An IoT Enabled Heart Disease Monitoring System

Using Grey Wolf Optimization and Deep Belief

Network
*
S.Sandhiya Dr U.Palani
Teaching Fellow Professor
Dept. of Information Technology Dept. of Electronics and communication Engineering
University College of Engineering Villupuram IFET College of Engineering
Tamilnadu, India Tamilnadu, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract – Heart disease is a deadly disease today irrespective of age group among people
because they are not aware about their heart disease level, and the kind of heart diseases. It is
necessary to aware about their type of heart diseases and the regular disease monitoring
process in this quick world. This paper proposes a new heart disease monitoring system with
the incorporation of Internet of Things and Deep Learning technique for safeguarding the
patients. Here, a new feature selection algorithm which is incorporated for performing better
classification through deep learning algorithm. In this proposed heart disease monitoring
system, we monitor the disease level according to the inputs that are given to the IoT devices.
Moreover, it classifies the patient details according to the heart disease types and the severity
of the disease. Finally, it gives alarm/message to the patients according to the type of heart
disease with the available inputs. The experiments have been demonstrated and proved as the
proposed system is better in terms of prediction accuracy.

Keywords – Heart disease, deep learning, feature selection, Internet of Things, health
monitoring system and IoT devices.

1. INTRODUCTION

The World Health Organization identified the heart disease is very dangerous and huge
volume of deaths around 12 million happened in the world. Moreover, this number is high in
all the countries especially in developing countries. Generally, the “heart” disease is also
named “cardiovascular disease” and comprehends the assorted diseases which damage the
heart. This heart disease is also threatening the adults now due to the increment of sudden
deaths in all over the world. One of the statistics declares that every 40 seconds one person
meet the death due to the heart disease in United States [22]. Diagnosing the heart disease is
necessary today and it is also a challenging task for the health care department of each nation.
This is because patients not aware about the heart disease levels and fails to monitor the
disease levels and health conditions.

Heart disease is categorized by different causes such as Coronary artery and vascular disease,
Heart rhythm disorders (arrhythmias), Structural heart disease and heart failure. Among them,
the coronary artery and vascular disease that happens when the arteries of a heart is blocked.
This is a common heart disease and causes like chest pain (angina). In addition, the vascular
disease is issues of blood vessels that affect the blood circulation and it affects the heart
functionality. Heart rhythm disorders (arrhythmias) that causes because of less heart beat that
affect the blood circulation. Structural heart disease refers to abnormalities of the heart’s
structure including its valves, walls, muscles or blood vessels near the heart. Heart failure is a
very serious condition which develops after the heart becomes weakened. Heart failure will
happen due to the high blood pressure (BP). This kind of heart failure can be prevented early
[28].

The major symptoms for the heart diseases are including high BP, high cholesterol, diabetes,
Sleep apnea, unhealthy diet, no physical activity, abnormal weight, smoking, too much
alcohol, stress, age, family medical history, heritage and personal circumstances. Here, the
majority people affected with coronary heart disease. For this purpose, this work proposes a
new health monitoring system to identify the type of heart disease according to the given
inputs and available information and also taken care more if the person affected with
coronary type of heart disease.

The deep learning techniques are playing major role in the process of predicting the disease
level in the disease monitoring system. It is capable of handling large volume of data faster
than the machine learning algorithm. Usually, the machine learning algorithms work well
than the deep learning algorithm when used small size of dataset. At the same time, the deep
learning algorithms work well than machine learning algorithms when handle very large
volume of data with consuming more time. Deep learning algorithms learn the data set
repeatedly instead of once in training process. The features of the dataset can be analysed in
depth due to the incorporation of repeated learning. For this purpose, it is taking more time
than the machine learning algorithm. Three major types of deep learning algorithms are
available such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)
and Least Short Term Memory (LSTM). All these algorithms are having many layers in
between the input and output layer instead of hidden or processing layer such as
convolutional layer, pooling layer, fully connected layer and softmax layer. In general, the
soft max layer contains the ReLu Activation function for making final decision over the deep
learning algorithm. The Internet of Things (IoT) techniques and devices were used for
collecting the large volume of streaming data. The streaming data have been collected from
various people in various places around the world. The necessary available devices and
sensors have been incorporated with the IoT technology.

