IOE THAPATHALI CAMPUS/THEORY OF VIBRATION/ASSIGNMENT II/2022

1. A steel rigid frame, as shown in the figure, supports a rotating machine, which
exerts a horizontal force at the girder level of 50,000 sin 11t N. Assuming 4 percent
critical damping, what is the steady state amplitude of vibration? I for columns =
1500 x 10-7 m4, E = 21 x 1010 N/m2.

SOLUTION:

The structure given in the question can be modeled for dynamic analysis as the damped oscillator
as shown in the figure above. The parameters in this model are computed as follows:
Given , damping ratio , ξ=0.04
mass of the system , m=5,000 kg
Length of the columns , L=4 m
−7 4
I for columns=1500 x 10 m
Modulus of Elasticity , E=21 x 1010 N /m2

3 E (2 I ) 3∗21∗1010∗2∗1500∗10−7
Stiffness of the system, k = = =2.95 x 106 N /m
L3 4 3

Po 50000
Then , static displacement , v st = = =0.017 m
k 2.95 x 106

Natural frequency of the system , ω=

k
m
ω
=
√ √
2.95 x 106
5000
11
=24.29 rad / sec

Thus , frequency ratio , β= = =0.453

ω 24.29
Hence, the steady-state amplitude of vibration of the given structure is calculated as:
v st 0.017
ρ= = =0.027 m Ans .
2 2 2 2
( 1−β ) + ( 2 ξβ ) ( 1−0.453 ) + ( 2∗0.04∗0.453 )2
2

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IOE THAPATHALI CAMPUS/THEORY OF VIBRATION/ASSIGNMENT II/2022

2. Determine and plot the displacement response of the spring-mass system shown in
fig. a up to t = 10 sec. The mass if initially displaced by x o = 10 cm and ẋ o= 0. The
applied force, p(t) is shown in fig. b. The value of m = 5 kg. sec2.m -1. Determine the
maximum value of the acceleration during the time interval 0 < t ≤ 10 sec.

SOLUTION:
2 −1 2 −1
Given , mass of the system=5 kg . sec . m =0.5 N . sec .m
Initial Conditions : x o=10 cm ; ẋ o=0
Stiffness of the system , k =40 kg/m
This is the case of undamped forced vibration. The equation of response of this system subjected
to a constant excitation of 100 kg (=1000 N) is given by:
P
v ( t )= A cos ωt + B sin ωt + o … … …(i)
k
Differentiating the above equation once, we get,
v̇ ( t )=−ωA sin ωt +ωB cos ωt … … …(ii)
Substituting the initial value of displacement in equation (i) at t = 0,
100
v ( 0 )=0.1= A cos 0+B sin 0+
40
Hence , A=−2.4 m
Similarly, substituting the initial value of velocity in equation (ii) at t = 0,
v̇ ( 0 )=0=−ωA sin 0+ωB cos 0
Hence , B=0
Substituting the values of A and B in equation (i), the equation of response can be written as
v ( t )=−2.4 cos ωt +2.5 … … … .(iii)

√ √
Also , ω=
m
k
=
40
5
=2.83 rad /s
v ( t )=−2.4 cos 2.83t +2.5 … … … .(iv)
Equation (iv) above represents the displacement response of the spring-mass system shown
above subjected to the given step excitation. Its plot is as follows:

Time (t) Displacement Time Displacement

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IOE THAPATHALI CAMPUS/THEORY OF VIBRATION/ASSIGNMENT II/2022

(v(t)) (t) (v(t))

0.00 0.10 6.00 3.21
1.00 4.78 7.00 1.12
2.00 0.55 8.00 4.41
3.00 3.93 9.00 0.24
4.00 1.73 10.00 4.90
5.00 2.53

Displacement Response Plot

6.00

5.00
Displacement (meters)

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
0.00 0.60 1.20 1.80 2.40 3.00 3.60 4.20 4.80 5.40 6.00 6.60 7.20 7.80 8.40 9.00 9.60
TIME (SECONDS)

To find the maximum value of acceleration in the time interval 0 < t ≤ 10 sec, differentiating
equation (iv) twice with respect to time,
v̈ ( t )=19.22 cos 2.83 t
Hence, maximum value of acceleration = 19.22 m/s2.

Acceleration Response Plot

25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00 0.60 1.20 1.80 2.40 3.00 3.60 4.20 4.80 5.40 6.00 6.60 7.20 7.80 8.40 9.00 9.60
-5.00
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
-25.00

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IOE THAPATHALI CAMPUS/THEORY OF VIBRATION/ASSIGNMENT II/2022

3. Determine and plot the displacement response of the system as shown in fig. c up to
t = 15 sec. The system starts from rest and is excited by the triangular force system
as shown in fig. d.

