NCMB 315 - Research Reviewer
NCMB 315 - Research Reviewer
QUEZON CITY
NCMB 315
NURSING
RESEARCH 2
PRELIMS
Week 3
INTRODUCTION TO NURSING
RESEARCH
Week 4
Week 2
PHASES OF NURSING
RESEARCH
Week 5
INTRODUCTION &
FORMULATION OF
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
WEEK 1
RESEARCH PURPOSE OF NURSING RESEARCH
Is a diligent, systematic inquiry or study
that validates and refines existing Description
knowledge and develops new
knowledge. Describing a phenomenon affecting
Scientific investigation, systematic, the nursing profession.
controlled,and empirical inquiry about a Describing varied phenomena such
subject/topic through a problem- as: stress & coping, pain
solving process using a method. management, adaptation, health
beliefs & practices
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
Explanation
That helps us discover new knowledge.
That helps us answer questions, solve It offers understanding, clarification,
and information on why a certain
problems, and make decisions.
phenomenon occurs.
That help us identify and understand the
causes Why is it significant to provide for
psychological needs of patients in
Effects of a situation or phenomenon ICU?
To validate or test an existing theory
Prediction
SCIENTIFIC UNDERTAKINGS
IN RESEARCH It estimates and anticipates the
probability of a certain outcome in a
Medical Research specific situation like nursing
Experts in the field of medicine have intervention.
found out effective treatment for What are the effects of prolonged
some killer diseases. bed rest on the hospitalized
Children now enjoy new flavor of patient’s recovery?
medicines.
Control
Business Research
Products in the market are more The manipulation of a given
competitive than before situation to produce the desired
Producers of consumer goods are outcome.
always re- inventing products. Therapeutic effects of touch help a
Agricultural Research patient & family cope with their
fears
Research contributed to increased
production of agricultural goods; ◦ IMPORTANCE
Research plays an important role in
sustaining food for humankind
ICT Research Serves as tool for the continual
Researchers change the way we development of a relevant body of
communicate knowledge in nursing.
Generates information from nursing
I. NURSING RESEARCH investigations which help define the
unique role of nursing as a
Is a systematic inquiry designed to
profession.
develop trustworthy evidences about
issues and importance to the nursing Demonstrates professional
profession, including: accountability as research evidence
applied to their clinical decisions.
o Nursing practice
o Education
o Administration
o Informatics
WEEK 1
Facilitates evaluation of the
efficacy of nursing practice which STEPS OF RESEARCH PROCESS
may articulate their role in the
delivery of health services. The research problem
Formulation of research objectives
IMPORTANCE FOR BEING A NURSE Review of related literature
Delimitation of the research problem
Understand a particular nursing situation Formulation of testable hypothesis
about which little is known, Identification of research variables
Assess the need for an intervention, Construction of research design
Identify factors that must be considered in
Designing tools for data collection
planning nursing care,
Designing plan for data analysis
Predict the probable outcomes of certain
Collection of data
nursing decisions,
Data processing
Control the occurrence of undesired
outcomes, Data analysis & interpretation
Provide advice to enhance client health, and Drawing conclusions
Initiate activities to promote appropriate &recommendations
client behavior Writing of research report
Reporting of research findings
ROLES OF NURSING IN RESEARCH
III. CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC
1. Principal Investigator (PI)
2. Member
A. IDENTIFYING A TOPIC
3. Identifier of researchable problems
4. Evaluator of research findings State your topic idea as a question.
5. User of the research findings For example, if you are interested in
6. Collaborator finding out about “Bullying” and
7. Patient’s advocate nurses in the medical center you
8. As a subject in the study might pose the question
9. Communicator "How did Bullying impact nurses in a
health team at XX Medical Center”
II. RESEARCH PROCESS
B. IDENTIFYING MAIN CONCEPT
1. Identify the research problem These are potential search terms. In
2. Review the literature this case they are “bullying" “nurses"
3. Specify a research purpose “health team" and “workplace –
Medical Center
4. Collect data
5. Analyze & interpret data C. TESTING THE TOPIC
6. Report & evaluate research Browse or scan to make sure that
your topic isn't completely covered in
another paper; also to ensure that
there is enough information available
to complete the project.
