11 STEM 1

Quarter 3 – Module 3:
“Cell Cycle: Mitosis”

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points
(STEM_BIO11/12 – Id – f – 6);
2. describe the stages of mitosis given 2n = 6 (STEM_BIO11/12 – Id – f – 7).

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Read the module intently.

2. Follow the directions given in each activity. Failure
to follow means deduction of score.
3. Answer the Activity Form, which is attached at the
end of the module, honestly.
4. Use ONLY the ACTIVITY FORM 3 as an answer
sheet.
5. LATE SUBMISSION, MINUS SCORE!
6. Submit ONLY the answered ‘Activity Form’ on
April 07, 2022.

HAZEL M. SALAÑO, LPT

TEACHER
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One of the distinct characteristics of living things is being able to perpetuate themselves. Cells need to
undergo cycles as part of their growth and to repair or replace damaged ones. Cell cycle enables an organism to
continue its existence by multiplying itself in controlled and systematic processes. This chapter will enhance your
understanding on one of the key features of life which is cell reproduction. This will provide you with the concepts
on the different stages of cell cycle and the two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis - and explain their
significance on an organism.
Cell division is important for two reasons:
➢ To be able to produce offspring
➢ To generate new cells that will replace worn out or damaged cells

The cell cycle is divided into two main stages:

1. Interphase – non-dividing stage (G1, S, and G2 phases, G0)

2. Cell division – dividing stage (mitosis for somatic cells and meiosis for sex cells

Let’s Learn
All types of cells have the ability to reproduce through cell division, which is part of the step of the cell
cycle. Making new cells ensures that organisms grow and increase in number. Even when the cell is not dividing,
DNA duplication is taking place in the preparation for the next cell cycle. It is also during this phase that cell grows,
or organelles are built, and the normal metabolic activities of the cell take place. As the DNA is completely
duplicated, the cell now is ready to undergo mitosis, which result in the separation of the DNA copies. Each nucleus
of the daughter cells receives a set of chromosomes identical to its parent cell. Finally, it will be followed by
cytokinesis or the division of the cytoplasm where the cell divides producing two new cells.

Lesson 1: Cell Cycle: Mitosis

The ability to reproduce in kind is a basic characteristic of all living organisms. “In kind”
means that the offspring of any organism closely resemble their parent or parents. Sexual
reproduction requires fertilization, the union of gametes from two individual organisms resulting in
a fertilized egg or zygote. Countless cell divisions subsequently occur in a controlled manner to
produce a complex, multicellular organism. In other words, that original single cell is the ancestor
of every other cell in the body. Once an individual is fully grown, cell reproduction is still necessary
to repair or regenerate tissues. For example, new blood and skin cells are constantly being
produced. All multicellular organisms use cell division for growth and for the maintenance and repair of cells and
tissues. For single – celled organisms, they use cell division as their method of reproduction.

The continuity of life from one cell to another has its foundation in the
reproduction of cells by way of the cell cycle. The cell cycle is an orderly
sequence of events that describes the stages of a cell’s life from the division of
a single parent cell to the production of two new daughter cells. The
mechanisms involved in the cell cycle are highly regulated. Mitosis is the part of
a cell cycle that results in identical daughter nuclei that are also genetically
identical to the original parent nucleus. In mitosis, both the parent and the
daughter nuclei are at the same ploidy level – diploid for most plants and
animals. Meiosis employs many of the same mechanisms as mitosis. However,
the starting nucleus is always diploid and the nuclei that result at the end of a
meiotic cell division are haploid. Nuclear division (karyokinesis) is usually
followed by the cytoplasm into two (cytokinesis).
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Has anyone ever told you that you

were “going through a phase”? A
phase is a defined period within a
cycle of change. Cells go through
phases, too. The sequence of
phases in the life cycle of a cell is
called the cell cycle. The cell cycle
has two parts: Growth and
preparation (interphase) and cell
division (mitosis or meiosis). Cell
division in turn is divided into two
stages: Karyokinesis and
cytokinesis.

It has already said that cell cycle has two major parts: Interphase and cell division. This module will be focusing on
mitosis that involves the cell division of body cells (somatic). During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated. During
the mitotic phase, the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are distributed, and the cell divides to produce two identical
daughter cells.

How does the cell prepare for mitosis while in interphase?