SOLUTION:
Given , mass of the system ,m=2 kg . sec 2 . m−1=0.2 N . sec 2 .m−1
Stiffness of the system, k =10 kg /m
Damping ratio , ξ=3 %=0.03
Natural circular frequency of the system, ω=
2π 2π
k
m
=
10
2 √ √
=2.24 rad /s

Time period of the system ,T = = =2.81 sec

ω 2.24

The system is initially at rest and is subjected to the symmetrical triangular pulse as shown in

{
figure d. The response of the given SDOF system to this pulse can be expressed as:

( tt − 2 Tπ t sin 2 π Tt ) for 0 ≤t ≤ 2
td
2
d d

v (t)
( v st )o
=
{ t
2 1− +
T
td 2 π t d [
2sin
2π
T
1
(
1− t d −sin2 π
2
t
T) ]} for
td
2
≤ t ≤ td

2
{ [
T
2 π td
2 sin
2π
T (
1
t− t d −sin
2 )
2π
T
( t −t d ) −sin 2 π
t
T ]} for t ≥ t d

where , t d=time for which the pulse is acting=2 sec

maximum amplitude of the pulse , Po =15 kg

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IOE THAPATHALI CAMPUS/THEORY OF VIBRATION/ASSIGNMENT II/2022

The response of the given system for the three cases above is displayed in the table given below:
Time
(t) v(t) Time (t) v(t) Time (t) v(t)
0.97219 1.70716
0 0 1 4 2 3
0.00124 1.22465 -
0.1 7 1.1 5 3 2.10741
1.48335 0.89433
0.2 0.0099 1.2 6 4 8
0.03299 1.72794 1.00339
0.3 7 1.3 9 5 3
0.07685 1.93878 -
0.4 6 1.4 7 6 2.13298
0.14676 2.09790
0.5 3 1.5 5 7 1.62967
0.24670 2.18991 0.12122
0.6 4 1.6 2 8 9
0.37917 2.20275 -
0.7 2 1.7 7 9 1.77932
0.54504 2.12833
0.8 1 1.8 4 10 2.07526
0.74351 -
0.9 9 1.9 1.96288 11 0.78249
0.97219 1.70716 -
1 4 2 3 12 1.10931
2.15188
        13 5
-
        14 1.54709
-
        15 0.24208

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IOE THAPATHALI CAMPUS/THEORY OF VIBRATION/ASSIGNMENT II/2022

Displacement Response Plot

2.5
2
1.5
Displacement (m)
1
0.5
0
-0.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5

Time (s)

4. To cut down the vibratory motion transmitted by aircraft engines at 2,000 rpm, to
the instruments, the instrument boards are mounted on isolators in an aircraft. If
the isolator, assumed to have zero damping, deflects by 0.3 cm under a weight of 50
kg, find the % of amplitude of the motion transmitted to the instrument board from
the engine.
SOLUTION:

Given , rotations per minuteof the aircraft engine=2,000rpm

2,000∗2 π rad
Hence , circular frequency of theengine , ω= =209.52 .
60 s
This is the excitation frequency.
Since the isolator deflects by 0.3 cm under a weight of 50 kg,

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IOE THAPATHALI CAMPUS/THEORY OF VIBRATION/ASSIGNMENT II/2022

50
Stiffness of theisolator , k= =16666.67 kg / m
0.3/100
Circular frequency of the isolator , ω=
k
m√ √
=
16666.67∗10

ω 209.52
50
=57.74 rad /s

Hence , frequency ratio , β= = =3.63

ω 57.74
Since, the isolator is assumed to have zero damping, the force transmitted to the instrument
board from the engine is given by:
1 1
Transmissibility Ratio , TR= 2
= 2
=−0.0821=−8.21%
1−β 1−3.63
The negative sign indicates that the transmitted force is less than the applied force.

5. A centrifugal fan weighs 50 kg and has a rotating unbalance of 25 kg.cm. When

dampers having damping factor ξ = 0.2 are used, specify the springs for mounting
such that only 10% of the unbalance force is transmitted to the floor. Also
determine the magnitude of the transmitted force. The fan is running at a constant
speed of 1000 rpm.
SOLUTION:
Given , rotations per minuteof the fan=1,000 rpm
1,000∗2 π rad
Hence , circular frequency of the fan , ω= =104.76 .
60 s
This is the excitation frequency.
mass of the fan , m=50 kg
Damping factor of the damper , ξ=0.2
Amount of Transmitted force=10 %
The force transmitted to the floor due to the rotating unbalance of the centrifugal fan is given as:

Transmissibility Ratio , TR=

√1+( 2 ξβ )2
√ 2
( 1−β 2 ) + ( 2 ξβ )2

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IOE THAPATHALI CAMPUS/THEORY OF VIBRATION/ASSIGNMENT II/2022

¿ , 10 %=0.1=
√1+0.16 β 2
√ ( 1−β ) +0.16 β
2 2 2

Squaring both sides, we get,

0.01 (( 1−β ) + 0.16 β )=1+0.16 β
2 2 2 2

2 2
¿ , ( 1−β ) +0.16 β =100+16 β
2 2

2 4 2 2
¿ , 1−2 β + β + 0.16 β =100+16 β
¿ , β 4−17.84 β2−99=0
Solving the equation, we get,
β=4.72
ω 104.76
¿, =4.72∨, ω=
ω 4.72
Hence , ω=22.19 rad /s
2 2 5
Thus , stiffness of the spring , k=mω =50∗10∗( 22.19 ) =2.46 x 10 N / m
Magnitude of the Transmitted Force =10 % of theTotal Force=10 % of Rotating Unbalance of 25 kg . cm
¿ 0.1∗( 25∗10−2 kg . m)∗( 104.76 ) =274.36 N Ans .
2

6. Express the periodic functions shown in figs. e and f as Fourier Series and find the
frequency spectrum of the series.

SOLUTION:
For Figure (e):
ωt
Equation of the periodic function is f ( t )= for 0 ≤t ≤ 2 π
2π

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IOE THAPATHALI CAMPUS/THEORY OF VIBRATION/ASSIGNMENT II/2022

2π
2
a o= ∫ f ( t ) dt
T 0

[ ]
2π 2
2 ωt 1 ( ωt )
a o= ∫
2π 0 2π
dt = 2
2π 2
2 π ¿=1
0¿

2π
2
a n= ∫ ωt cos nt dt
2π 0 2π

a n=
ω
2π
2
t
[(
sin t
n
−( 1 ) ) (
−cos nt
n
2 )]
❑0 ¿ 2 π ¿=0

2π
2 ωt
b n= ∫
2π 0 2π
sin nt dt

b n=
1
2π 2
[ ( n n ) (
( t ) −cos nt −1 −cos2 nt
)] 2 π ¿=−1nπ
0¿

Hence, the given periodic function can be expressed in terms of Fourier Series as:

ao ∞
f ( t )= + ∑ (a cos nt +b n sin nt)
2 n=1 n

( )
∞
1 −1
f ( t )= + ∑ sin nt
2 n=1 nπ
1 1
2 π [ 1
2
1
Hence , f ( t )= − sin nt + sin 2 t+ sin 3 t+ …
3 ]

For Figure (f):

Equation of the periodic function is f ( t )=1 for 0 ≤t ≤ mπ
mπ
1
a o= ∫ 1 dt
2π 0
1 m
a o= ∗mπ =
2π 2
mπ
2
∫ 1 cos nωt dt
a n=
2π 0
a n=
π n[
1 sin nωt
0¿
mπ ¿=
π ]
1 sin mnπ
n ( )
mπ
2
b n= ∫ 1 sin nωt dt
2π 0

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IOE THAPATHALI CAMPUS/THEORY OF VIBRATION/ASSIGNMENT II/2022

a n=
π[
1 −cos nωt
n ] 0¿
mπ ¿=
1
nπ
( 1−cos mnπ )

Hence, the given periodic function can be expressed in terms of Fourier Series as:

ao ∞
f ( t )= + ∑ (an cos nt +b n sin nt)
2 n=1

(( ) )
∞
m 1 sin mnπ 1
f ( t )= + ∑ cos nωt + ( 1−cos mnπ ) sin nωt
2 n=1 π n nπ

7. A periodic excitation as shown in fig. e is applied to the base of the spring-dashpot

mass system shown in fig g. Determine the resulting steady state displacement of the
mass if k = 40 kg/m; m = 25 kg sec2 m-1 and c = 10 kg.sec.m-1.

SOLUTION:

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IOE THAPATHALI CAMPUS/THEORY OF VIBRATION/ASSIGNMENT II/2022

c
k eq
Natural frequency of the system , ω=
m
=
10
√ √
392.4
25∗10
=3.96 rad /s

Damping Ratio , ξ= = =0.05

2mω 2∗25∗3.96

Fourier Series Expansion of the given excitation load has been derived in solution to question no.
(6).
−1
a o=1 , an=0 ,b n=
nπ

The steady state response to this excitation is given by:

For sine terms:

[ ]
2
bn 1−β n
v n ( t )= sin n ω 1 t−2 ξ β n cos n ω 1 t
k ( 1−β 2 )2 + ( 2 ξβ )2
n

For constant term:

ao
v n ( t )=
k
The total response is derived by summing the above two equations.