If you are finding too much
information and too many sources,
narrow your topic.
For example: "women and athletes
and college and athletics".
WEEK 1
Finding too little information may indicate V. EVALUATING RESEARCH PROBLEMS
that you need to broaden your topic by
using a more general term or terms in your There are no rules in making the final
search. selection of a research problem, but
some criteria should be kept in mind
D. FINDING BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Find one or more sources of background Significance of the Problem
information to read. o Is the problem an important one?
Exploit bibliographies Research ability of the Problem
o Is your research problem already
IV. CONCEPTUAL PHASE answered?
Feasibility of addressing the problem:
Experience and clinical fieldwork o Time and timing
As nurses perform clinical duties, they o Availability of study participants
are bound to find a wealth of research o Cooperation of others
ideas. o Facilities and equipment
Example: o Money
Why do many patients complain of being o Research experience
tired after being transferred from the o Ethical considerations
operating room? o Research interest
WEEK 1
DISTINCT FEATURES OF THEORY TYPES OF FRAMEWORKS
WEEK 1
QUALTITATIVE RESEARCH XII. STEPS IN COMPUTING FOR
Studies dealing with phenomena that are ADEQUATE SAMPLE
difficult or impossible to quantify
mathematically, such as beliefs, Determine the size of the study
meanings, symbols, it involves content population
analysis, thematic development, Decide on the margin of error (1-5 but
inductive-deductive analysis. 3 is the ideal one)
Rigorous investigation of a situation or Use the formula:
problem in order to generate new n= N/1 + Ne2
knowledge or validate existing Where:
knowledge. n = the size of the sample
N = the size of the population
X. COMMON RESEARCH DESIGNS e = the margin of error
If the samples are stratifies, compute
1. HISTORICAL RESEARCH the sample proportion (percent) by
Past events
dividing the result from the formula by
2. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH the population
Describe and find truth (case studies,
survey) TYPES OF PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
3. COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
Examines relationships Simple random
(similarities/differences) lottery
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Systematic
Seeks to answer causation; one interval formula
variable to effect one or more variable Stratified
different groups adequately included
XI. LOCALE & POPULATION OF STUDY Cluster
large scale survey
A brief description of the place where
participants or respondents are to be Multi – stage sampling
obtained. more than 2 steps
Description of Respondents
TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY
o Explain how and where the subjects are SAMPLING
taken
o Agency and frequency of subjects
o Adequate Accidental or convenience
o Sample sizes determine before conduct Sample conveniently available
of the Purposive
study Based on subjective judgment
There are no fixed rules for size of Quota
sample, but recommendations include: Number of samples that must be covered;
certain number
o When population is homogenous, a
Snowball
smaller
sample is enough; if heterogeneous, a Known source then in turn give other
larger sources
sample is recommended. Networking sampling
o The size of sample varies inversely as the Used to find socially devalued urban
size populations such as addicts, alcoholics,
of the population: child abusers and criminals because they
o For greater accuracy, a larger sample is are usually hidden from outsiders
recommended Voluntary Response Sampling
WEEK 1
XIII. RESEARCH MEASURING TOOLS FIELD NOTES
o broader, analytic and more interpretative
1. QUESTIONNAIRES listing of occurrences; narrative accounts of
Inexpensive
what happen in the field
Large number of populations
Only feasible way to reach a large BIOPHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES
population o Very objective, very accurate
Starts with definition of data then o Very technical
interpretation of results
WHEN TO USE? PHASES OF NURSING
o When resources are limited RESEARCH