Interphase is the part of the cell cycle through which the cell undergoes normal
growth processes while also preparing for cell division. In order for a cell to move from
interphase into mitotic phase, many internal and external conditions must be met. Interphase
is by far the longest part of the cell cycle – typically about 90 percent of the total time.
Interphase has three stages based on the metabolic activity taking place in the cell: G1 (first
gap), S (synthesis stage), and G2 (second gap).

The phases of cell cycle happen along with the cell cycle control system. Cell cycle control system, also
called as cell cycle checkpoints, is driven by a built-in clock that can be adjusted by external stimuli like sending
chemical messages (protein). This control system is essential to ensure that the daughter cells produced be exact
duplicates of the parent cell. Mistakes in the duplication or distribution of the chromosomes lead to mutations that
may be passed on to every new cell produced from as abnormal cell.
Cell cycle control system has three main checkpoints: G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, and metaphase
checkpoint. G1 checkpoint is the restriction point which ensures that the cell is large enough to divide and that
enough nutrients are available to support the resulting daughter cells. If the said requirements were met, the cell
will receive a “go – ahead” signal from a protein called kinase, allowing the cell to enter the cell cycle. If the cell
doesn’t receive a “go – ahead” signal, it will exit the cell cycle and switch to a non – dividing state called G0
(quiescent phase).

Interphase
1.) First Gap (G1) – cell growth
During G1, the cell actively produces ATP, RNA, and protein. Also, during this stage, the cell increases in size.
Organelles are being built like centrosomes and spindle fibers. DNA synthesis starts where chromatin is produced.
G1 to S Checkpoint: Am I large enough? Do I need to divide?

2.) Synthesis Stage (S) – DNA synthesis

During the S stage, the chromosomes, specifically their DNA, replicate. As DNA replication has ended, the
cell enters another checkpoint called the G2 checkpoint. This checkpoint ensures that DNA replication in S phase
has been successfully completed. If the said requirement was met, the cell will receive a “go – ahead” signal from
kinase, allowing the cell to enter the second gap (G2).

3.) Second Gap (G2) – growth and preparation for mitosis

Cells continue to grow, and protein synthesis continues in preparation for mitosis. During G2, the cell organelles
duplicates. Also, the chromosomes uncoil to form the chromatin materials which will then turn into granules.
Chromatin materials are threadlike form of chromosomes.
S to G2 Checkpoint: Is my DNA copy correct? Am I ready to divide?
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What are the phases of mitosis?

Mitosis

1.) Prophase
As the cell exits the second gap, the cell will now proceed to mitosis. During
prophase, the first part of mitosis, the chromatin materials start to condense,
forming discrete chromosomes. The nucleus and other organelles of the cell start
to disintegrate. Centrioles start to move toward the opposite pole of the cell along
with the radiation of mitotic spindle between them.

Prometaphase
During prometaphase, a transition phase between prophase and
metaphase, chromatin materials have coiled to form the
chromosomes. The nucleus and other organelles are no longer
visible. The centrioles have reached the opposite poles of the cell.
Spindle fibers converge and connect to the kinetochore of
chromosomes. As the interconnection of spindle fibers to the
chromosomes, specifically to their kinetochore, has ended, the cell enters
the metaphase checkpoint. This checkpoint ensures that all of the
chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers by their kinetochore. If the said requirement was met, the
chromosomes will force to move toward the center of the cell.

2.) Metaphase

During metaphase, the chromosomes convene on the metaphase plate,

an imaginary plane equidistant between the two poles of the spindle
fibers.
M Checkpoint: Are chromosomes lined up in the middle?

3.) Anaphase

Anaphase begins when the centromere of each chromosome come apart,

separating the sister chromatids. Spindle fibers will then pull the
chromatids toward the opposite poles of the cell. Along with that action is
the formation of spindle fibers between the migrating chromatids which
causes the cell to elongate.

4.) Telophase

Telophase is roughly the reverse of prophase. The cell elongation that

started in anaphase continues until a constriction is formed from the outer
middle portion of the cell. The chromosomes have reached the opposite poles
of the cell. The spindle fibers start to disappear. Nuclei and cytoplasmic
contents of the daughter cells start to reform. The chromosomes start to
decondense.
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Cytokinesis

During cytokinesis, in some references is referred to as the late

telophase, the nuclei and cytoplasmic contents of the daughter cells are fully
visible. The chromosomes are no longer visible. The constriction continues
forming the cleavage furrow, which pinches the cell in two. Two new daughter
cells are formed, each with a complete set of chromosomes as the parent cell.

