• Odd Number – Numbers not divisible by 2 or having ending in 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9

• Even Number – Numbers divisible by 2 or having ending in 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8
𝑝
• Rational Number – Can be expressed in term of
𝑞
1
o Terminating rational e.g., = 0.25
4
13
o Non Terminating rational e.g., = 2.16666
6
𝑝
• Irrational Number – Cannot be expressed in term of
𝑞

• Integer – Set of all whole numbers with set of negative natural numbers

• Positive Integer - 1, 2, 3, 4….. is the set of positive integers

• Negative Integers: −1, −2, −3, -4….. is the set of negative integers
• Non-Positive and Non-Negative Integers: 0 is neither positive nor negative
𝑝
• Proper Fraction – Numbers in form of where p < q
𝑞
𝑝
• Improper Fraction – Numbers in form of where p > q
𝑞

• Co-Prime Numbers – Numbers with HCF 1

• Composite Numbers – Numbers having more than 2 factors
• Twin Prime – Pair of Prime numbers where difference is of two e.g. (5, 7), (11, 13) etc.

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Practice Question – UPSC 2020

Question - In the sum +1 +5 + + 1=1 for which digit does the symbol stand?

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 5

Solution –

Using Representation of a number, the above equation becomes

(x) + (10 + x) + (50 + x) + (10x + x) + (10x + 1) = 100 + 10x +x

24x + 61 = 100 + 11x

13x = 39

x=3

Hence, option B is correct answer

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-23 Unit Digit

Unit digit when a number is raised to some power
• 0 – Always 0
• 1 – Always 1
• 2 – 2,4,8,6
• 3 – 3,9,7,1
• 4 – 4, 6
• 5 – Always 5
• 6 – Always 6
• 7 – 7,9,3,1
• 8 – 8,4,2,6
• 9 – 9, 1

Examples –
If we have to find unit digit in (4167)434, then simply check for 7 – possibilities are 7, 9, 3 or 1…

As 7 follows a cyclicity of 4, we divide power i.e. 434 by 4 to get remainder of 2

Corresponding to remainder 2, the second number in 7, 9, 3 or 1 is 9

Hence, unit digit will be 9

If we have to find unit digit in (24163)147, then simply check for 3 – possibilities are 3, 9, 7 or 1

As 3 follows a cyclicity of 4, we divide power i.e. 147 by 4 to get remainder of 3

Corresponding to remainder 3, the third number in 3, 9, 7 or 1 is 7

Hence, unit digit will be 7

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-24 Mean, Median and Mode

Sum of observations
• Mean = Number of observations

• Median = Middlemost observation when data is arranged in ascending order

• Mode = Most frequently occurring value in data set
• 2 Mean + Mode = 3 Median
• Range = Maximum value – Minimum value
• Symmetric Data - Data sets whose values are evenly spread around centre

• Skewed Data – Data sets that are not symmetric

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Practice Question – UPSC 2017

Question - If for a sample data Mean < Median < Mode then the distribution is

A. Symmetric

B. Skewed to the right

C. Neither symmetric nor skewed

D. Skewed to the left

Solution –

As discussed above, when Mean < Median < Mode, the distribution is skewed towards left
Hence, option D is correct answer

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-25 Geometry

Triangle and its properties

• Sum of three angles of triangle = 180°

• Three types of triangles based on angle–
I. Acute – All angles less than 90°
II. Right – One angle equal to 90° and P2 + B2 = H2
III. Obtuse – One angle greater than 90°
• Three types of triangles based on sides
I. Scalene triangle – no sides are equal
II. Isosceles triangle - two sides are equal
III. Equilateral – all sides are equal
• Sum of two sides is always greater than third side
• Difference of two sides is always less than third side
• Sum of interior angles = 180°
• Exterior angle is always equal to sum of two opposite angles
• Sum of exterior angles = 360°
• Perimeter of triangle = Sum of sides
1
• Semi - perimeter s = of perimeter
2

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• Area of triangle using Heron’s Formula = √(s)(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)

Area
• Inradius of triangle =
Semi−Perimeter
a∗b∗c
• Circumradius = , where a, b and c are three sides of triangle
4 ∗ Area
• In a right angle triangle, Circumradius is equal to half of Hypocenter
1
• Area of Triangle= * base * height
2
1
• Area of Triangle = ab sinQ where Q is angle between a and b
2
3𝑎 2
• Are of equilateral triangle = √ , where a is side of triangle
4

Important Pythagorean Triplets

•
Numbers that follow P2 + B2 = H2
• 3,4,5
• 6, 8, 10
• 7, 24, 25
• 5, 12, 13
• 9, 40, 41
• 20, 21, 29

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Quadrilateral
• Total number of sides =4
• Sum of interior angles = 360°
• 5 major types of Quadrilaterals
I. Trapezium

i. Two sides are parallel and two sides are non-

parallel
ii. Area = ½* sum of parallel sides * distance
between parallel sides =
=½ * (a+b) * h
iii. Perimeter = a + b + c + d