o When it is necessary to protect the privacy
of the participants
o When corroborating other findings
1. CONCEPTUAL PHASE
CONSIDERATION WHEN WRITING
QUESTIONNAIRES - Formulating & defining a problem
o Clarity - Topic selection
o Avoid leading and embarrassing questions - Literature review
o Proper phrasing
o Confidentiality / privacy - Framework development
o Relevant - Hypothesis
2. TYPES OF DATA 2. DESIGN & PLANNING PHASE
EXISTING DATA – records - Research design
o Hospital charts - Developing intervention protocols
o Care plans
o History - Sampling (identifying population)
o Government agencies (NSO, DOH) - Research tool
ORIGINAL DATA – yet to be gathered 3. EMPIRICAL
using tools - Data collection
3. TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION
SELF-REPORT 4. ANALYTIC
o Perceptions, beliefs, behaviors, concerns - Data analysis
with validity and accuracy - Data interpretation
UNSTRUCTURED 5. DISSEMINATION
o Starts with no prepared questions but with - Communication of research
focus
o Ethnographic - Findings
o Hermeneutics - Utilization of findings
WEEK 2
II. RESEARCH OUTLINE IV. WHERE DO RESEARCH PROBLEMS
IDEA CAME FROM?
A. THE PROBLEM & ITS BACKGROUND 1. EXPERIENCE AND CLINICAL FIELDWORK
Introduction As nurses perform clinical duties, they
Statement of the problem are bound to find a wealth of research
Hypothesis of the study ideas
Significance of the study Example:
Scope & limitation of the study Why do many patients complain of
B. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE & being tired after being transferred from the
STUDIES operating room?
Review of RLS
Conceptual framework 2. NURSING LITERATURE
Research paradigm Ideas from studies often come from
Definition of terms reading nursing literature.
Example:
C. METHODOLOGY Which type of tactile stimulation is
Research design
most beneficial to physiological wellness of
Locale & population of the study
clients?
Description of the respondents
Data gathering, instrumentation & procedures
3. SOCIAL ISSUES
Statistical treatment used
Topics are suggested by more global
D. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS & contemporary social or political issues of
INTERPRETATION OF DATA relevance to health of the community
n/a Example:
E. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS & What are the social factors
RECOMMENDATIONS contributory to sexual harassment?
Summary
Findings 4. THEORIES
Conclusions Must be tested for applicability in
Recommendations different nursing environments
Example:
III. RESEARCH PROBLEM If this theory is correct, what kind of
behavior would I expect to find in a certain
A. QUANTITATIVE SAMPLE RESEARCH condition?
PROBLEM
5. IDEAS FROM EXTERNAL SOURCES
1. What is the demographic profile of the Provides an impetus for a research idea
respondents in terms of the following: o Example: Sir Dino may give a list of
topics to choose from or may assign
1.1.Sex particular topics to students
1.2.Age
1.3.Education level
1.4.Family income level V. DEVELOPING RESEARCH PROBLEMS
1.5.Current work position of parents; and
1.6.Civil status. Once you have identified the topic of
interest, you can begin to ask some
2. How do the respondents may describe broad questions that can lead you to a
the personal traits in terms of: researchable problem.
VI. EVALUATING RESEARCH PROBLEMS
2.1.Self-esteem
2.2.Self-confidence; and
2.3.Cognitive adaptability ✔Significance of the Problem
Is the problem an important one?
B. QUALITATIVE SAMPLE RESEARCH
PROBLEMS ✔Researchability of the Problem
1. What characterizes the lived experiences of Is your research problem already
Filipino Adult Women after Bilateral Tubal answered?
Ligation?
WEEK 2
✔Feasibility of addressing the problem
o Time and Timing LONGITUDINAL CROSS-SECTIONAL
o Availability of Study Participants RESEARCH RESEARCH
o Cooperation of others
o Facilities and Equipment
o Money Involves a
considerable
o Research Experience Shorter span of time,
length of time in
o Ethical Considerations different group of
studying the
o Research Interest same group of
respondents,
participants or
respondents,
VII. KINDS OF RESEARCH subjects of different
participants or
characteristics are
subjects.
treated
Pure or Basic (MASTERAL &
simultaneously.
