25-01-2022

ES200 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES:

Science & Engineering
Module-B
Ecosystem & Biodiversity
Water Quality & Health
Water & Wastewater Treatment

Lecture-1 Amritanshu Shriwastav

ESED, IIT Bombay
[email protected]

2 Contents: Module B

 Ecosystem & Biodiversity

 Water Resources
 Water Quality & Pollution Sources
 Parameters for Water Quality Characteristics, and Standards
 Conventional Surface Water Treatment System
 Conventional Municipal Wastewater Treatment System
 Alternate Water & Wastewater Treatment

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3 Text/References
 Cunningham W.P., Cunningham M.A. (2002) Principles of
Environmental Science, 4th edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Ltd. New Delhi.
 Miller, G.T.J. (2005) Essentials of Ecology, 3rd edition, Thomson
Learning Inc.
 Masters, G.M., Ela, W.P. (2008) Introduction to Environmental
Engineering and Science, 3rd edition, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
 Arceivala, S.J., Asolekar, S.R. (2007) Wastewater Treatment for
Pollution Control and Reuse, 3rd edition, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi.
 Other texts and references

4 Evaluation
 1 Assignment (10 Marks)
 1 End Semester Exam (23 Marks)

 Module B – 33% weightage towards final grades

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5 Learning Objectives
Ecosystem & Biodiversity
 Definition and examples of ecosystem
 Important concepts and contributors in an ecosystem
 Biodiversity: concept & importance
 Biodiversity hotspots in India/World
 Conservation of biodiversity

6 What is an Ecosystem?
Eco + System
An ecosystem is a community of different species interacting
with one another and with their physical environment in which
matter cycles and energy flows.

http://eschooltoday.com/ecosystems/what-is-an-ecosystem.html

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7 Components of an Ecosystem

Ecosystem

Biotic Abiotic
 Plants  Sunlight
 Animals  Air
 Microorganisms  Water
 Soil

8 Concepts in an Ecosystem

Food Chain

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http://eschooltoday.com/ecosystems/what-is-a-foodchain.html

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9 Concepts in an Ecosystem
Food Web

http://eschooltoday.com/ecosystems/what-is-a-foodchain.html

10 Concepts in an Ecosystem
Trophic Levels of Food Chain

http://apbioecologyproject.weebly.com/uploads/4/9/7/2/49723057/1416103_orig.png

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11 Concepts in an Ecosystem
Is it Possible??

Botkin and Keller (2010)

12 Concepts in an Ecosystem
Pyramid of Energy

https://upload.wikime
dia.org/wikipedia/co
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13 Concepts in an Ecosystem
Primary Productivity
 The rate at which an ecosystem’s producers convert solar
energy into chemical energy as biomass is the ecosystem’s
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP).

 To stay alive, grow, and reproduce, an ecosystem’s

producers must use some of the biomass they produce for
their own respiration (R).

Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = GPP – R

NPP is a measure of how fast producers can provide the food
needed by consumers in an ecosystem.

The planet’s NPP ultimately limits the number of consumers

(including humans) that can survive on the Earth.

14 Concepts in an Ecosystem

http://krupp.wcc.hawaii.edu/BIOL200/powerpnt/ecolprin/img040.jpg

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15 Concepts in an Ecosystem
Ecological Efficiency
Ecological efficiency is the efficiency with which production at
one trophic level is converted into production at the next level.
( + )
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16 Examples of Ecosystem
Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem

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17 Examples of Ecosystem
Fresh Water Ecosystem

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18 Examples of Ecosystem
Marine Ecosystem

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19 Examples of Ecosystem

Reading Assignment
Identify members in various trophic levels in the following
ecosystems, and develop their food chains and food webs:
 Tropical rain forest ecosystem
 Freshwater ecosystem
 Marine ecosystem
 Desert ecosystem

20 Ecosystem Services

http://roa.midatlanticocean.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/ecosystem_services.png

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21 Human Impacts on Ecosystems

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22 Human Impacts on Ecosystems

http://awsassets.panda.org/img/original/infographic___deforestation_since_1990.png

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23 Human Impacts on Ecosystems

http://naturalsociety.com/wp-
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/present
content/uploads/fish_plastic_p
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ders.com/oilpollutionfact effect-on-animals-plants-3-
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24 Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life-forms, commonly
expressed as the number of species in an area, or the number
of genetic types in an area.

 Biodiversity helps maintain the sustainability and ecological

functioning of ecosystems
 It also serves as a source of adaptations to changing
environmental conditions

Biodiversity includes:
 Genetic diversity: variety in the genetic makeup among
individuals within a species or a population

 Species diversity: variety among the species found in

different habitats

 Ecological diversity: variety of different ecosystems found in

an area or on the Earth

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25 Importance of Biodiversity

 Instrumental Value for Humans

 Intrinsic Value and Ecological Services

26 Biodiversity Index
Species Location-1 Location-2 Location-3 Richness
A (nA) 200 550 950 Evenness
B (nB) 250 420 50
C (nC) 250 20 0
D (nD) 150 8 0 Rare
E (nE) 150 2 0
Species?
Total (N) 1000 1000 1000

Simpson’s 0.79 0.52 0.10

Shannon’s 1.58 0.82 0.20

Simpson’s Index of Diversity Shannon’s Index

=1− =−

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27 Threat to Biodiversity

 Habitat destruction
 Habitat fragmentation
 Pollution
 Over exploitation
 Introduction of exotic or invasive species
 Diseases
 Poaching of wild life

28 Biodiversity Hotspots
Any region with very high biodiversity endangered with
destruction may be called as biodiversity hotspot.

To qualify as a Biodiversity Hotspot, a region must meet two

strict criteria:
1. It must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants
(> 0.5% of the world’s total) as endemics,
2. It has to have lost at least 70% of its original habitat.

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29 Biodiversity Hotspots

35 Hotspots
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog30/sites/www.e-education.psu.edu.geog30/files/Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg

30 Conservation of Biodiversity
 UN lead effort: member countries to make their
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action
Plans
 National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP),
MoEFCC, GoI
 Biological Diversity Act in 2002

http://nbaindia.org/

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31 Conservation of Biodiversity
Biodiversity Conservation

In-situ Conservation Ex-situ Conservation

Protected Area 1. Seed Bank

2. Field Gene Bank
3. Cryopreservation
National Park
1. Botanical Gardens
Sanctuary 2. Zoological Parks
3. Aquariums
Biosphere Reserve
1. Home Gardens
2. Sacred Plants
Terrestrial Marine

32 Next Lecture:

Water Resources

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