II. Parallelogram

i. Opposite sides are equal and parallel

ii. Opposite angles are equal
iii. Perimeter= 2(a+b)
iv. Area = ½ * product of diagonals* sinQ
v. (D1)2 + (D2)2 = 2 (a2+ b2)
Where D1 = Diagonal 1 and D2 =
Diagonal 2
And a = length of one side
b = length of other unequal side
III. Rectangle

i. Opposite sides are equal, parallel and all

angles are of 90°
ii. Perimeter = 2(l+b)
iii. Area = l*b
iv. Diagonal = √𝑙 2 + 𝑏 2
v. Diagonals are equal
Where l= Length and b = Breadth of rectangle

IV. Square

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i. All sides are equal

ii. All angles are of 90°
iii. Perimeter = 4a
iv. Diagonal = √2 a
v. Area = a2

V. Rhombus

i. All sides are equal

ii. Opposite angles are equal
iii. Perimeter = 4a
iv. Area = ½ * product of diagonals
(As angles intersect at 90°, so sin Q =1)

Circle

Arc

θ
Diameter

Radius

Diameter
• Radius =
2
• Circumference = 2 * π * r
• Area = π * r2
θ
• Area of Arc= * π * r2
360

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Cube

• All sides are equal with length a

• Base of Cube is a square
• Volume of cube = a3
• Length of Diagonal = √3 a
• Lateral surface area = Perimeter of base * Height = 4a2
• Total surface area = Lateral Surface Area + 2 Base Area = 6a2
• Open area = Lateral Surface Area + Base Area = 5a2

Cuboid

• Base of Cuboid is a rectangle

• Volume = Length * Breadth * Height
• Let Length =l, Breadth = b, Height =h, then
• Length of Diagonal = √𝑙 2 + 𝑏 2 + ℎ2
• Lateral Surface Area = 2(l+b) *h
• Open area = 2(l+b)*h + l*b
• Total Surface Area = 2(l + b) *h + l*b = 2(lb + bh + lh)

Cylinder

• Base of cylinder is a circle with radius r and having height h

• Volume = π * r2 * h
• Curved Surface Area = 2 * π * r * h
• Total Surface Area = Curved Surface Area + 2 Base area
= 2 * π * r * h + 2 * π * r2
= 2 * π * r (h + r)

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CH-26 Time and Work

• Days required to complete work=
1
Work done in 1 day

• Efficiency α
1
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
• If M1 persons can do W1 work in D1 days working T1 hours each day with
E1 efficiency and M2 persons can do W2 work in D2 days working T2 hours
each day with E2 efficiency, then

M1D1T1E1 M2D2T2E2
=
W1 W2

Practice Question – UPSC 2020

Question - A person x can complete 20% of work in 8 days and another person Y can complete
25% of the same work in 6 days. If they work together, in how many days will 40% of the work by
completed?

A. 6

B. 8

C. 10

D. 12

Solution –

Person X
Time taken to complete 20% work = 8 days
Time taken to complete 100 % work = 40 days
Person Y
Time taken to complete 25% work = 6 days
Time taken to complete 100 % work = 24 days
Both together
1 1 1
Amount of work done in 1 day = + =
40 24 15

So, time taken to complete 100% work = 15 days

Time taken to complete 40% work = 6 days
Hence, option A is correct answer

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CH-27 Trigonometry

P
• Sin θ =
H
B
• Cos θ =
H
P
• Tan θ =
B
H
• Cosec θ =
P
H
• Sec θ =
B
B
• Cot θ =
P

Where B = Base
P = Perpendicular
H = Hypotenuse

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-28 Syllogism Diagrams

• All A are B

• Some A are B

• No A are B

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• Some A are not B

STUDENT’S NOTE

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CH-29 Coding Decoding

Alphabet Code
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
E 5
F 6
G 7
H 8
I 9
J 10
K 11
L 12
M 13
N 14
O 15
P 16
Q 17
R 18
S 19
T 20
U 21
V 22
W 23
X 24
Y 25
Z 26

• Trick to remember codes – EJOTY word where

E=5
J = 10
O = 15
T = 20
Y = 25

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Practice Question – UPSC 2020

Question - The letters from A to Z are numbered from 1 to 26 respectively.

If GHI = 1578 and DEF = 912, then what is ABC equal to

A. 492

B. 468

C. 262

D. 246

Solution –

As per the code of alphabets:

GHI = 789
DEF = 456
ABC = 123

As given in the question,

GHI = 1578 = 789 × 2
DEF = 912 = 456 × 2
ABC = 123 × 2 = 246
Hence, option D is correct answer

STUDENT’S NOTE

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Revision 2022 (All India GS Prelims Mock Test)

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Comprehensive, Integrated and Current Linked Notes for CSE Mains 2021

GS PAPER - I, II, III & IV

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