Feature selection is playing major role to predict the disease level in the respective type of
heart disease. This work proposed a new wolf optimization algorithm-based feature selection
method for selecting the most contributed features that are useful for predicting the different
kinds of heart diseases. Moreover, an existing deep learning algorithm called Deep Belief
Network (DBN) is used for classifying the datasets by conducting the effective training and
testing processes over the benchmark and real time datasets. This disease monitoring system
identifies the type of heart disease and it monitors the disease level. The rest of this paper is
organized as below: Section 2 describes in detail about the relevant works in the direction of
feature fusion process, deep learning and IOT. Section 3 explains the overall system
architecture that demonstrates that the working process of the proposed model. Section 4
describes the proposed heart disease monitoring system with the necessary subsections that
are explained the feature fusion and classification process. Section 5 demonstrates the
experimental results and discussion. Finally, this work concludes with necessary highlights
and future works.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Many heart disease prediction systems have been developed by various researchers in the
past. Among them, Hui et al [1]developed for tackling the issue of risk factor identification
and prediction for designing the monitored risk factors by applying DBN that learnt by
contrastive divergence method. They have identified that the way for designing the
uniqueness and the discrimination from various groups of patient’s data. They have achieved
95% prediction accuracy. Sandhiya et al. [2] proposed an disease prediction system which
consists of feature selection method that works as incremental in nature named as
Incremental Feature Selection Algorithm (IFSA) which combines the concepts of Intelligent
Conditional Random Field (CRF) on feature selection process and the Linear Correlation
Coefficient based Feature Selection (ICRF-LCFS) method algorithm and an existing
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with temporal features (T-CNN). Sethukkarasi et al
[3] proposed a new fuzzy cognitive map based intelligent disease prediction system with the
consideration of temporal constraints for predicting the heart disease, breast cancer disease
and diabetic disease. They have achieved better performance than others. Ganapathy et al [4]
introduced a new fuzzy temporal incorporated fuzzy min-max neural network for predicting
the heart, cancer and diabetic diseases. They have achieved better result than other works in
terms of prediction accuracy. Ahmed and Ayman [5] developed a diagnosis method which
works automatically to detect the breast cancer according to the deep belief network that
incorporated the pre-training and followed by the incorporation of supervised back
propagation neural network. The overall prediction accuracy is achieving 99.68% accuracy
with 100% sensitivity and 99.47% specificity over the breast cancer dataset.

Sharawi et al [6] recommended a new kind of Whale Optimization Algorithm which is useful
wrappers method for selecting the contributed features. On the other hand, the WOA is also
introduced as hybrid method for enhancing the performance in all iterations by Mafarja and
Mirjalili [7].They also introduced two more variants such as roulette wheel and tournament
selection is also applied instead of the random operator on WOA in 2018. In addition, they
have used crossover and mutation operators for achieving better selection process which is
capable of producing better classification accuracy. In another work Sayed et al [8], they have
applied a chaotic search method with WOA for combating the local optimization and the
slow convergence speed issues which considers the feature selection issues too. Zheng et al
[9] introduced a new filter approach-based feature selection algorithm that adopts the Pearson
correlation coefficient and correlation distance.

Chao et al [10] developed a new pervasive monitoring system which is able to send the signs
for the real time application. Their system consists of two parts such as data acquisition and
data transmission. Based on the feature analysis, they have analysed the heart disease level
according to the inputs in the form of sign signals. Jun Qi et al [11] identified few new
researches works and drawbacks in the direction of IoT. Finally, they have considered some
successful studies in the mentioned area and also express the possible applications for future.
Yixue et al [12] developed a new Recurrent CNN with the adaptation of multi-modal to
predict the risk level. They have extracted the fine-tuned features that are structured and non-
structured along with the patient’s dataset and the medical report in the form of text.
Moreover, they have applied DBN for obtaining the variance from the structured data to
unstructured. In addition, they have collected patient’s data as medical big data from second
grade level hospitals in China between the years 2013 and 2015. Finally, their model
achieved 96% prediction accuracy which is higher than the available models.