Applied Research PhD)
Research Morbidity profile
1-2 years
of 30 children
ages 1-5 years
Study oriented Newton’s Law, Boyle’s Law,
towards the Charles’ Law
development An investigation that
of a theory enriches for a solution to a
It aims to practical problem ACTION RESEARCH
provide It seeks to improve human
knowledge or condition by providing
understanding knowledge that can be Is a decision oriented research involving the
Also called used for practical application of the steps of the scientific method
“Basic application in response to an immediate need to improve
research” or Involves seeking new existing practices
fundamental applications of scientific
research knowledge to the solution
Also called of a problem, such as VIII. GENERAL TYPES OF RESEARCH
“Basic development of a new
research” or system or procedure, new
fundamental device, or new method in 1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
research order to solve the problem Seek answer to WHO, WHAT, WHERE,
and HOWquestions
Describe a given situation or a given state
of affairs in terms of specific factors.
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE “Learning Strategies of Nursing Board
RESEARCH RESEARCH Reviewees”
“Increasing Incidence of Acute
Respiratory Infection among Young
Children in Sitio Tampoy, Valenzuela”
Undertaken to Conducted to find
answer questions answers to questions 2. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH/
about the plethora about relationships ASSOCIATION/ CORRELATION RESEARCH
of phenomena among measurable Answers the questions WHY and HOW?
primary aimed at variables with purpose Attempts to explain possible factors
giving attributes of explaining, which are associated with or may
and understanding controlling, and contribute to the occurrence of the
of nature based on predicting problem
the observer’s phenomena. Hence, it “Relationship Between Faculty Teaching
viewpoint. It is is knowing the Competency and Performance of Nursing
knowing the outcome stated in Students of Our Lady of Fatima
process numerical data. University”
WEEK 2
“Attributed of Effective teachers: its II. TYPES ACCORDING TO TIME
Impact on the Academic performance of ELEMENTS
Nursing Students”
1. CROSS SECTIONAL
It is a type of studies wherein there is a
3. INTERVENTION OR EXPERIMENTAL different type of subject with different
RESEARCH type of characteristics.
Evaluates the effect or outcome of a Treat them simultaneously
particular intervention or treatment 1 to 2 years in the making
Studies the CAUSE & EFFECT relationship 2. LONGITUDINAL
between certain factors on a certain It is a type of studies wherein same set
phenomenon under controlled condition/s of subjects is treated over a period of
“Use of Crude Extract of Black Pepper time
(Piper nigrum) and Onion (Allium cepa) as Above 4 years in the making
Antifungal 3. ACTION RESEARCH
Agents to Inhibit the Growth of Decision-oriented research involving
the application of the steps of the
Trichophyton mentagrophytes” scientific method in response to an
“Effects of IV Administered Nalbuphine immediate need to improve existing
through Combine Patient-Controlled practices
Analgesia (PCA): A Multicenter Experience”