How can mutations lead to changes in the cell cycle?

Cell growth is carefully controlled in multicellular organisms. Cells in some parts of

your body may rarely divide or actively divide. During the healing process of wounds,
cells divide actively. Toward completion of healing, cell division slows down, the growth
is controlled, and everything returns to normal when the healing is done.

At times, errors happen along with cell growth. These errors can be caused by toxic
compounds, radiation, or viruses. Due to these errors, the mitotic process can be
disrupted, resulting to mutations. Mutations cause a permanent error, or change, in the
genetic material of a normal cell.

The table on the next page shows some errors in mitosis.

Errors in Mitosis
Error in cell Cell cycle events
division affected Characteristic properties

Cancer Interphase The cell produces incorrect DNA copies. As a result, mutated cells are formed known as
cancer cells. Cancer cells do not respond normally to the cell cycle control system; they
divide actively producing an abnormally growing mass of body cells called tumor.

Benign tumor is a lump of cancer cells that remain at the original site
Malignant tumor is a lump of cancer cells that can spread into neighboring tissues and other
parts of the body, displacing normal tissue and interrupting organ function as it goes. This
spread of cancer cells via the circulatory system beyond their original site is called
metastasis.
Non-disjunction Anaphase The chromosomes or sister chromatids failed to separate that may to chromosomal mutation.
Mosaicism is a condition where some cells in an individual have a mutant version of a gene
while other cells have a normal version of the same gene. It usually results from non –
disjunction of sister chromatids during fetal development. Two examples of diseases linked to
mosaicism are hemophilia, a blood – clotting disorder, and Marfan syndrome, or unusually
long limbs.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AtHhradflA intro
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-ldPgEfAHI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PfVNZedmGA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXVoTj06zwg /

What happens to chromosomes during G2 phase?

G2 is the shortest phase of interphase. It is when organelles and proteins necessary for cell division are
produced. The cell requires a bunch of proteins and other stuff to separate the chromosomes and divide
the cell in half. All of these materials are produced during G2.

NOTE: TO ANSWER THE ACTIVITY FORM 3 BELOW, PLEASE PROCEED TO THE

“ACTIVITY 1 in GEN. BIO. 1 – MIDTERM”, WHICH IS TRANSFERRED IN A
GOOGLE FORMS.
 ACTIVITY FORM 3
6

NAME: _________________________________________________

GRADE LEVEL & STRAND: __________ DATE SUBMITTED: ___________ SCORE: ________
25
MODULE 3

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

Cell Cycle: Mitosis

TEST I.

Direction: The figure below shows the amount of time spent by a typical cell in each phase of the cell cycle. After
observing the graph, answer the given questions.

a. Which phase (Interphase or Mitotic phase) of cell cycle is the longest? 2 points
Ans:

b. Which is the shortest (Interphase or Mitotic phase)? 2 points

Ans:

c. A researcher treats cells with a chemical that prevents DNA synthesis from starting. This
treatment would trap the cells in which part of the cell cycle (Interphase or Mitotic phase)?
2 points
Ans:

d. What are the two main stages of cell cycle? 4 points

Ans:

CONTINUATION AT THE BACK !!!!

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TEST II.

Direction: Read carefully each item. Identify the cell cycle stage described in every concept. Choose the
LETTER of your answer provided below inside the box and WRITE it on the line BEFORE each number.

CAPITALIZE the LETTER of your chosen answer. 15 points

Cell Cycle: Mitosis

A. Interphase
B. Prophase
C. Prometaphase
D. Metaphase
E. Anaphase
F. Telophase

______1. The sister chromatids are moving apart.

______2. The nucleus and other organelles are no longer visible.

______3. A new nuclear membrane is formed around the chromosomes.

______4. The centrioles have reached the opposite poles of the cell.

______5. The threadlike genetic material is formed and found in the nucleus.

______6. The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell.

______7. The mitotic spindle disappears.

______8. The centromeres of chromosomes split.

______9. The mitotic spindle is formed.

______10. The cell actively produces protein.

______11. The cell starts to elongate.

______12. Centrioles start to move toward the opposite poles of the cell.

______13. Cytoplasmic contents start to duplicate.

______14. The reverse of prophase.

______15. The mitotic spindles converge and connect to the kinetochore of chromosomes.