Sandhiya S and Palani U [13] proposed a hybrid feature subset selection algorithm called
Genetic Binary Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm (GBCOA) which comprises of two steps, in
first step subset generation is performed by using Binary Cuckoo search (BCS) optimization
algorithm it will generate n number of subsets from the original large dataset. In second step
subset selection is performed by using Genetic Algorithm it will select the best subset from
the generated n number of subsets. In this paper the feature selection process is improved by
combining the two different algorithms. Vivekanandan et al.[14]have selected most
contributed attributes from the available features that are helpful to perform effective heart
disease diagnosis. They have applied a modified differential evolution for performing feature
selection process over the cardiovascular disease and also optimized the selected features.
Moreover, their algorithm has been tested along with the classifiers such as feed forward
neural network and fuzzy AHP. Finally, they have achieved 83% prediction accuracy which
is better than the available hybrid models in this direction. Jun Huang et al [15] developed a
new approach that performs feature selection and classification processes through multi-label
learning process. They have considered the pair wise label correlation processes and also
built the multi-label classification over the learned low-dimensional data representations.
Mahdieh et al [16] proposed a new filter approach named Multivariate Relative
Discrimination Criterion(MRDC) to select most valuable features for performing
classification. Their approach considers the feature reduction, feature redundancy by applying
the redundancy and relevancy. Moreover, their approach considers the document frequencies
for each term when estimates the usefulness. They have used three kinds of real-time datasets
for assessing the efficiency of their approach and achieved better result than existing filter
approaches.

Fajr and Mamoon [17] developed an efficient method for categorizing the ECG signals with
high classification accuracy. Generally, the heartbeats are classified in to different waveforms
that are varying person to person enormously. They have applied a dataset for evaluating the
performance of their approach. Moreover, they have tested with various classifiers such as
Random Forests, Decision Tree and Gradient Boosted Trees. Meng Lu et al [18]developed a
new feature selection algorithm which is embedded from a sparse learning aspect that is
capable of adjusting the unknown heterogeneity. The performance of the selected features
over the multi-class classification processes. They have used synthetic and standard datasets
for knowing the selection strategy and unknown heterogeneity. Finally, the proposed method
achieved higher superiority on various embedding classifiers and statistical models. Saurabh
et al [19] conducted an extensive analysis over the machine learning approach along with the
datasets such as D1 and D2. Among them, D1 considers conjunctivitis, diarrhoea, stomach
pain, cough and nausea related data and D2 contains the standard dataset called WebKB4.
The machine learning algorithms namely Radial function incorporated SVM, Multi-layer
perceptron (MLP) and the Random Forest (RF). Finally, they have achieved 97% as a highest
accuracy in their experimental results. Moreover, they also shown the memorization process
and tested in the direction of maintaining stability and the reliability.

Yu Xue et al [20] developed a new feature selection algorithm called self-adaptive particle
swarm optimization (SaPSO) to select the most contributed features on very large size of
datasets. They have employed encoding method to perform effective feature selection in their
SaPSO and also investigated three self-adaptive methods related issues. Their model
outperforms than the existing algorithms specifically large-scale feature selection issues.
Mohamed et al [21] proposed a grey wolf algorithm-based feature selection method to
resolve the feature selection issues. Their method is adopted a two-phase mutation operator
and improved the selection process. They have taken steps to enhance the classification
accuracy and to identify new feature as additional feature which is capable of achieving
highest classification accuracy. Moreover, they have applied a new fitness function to achieve
highest classification accuracy. Finally, they have proved that their method is better than the
existing optimization algorithms such as PSO, MVO, FA and WA.

Shreshth et al [22] developed a new framework named Health Fog to integrate the ensemble
based deep learning technique for deploying the real time application of automatic Heart
Disease analysis. All the existing works have been achieved reasonable percentage of
accuracy in classification and prediction. Even though, no prediction system has been
directed to the patients for knowing their heart disease level and not instructed them to go for
the next level treatment. For this purpose, this paper introduces a new model for knowing
their type of heart disease and monitoring the disease severity level.

3. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

The proposed heart disease monitoring system architecture is shown in figure 1. which
consists of six components such as UCI Repository Dataset, IoT device, Sliding Window,
Decision Manager, Feature Selection Module, Classification Module and Rule Base.IoT
device collects the data from the patients. Sliding window process the streaming data which
are collected through IoT device also it uses feature selection module for selecting the most
contributed features in the streaming data and sent it to the decision manager. The decision
manager analyses the necessary streaming data from sliding windowusing deep belief
network and making decision over the patient data whether it is affected by the heart disease
or not. Moreover, the decision manager will divide the data for finding the type of category
from the standard dataset by the help of rule base.

IoT Device
Patient-1 Report

Patient-2 Report Feature Selection

Sliding Window
…………… WOA-FSA

Patient-n Report

Classification
Decision UCI Machine
Deep Belief Network Manager Learning
Repository

Rule Base

Figure 1. System Architecture

4. PROPOSED WORK

This section explains the proposed feature selection algorithm and classification processes of
the proposed heart disease prediction and monitoring model. First, the feature selection
process is explained in detail with the brief working process of the proposed feature selection
method.

4.1 Feature Selection

This subsection is explained in detail about the feature selection process which is playing
major role to categorize the dataset. This subsection is discussed about the background detail
of the existing Grey Wolf Optimization and the proposed Grey Wolf Optimization based
Feature Selection Algorithm (GWO-FSA).

4.1.1 Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm

The grey wolves are identified as predators which is fantastic with high level skills in the
process of catching their prey. This Grey Wolves Optimization Algorithm (Mirjalili et al
2014) is a meta-heuristic search which is used for simulating the characteristics of the grey
wolves in the process of searching, hunting and encircling their prey. Moreover, it has four
kinds of wolves named as Alpha (α), Beta(β), Delta (δ), and Omega (ω).These wolves
encircled their prey while processing the hunting which is modelled mathematically below:

𝐷𝑆 = |𝐶𝐷⃗ . 𝑋𝑌𝑝⃗ − 𝑋𝑌⃗(𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝)| (1)

𝑋𝑌⃗(𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 + 1) = |𝑋𝑌⃗𝑝 (𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝) − 𝐴𝐵⃗ . 𝐷𝑆| (2)

Where 𝑋𝑌𝑝⃗indicate the prey position and 𝑋𝑌⃗indicate the positions of the grey wolf at various
iterations and are coefficient vectors are to be formed as below:

𝐴𝐵⃗ = |2 𝑎𝑏⃗. 𝑅𝑁𝐷1⃗ − 𝑎𝑏⃗| (3)

𝐶𝐷⃗ = 2. 𝑅𝑁𝐷2⃗ (4)

Where 𝑅𝑁𝐷1⃗ and 𝑅𝑁𝐷2⃗ are random vectors in [0 1].𝑎𝑎⃗ indicates flow, which is decreasing
linearly from the value two to 0 on different iterations:

2
𝑎𝑎 = 2 − 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 ∗ 𝐼𝑇
(5)

Where, IT indicates the maximum number of iterations. The position of the grey wolf (XX,
YY) is modified based on the prey (XX*, YY*) position. The best grey wolf position is also
modified by changing the vector values of 𝐴𝐵⃗ and𝐶𝐷⃗ .
For simulating the behaviour of hunting process, the symbols, 𝛽 , and 𝛿are beware of the
potential prey locations. These symbols determine the solutions, the remaining wolves are
changed their positions based on the three solutions (𝑋𝑋⃗1 , 𝑋𝑋⃗2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑋⃗3 ). Moreover, these
are shown below in the form of equations.

(𝑋𝑋⃗1 +𝑋𝑋⃗2 +𝑋𝑋⃗3 )

𝑋𝑋⃗(𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 + 1) = 3
(6)

𝑋𝑋⃗1 = 𝑋𝑋⃗𝛼 − 𝐴𝐵⃗1 . (𝐷𝑆⃗𝛼 ), 𝐷𝑆⃗𝛼 = |𝐶𝐷⃗ . 𝑋𝑋⃗𝛼 − 𝑋𝑋⃗| (7)

𝑋𝑋⃗2 = 𝑋𝑋⃗𝛽 − 𝐴𝐵⃗2 . (𝐷𝑆⃗𝛽 ), 𝐷⃗𝑆𝛽 = |𝐶𝐷⃗2 . 𝑋𝑋⃗𝛽 − 𝑋𝑋⃗| (8)