III. TYPES ACCORDING TO PROCESS
IX. CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
1. QUANTITATIVE
1. LIBRARY RESEARCH It is conducted to find answers to
Done in the library where answers to
specific questions or problems of the study questions about relationships among
are available. Applicable to historical measurable variables with purpose of
research explaining, controlling, and predicting
2. FIELD RESEARCH phenomena.
Conducted in a natural setting. No changes Hence, it is knowing the outcome
are made in the environment. Applicable to stated in NUMERICAL DATA
both descriptive and experimental research (measurable)
3. LABORATORY RESEARCH Max of 100
Conducted in artificial or controlled
conditions by isolating the study in a 2. QUALITATIVE
rigorous specified and operationalized area. Starts with a FEW PRECONCEIVED
Applicable to experimental, descriptive, and IDEAS and stresses the importance of
case study people’s interpretations of events and
circumstances
TYPES OF RESEARCH & FOCUS: TO CAPTURE AND
RESEARCH VARIABLES
UNDERSTAND the entirely of certain
phenomena and collect NARRATIVE
I. TYPES ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
DATA (not measurable)
1. BASIC/ PURE In depth interview (max of 12)
It aims to acquire new knowledge and
understanding. IV. VARIABLES
It is basic and has no application
Ex: Theory, Understanding of grieving process 1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Affects the value of the dependent
2. APPLIED
it is oriented towards finding solution to a condition that produces the outcome
practical problem. - It is a new method, new “ASSUMED CAUSE” of a problem
intervention or new device What the researcher manipulates or
Ex: new gadget, transferring of file varies
WEEK 3
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLES 3. AFFIRMATIVE/ALTERNATIVE
Factor whose value is affected by the HYPOTHESIS
independent variable POSITIVE FORM of null hypothesis
Variable that being measured Proposition that there is association or
Outcome of the process or “ASSUME significant Relationship between the
EFFECT” independent and dependent Variables
Change that occurs in the study population Cannot be tested directly
Example: Example:
The effect of poverty on child There IS significant difference between the
development. mean age of male nursing students and
Music therapy and its effect on weight gain mean age of female nursing students in
of premature infants terms of emotional quotient.
1. ✔SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS
TERMINOLOGIES
Expresses an expected relationship
between one independent and one
dependent variable Research topic
refers to the area or phenomenon on
Example: which to focus
The effect of poverty on child development
Problem statement
at articulates the problem to be addressed
Calvario, Meycauayan Bulacan and indicates the need for a study
2. ✔COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS Research questions
Expresses prediction of a relationship are the specific queries researchers what
between two or more independent to address
variables to two or more dependent Statement of purpose
variables Identifies the overall goal of the study
Example: Research problem
Among women with multiple sclerosis, Question for which researchers want
functional limitations are influenced by answers, theory they wish to validate,
information gaps they want to fill,
external sources such as education, marital condition they want to improve, difficulty
status, social support and employment they want to eliminate, an issue to be
status settled.
Stated in a form of question which serve
NOTE as the focus of investigation
o Qualitative research does not test
hypothesis
WEEK 4
✔Client
IDEAS FOR RESEARCH ✔Society
PROBLEMS CAME FROM? ✔Administrators and Planners
✔Decision-makers
1. EXPERIENCE AND CLINICAL FIELDWORK ✔Implementors
As nurses perform clinical duties, they are ✔Community
bound to find a wealth of research ideas ✔Educational Institution
✔Practitioners
Example:
Why do many patients complain of
II. SCOPE & LIMITATIONS
being tired after being transferred from the
operating room? The scope identifies boundaries or
coverage of the study in terms of
2. NURSING LITERATURE subjects, objectives, facilities, area,
Ideas from studies often come from reading time frame, and the issues to which
nursing literature. the research is specifically focused.
Example: The limitation of the study defines
Which type of tactile stimulation is most the constraints or weaknesses,
beneficial to physiological wellness of clients? which are not within the control of
the researcher, therefore they are
not expected to be covered by the
3. SOCIAL ISSUES study
Topics are suggested by more global
contemporary social or political issues of A. SUGGESTED PHRASES
relevance to health of the community Scope
Example: ✔The study will focus on...
What are the social factors contributory to sexual ✔The coverage of the study...
harassment? ✔The study covers the...
✔The study focuses on...
4. THEORIES ✔It includes...
Must be tested for applicability in different ✔It is concerned with...
nursing environments ✔It also involves the...
Example: ✔The study consist of...
If this theory is correct, what kind of behavior
would I expect to find in a certain condition? Delimitation
✔The study is limited to...