2 π 2π
ω 1= = =1 rad /s
T p 2π
nω n
β n= 1 = =2.5n
ω 0.4

Finding response for 1st Harmonic, i.e., n = 1;

For sine term For constant

ωt Total Response (mm)
(mm) term (mm)
0π 0.023 2.54 2.563
1π -0.024 2.54 2.516
2π 0.026 2.54 2.566
3π -0.0275 2.54 2.5125
4π 0.0288 2.54 2.5688
5π -0.03 2.54 2.51
6π 0.0316 2.54 2.5716
7π -0.033 2.54 2.507
8π 0.034 2.54 2.574

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IOE THAPATHALI CAMPUS/THEORY OF VIBRATION/ASSIGNMENT II/2022

Plot of Displacement Response

2.58

2.56
Displacement (mm)
2.54

2.52

2.5

2.48

2.46
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Time Period (*π)

8. Determine the dynamic response of a tower subjected to a blast loading. The

idealization of the structure and the blast loading are shown in fig. h. Neglect
damping. Use Duhamel’s Integral.

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IOE THAPATHALI CAMPUS/THEORY OF VIBRATION/ASSIGNMENT II/2022

SOLUTION:

√ √(
k
100∗1000
Natural frequency of the tower , ω= = =31.62 rad /s
m
38.6∗1000
386 )
38.6∗1000
Mass of thetower , m= =1000
386

The given excitation is expressed as the superposition of four linear functions shown.

where , p o=120 k ;∧t 1=0.02 s

The response to p1 (t ) is given by the equation:

( )
po t sin ωt
u1 ( t ) = − t ≥ 0 … … …( a)
k t1 ωt1

This equation can be adapted to write the responses u2 ( t ) , u3 ( t )∧u 4 ( t ) ¿ p 2 ( t ) , p3 ( t )∧ p4 ( t ),

respectively,

u2 ( t ) =
k t1
−
(
− p o t−t 1 sin ω ( t−t 1 )
ω t1 )
t ≥ t 1 … … …(b)

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IOE THAPATHALI CAMPUS/THEORY OF VIBRATION/ASSIGNMENT II/2022

u3 ( t ) =
k (
− p o t−2 t 1 sin ω ( t−2 t 1 )
t1
−
ωt1 )
t ≥2 t 1 … … ..(c )

u 4 ( t )=
k (
po t−3t 1 sin ω ( t−3 t 1 )
t1
−
ω t1 )
t ≥ 3 t 1 … … …(d)

For t ≤ t 1, the response is given by the equation:

( )
p t sin ωt
u ( t )= o − t ≤ t 1 … … …(e)
k t 1 ω t1

For t 1 ≤ t ≤ 2t 1 , the response is the sum of equations (a) and (b):

) ( )
po t−t 1 sin ω ( t−t 1 )
(
p o t sin ωt
u ( t )= − − −
k t 1 ω t1 k t1 ωt1

{ }
po 1
¿ , u (t)=
k
1−
ωt1
[ sin ωt −sin ω ( t−t 1 ) ] t 1 ≤ t ≤ 2t 1 … …. (f )

For 2 t 1 ≤t ≤3 t 1 , the response is the sum of equations (a), (b) and (c):

) ( ) ( )
po t−t 1 sin ω ( t−t 1 ) po t−2 t 1 sin ω ( t−2 t 1 )
(
p o t sin ωt
u ( t )= − − − − −
k t 1 ω t1 k t1 ωt1 k t1 ω t1

{ }
po t 1
¿ , u (t)=
k
3− −
t 1 ω t1
[ sin ωt−sin ω ( t−t 1 )−sin ω ( t−2t 1 ) ] 2 t 1 ≤ t ≤ 3t 1 … … ( g )

For t ≥ 3 t 1 , the response is the sum of equations (a), (b), (c) and (d):

) ( ) ( ) ( )
po t−t 1 sin ω ( t−t 1 ) po t−2 t 1 sin ω ( t−2 t 1 ) po t−3t 1 sin ω ( t−3 t 1 )
(
p o t sin ωt
u ( t )= − − − − − + −
k t 1 ω t1 k t1 ωt1 k t1 ω t1 k t1 ω t1

( )
po −1
¿ , u (t )=
k ωt1
[ sin ωt−sin ω ( t−t 1 )−sin ω ( t−2t 1 ) +sin ω ( t−3 t 1 ) ] t ≥3 t 1
… … … (h )

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