𝑋𝑋⃗3 = 𝑋𝑋⃗𝛿 − 𝐴𝐵⃗3 . (𝐷𝑆⃗𝛿 ), 𝐷𝑆⃗𝛿 = |𝐶𝐷⃗3 . 𝑋𝑋⃗𝛼 − 𝑋𝑋⃗| (9)

Here, every wolf is changed its position between its current and prey positionswhile attacking
the prey.Now, |A| is less than the value 1. The𝛼,𝛽 , and 𝛿 wolves are left from every wolves
for searching the prey and also covered when happened the prey attack. 𝐴𝐵⃗1 is able to
consider any random values that are less than -1 or greater than 1.

4.1.2 GWO based Feature Selection Algorithm

This subsection is explained that the proposed GWO based Feature Selection Algorithm
which is used for selecting the most contributed features. The most contributed features are
used to enhance the classification process. The pseudo-code of the proposed feature selection
algorithm is given below:

GWO based Feature Selection Algorithm

Input: Benchmark Dataset or Patient Data

Output: Dataset with selected features

Procedure GWO-FSA (features, n, wt)

{

POP_Grey[n] =𝑋𝑖 , i=1, 2…..n

A=0, a=0, C=0
Call Fitness(POP_Grey, wt).

Assign_Best_Grey(𝑋𝛼 , 𝑋𝛽 , 𝑋𝛿 )

temp = 0
While (temp<IT)
{
For each grey wolf
{
(𝑋𝑋⃗1 +𝑋𝑋⃗2 +𝑋𝑋⃗3 )
Position of Grey Wolf using 𝑋𝑋⃗(𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 + 1) = 3

}
Update a, A, and C
For j = 1 to m do
{
Calculate_Fitness(GW(i), wt)
}

Update the first three grey wolves 𝑋𝑋𝛼 , 𝑋𝑋𝛽 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑋𝛿 .

Return Find_Best_GW(𝑋𝑋𝛼 )
}

The proposed feature selection algorithm selects the most contributed features that are useful
for making effective decision over the dataset. First, find the fitness values for all the
population of grey. Then, assigns the best grey values for the three kinds of features in the
form of alpha, beta and delta. Find the position of the grey wolf by applying the formula
which is given in equation (6). Calculate the fitness values for the values of grey wolves.
Finally, identify the first three grey wolves and returns the best grey wolves from the first
three grey wolves. According to the best grey wolves and the respective feature is to be
identified as most contributed feature. Likewise, the process is repeated until get all the most
contributed features from the dataset.

4.2 Classification using DBN

This subsection explains in detail about the classification process of the proposed disease
monitoring system. The classification process of the proposed system is executed by applying
the existing DBN which is most useful for predicting the disease types and levels. First, the
background information of DBN is explained.
4.2.1 Deep Belief Network

The learning process is enhanced in each decade from the introduction of learning process
through neural networks. Many versions of neural networks have been introduced and
improved the learning process. Even though, the learning algorithms are struggling with
weight assignment processes. Here, a general approach is applied to measure the difference
between the Expected Output ‘EO’ and the Actual Output ‘AO’is applying the squared error
measure (SEM):

SEM =(EO − AO)2 (10)

Update the weight that is added into the old weight which is equal to the product of the
learning rate and the gradient of the error function, multiplied by−1:

𝑊𝑇𝑖𝑗 = −1 (𝐸𝑅𝑅 − 𝑊𝑇𝑖𝑗 ) (11)

Where, all the considered data is unlabelled. Even though, the Back Propagation Neural
network (BPN) needs labelled training data. Therefore, the major drawback of BPN is taken
long time for performing training process and also required more number of hidden layers.
Vapnik et al (1936) introduced a new classifier called Support Vector Machine (SVM) for
categorizing the given input dataset. Later on, [23] recommended that a way for creating
nonlinear classification algorithms by using the kernel trick to maximum margin hyperplanes.
The linear classification process of SVM is to calculate the weights for each feature by
applying an optimization method. On the other hand, the non-linear classification of SVMs
are performed on the kernel trick by applying the mapping process of the given inputs.
Generally, the non-linear classification is to be converted into linear classification while
considering the high dimensional features.