5. IDEAS FROM EXTERNAL SOURCES ✔The study does not cover the...
Provides an impetus for a research idea ✔The investigator limited the research to...
Example: ✔It does not seek to include...
Sir Dino may give a list of topics to choose from
III. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE &
or may assign particular topics to students STUDIES
A. PURPOSE OF THE LIT. REVIEW
I. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
A good synthetic review has three
In this section, the researcher expresses
the value or importance of the research characteristics (Strike & Posner, 1983)
study. It is where the significant It clarifies and perhaps resolves the
contribution of the results of the study problems within a field of study rather
are enumerated. than glossing over those problems.
Such contributions may be viewed from It resolves in a progressive shift that yields
the point of the target beneficiaries like:\ a new perspective on the literature with
more explanatory and predictive power
✔Researcher himself than is offered by existing perspectives.
✔Service providers It helps clarify terms and concept
WEEK 4
B. LITERATURE SHOULD WE USE GRAY LITERATURE?
Art of written work; sometimes refers Research results are often more
exclusively to published sources detailed in reports than in research
articles.
1. Exposes main gaps in knowledge [and] Reports often give in-depth
identifies principal areas of dispute and
explanations and discussion about a
uncertainty
certain topic or variable, whereas
2. Helps identify general patterns to findings research literatures discuss different
from multiple examples of research in the same
area variables and limit discussions to the
most relevant only
3. Juxtaposing studies with apparently
Gray literatures are published earlier
conflicting findings helps explore explanations
for discrepancies before being published elsewhere.
Some results simply are not published
4. Helps define your terminology or identify
variations in definitions used by researchers or anywhereelse.
practitioners.
D. RECOMMENDED ONLINE JOURNALS
5. Helps to identify appropriate research
methodologies. 1. JSTOR (JOURNAL STORAGE)
6. You can also identify validated scales and Online system of archiving academic
instruments. journals
RESEARCH DATABASE It provides its member institutions full-
text searches of digitized back issues of
Google several hundred well-known journals
JSTOR 7,000 academic institutions in 159
Proquest countries
Elsevier
EBSCO 2. DOAJ (DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCESS
Science direct JOURNALS)
DOAJ Open Access Journals – users have the
right to “read, download, copy,
C. TYPOLOGY OF RESEARCH distribute, print, search or link to the full
LITERATURE IN NURSING RESEARCH texts of articles”
As of October 2012, the database
IDENTIFYING THE RIGHT LITERATURE contained 8284 journals, with an
SOURCES
average of four journals being added
each day for the month of September
(2nd) SUBJECTIVE 2012.
BOOKS
LITERATURE 3. EBSCO HOST
EBSCO is a diverse company which
(1st) RESEARCH JOURNALS (printed, includes over 30 businesses:
LITERATURE online) Fishing lures
Steel joist and metal roof deck
manufacturing
MAGAZINES,
Real estate development
GRAY LITERATURE CIRCULATIONS,
(not allowed) POSTER, FLYERS,
A host to many journals databases
BROCHURES ETC.
4. ELSEVIER
Elsevier is a publishing company which
publishes medical and scientific
literature - One of its databases is
ScienceDirect
WEEK 4
5. SCIENCE DIRECT KINDS OF DATA
ScienceDirect is one of the largest
online collections of published scientific 1.EMPIRICAL REFERENCES
research in the world Include documents, articles and
It is operated by Elsevier and contains reports on studies based on actual
nearly 10 million articles from Elsevier experience or observation, these are
Abstracts are mostly freely available, references based on research (could
be a primary or secondary source)
and full texts require paid subscriptions
2.NON-EMPIRICAL/ NON-RESEARCH
E. THE ONLINE JOURNAL OF ISSUES IN REFERENCES
NURSING AKA: conceptual literature – not
based on actual research experience
The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing is a or investigation, includes case
reports, anecdotal recordings,
peerreviewed publication that provides a
commentaries and opinion articles
forum for discussion of the issues inherent and clinical description (journals,
in current topics of interest to nurses and books, and magazines)
other health care professionals Subjective
The intent of this journal is to present SOURCES OF DATA
different views on issues that affect nursing
research, education, and practice, thus Primary
enabling readers to understand the full description of an investigation
complexity of a topic written by the person who conducted it,
one which the researcher himself has
F. TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN LITERATURE written (journals, books, research grant
SEARCH
indexes, internet sites, research abstracts
1. OPTION 1 prepared by the researcher, oral
EBSCOHOST RESEARCH DATABASE presentation)
Any factual information acquired through
the use of modern technologies Secondary
description of studies/research
2. OPTION 2 prepared and presented in oral or
MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL
DATABASES written form by someone other than
the researcher (literature review,
reaction/ research papers and reviews,
INTRODUCTION & FORMULATION OF
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK research critiques, abstract prepared
by reviewer)
The beginning piece of thread in research I. LITERATURE REVIEW IN RESEARCH
papers Theoretical Framework
To ‘introduce’ Review of Previous Literature and
PARTS OF INTRODUCTION Studies
1st – Importance of the study
2nd to 3rd – GAP Prevailing tendency
4th – Outcome, goal and purpose T Trends Norm/Popular Commonly
BOLD ATTEMPT – researchers made occurring Definitions
CROSS-REFERENCED – cited from
previous research Controversy Opposing
BLIND I Issue
viewpoint Disagreement
conflicting research results
BLANK
no/few research done o Both need
P Problem Difficulty
research
WEEK 5
II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK IN COMMON RESEARCH DESIGNS:
RESEARCH
Historical Research
a systematic and critical inquiry of the
S State Present theory whole truth of past events using the
critical method in understanding and the
interpretation of facts which are
applicable to current issues and
E Explain Cross-referenced problems.
Descriptive Research
the study focuses onthe present
How it relates to the condition and the purpose is to describe
C Contextualize
present study and find new truth which includes case
studies and survey research.
SAMPLE LITERATURE REVIEW Comparative Research
the researcher carefully examines the
A Study of Hotel Employees Behavioral Intentions relationships (similarities or difference)
towards Adoption of Information Technology among several variables.
Lam, et al, 2007 Experimental Research
Hospitality Management seeks to answer question about
causation; researchers attribute the
change in one variable to the effect of
S Synoptic Summary one or more variable.
PLAGIARISM
E Evidence Research done before To steal or pass off the ideas or words
of another as one’s own
To use another’s production without
What seems to be crediting the source
A Evidence
lacking To commit literary theft
To present as new and original an idea
III. METHODOLOGY or product derived from an existing
source
A. RESEARCH DESIGNS In short, it is an act of fraud. It involves
The plans or research design form the both stealing someone else’s work and
structure and the researcher’s method of lying about it afterward
answering his questions and conducting
studies CRITERIA FOR PLAGIARISM
It is the BLUEPRINT of your study
Turning in someone else’s work as your
Research design is categorized according to
own
the procedure the collects and analyze data
Copying words or ideas from someone
based on the way information is collected else without giving credit
Filing to put a quotation in quotation
TWO BASIC RESEARCH DESIGNS: marks
Giving incorrect information about the
✔Qualitative source of a quotation
✔Quantitative Changing words but copying the
sentence structure of a source without
giving credit
Copying so many words from a source
that it makes up the majority of your
work whether you give credit or not
WEEK 5
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Conceptual definition
usually taken from the dictionary
Operational definition
expresses the meaning of terms as
used in the particular field of the
study
Guidelines:
✔Define those terms which may
have a special meaning or are
differently used
✔Define those terms or languages
created by some discipline
✔Define only what is absolutely
necessary
✔Complicated definition must be
placed on the appendix
DESCRIPTION OF THE
RESPONDENTS
DATA GATHERING,
INSTRUMENT &
PROCEDURES
Questionnaires