Deep learning is a group of methods that are available in machine learning algorithms which
tries to design a new model with high level abstractions in input data by applying model
architectures calm of non-linear transformations [24].The DBN is a graphical model which is
generative and composed of multiple hidden layers along with many connections from one
layer to another layer of latent variables but not between the layers [25]. As per the learning
process in computation, the DBN works based on greedy manner [26]. For enhancing the
performance of DBN, the weight update between visible ‘VS’ and processing layer units
‘PLU’ that unites and simply present as per the equation (12).

∆𝑊𝑇𝑖𝑗 = 𝜀 (〈𝑉𝑖 , 𝐻𝑗 〉0 − 〈𝑉𝑖 , 𝐻𝑗 〉1 ) (12)

Where, 0 indicates the network data and 1 represent the reconstruction state. In general, the
DBN is facing different kinds of challenges such as i) DBN is fine-tuned as NNs, ii) DBN has
more number of non-linear processing layers, iii) DBN is pre-trained and react as linear
dimensionality reduction over the input data, and iv) the DBN trainer is also consider as
another one input feature.

The DBN is used to train the input dataset with selected features. Even though, the DBN
taken consider the dataset without labels only. The input dataset is an un-labelled dataset
which is used for performing the feature selection and classification processes. In this work,
the DBN accepts the two kinds of datasets such as benchmark dataset and real-time dataset.
In this work, both types of datasets with contributed features are used without labelling for
data pre-processing and classification processes. The weights have been assigned for each
input features with the help of decision manager that refers the generated rules from the facts
available in the rule base.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The proposed disease monitoring system has been implemented by using Python
programming language. This section explained in detail about the input datasets such as Heart
Disease dataset which is taken from UCI Repository and the real time dataset which has been
collected from various patients those are remotely located in the entire world through IoT
devices. Moreover, the evaluation process can be done by using the standard performance
metrics also explained in this section. Finally, the experimental results shown in this section
for demonstrating the efficiency of the proposed disease monitoring system which is used to
know the types of heart disease by applying rules over the classification process and mention
the severity of the particular disease in that level.

5.1 Experimental Setup

The experiments have been conducted by using a newly developed software product and the
IoT devices along with Raspberry PI software. The necessary sensors used for measuring the
Glucose level, Heart Beat rate and Blood Pressure. These readings are to be considered as
input data to the proposed system. Moreover, the heart dataset is available in the standard
UCI repository dataset is also considered for performing testing process.
5.2 Data Sets

The real-time dataset is constructed with the features such as age, gender, glucose level,
blood pressure and heart beat rate per minute. In this real time dataset is coming to the
proposed system continuously as streaming data. The streaming data can be trained and tested
by the proposed disease prediction system. On the other hand, the UCI Machine Learning
Repository dataset is also used for validating the prediction result of the proposed disease
monitoring system. Most of the researchers carried out their experiments by using a subset of
14 features of the 76 features that are available in the processed Cleveland heart disease
database. Especially, the machine learning researchers apply only the Cleveland database for
their research. The presence of heart disease in the patient is indicated in the ‘‘goal’’ field by
means of an integer that can take any value from 0 (no presence) to 4. Distinguishing the
disease existence (values from 1 to 4) from non-existence (value 0) has been the focus of the
experiments conducted in the Cleveland database [Blake and Mertz 2004]. This dataset
contains the various attributes such as Id, age, gender, CP, trestbps, chol, fbs, restecg, thalach,
exang, oldpeak, slope, ca, thal and num.

5.3 Performance Evaluation Metrics

The standard performance metrics used in this work for evaluating the proposed disease
prediction and monitoring system. The True Positive (TP) denoted that the patient affected
with disease and identified correctly, the False Positive (FP) indicated that the patient not
affected with disease but predicted wrongly, the True Negative (TN) represented that the
patient is not affected by the disease but test result is wrongly predicted and the False
Negative (FN) mentioned that the patient is not affected with disease and the result is also
wrongly predicted. These are all used to calculate the specificity, sensitivity and prediction
accuracy. The Sensitivity is nothing but the capability to identify the patients with disease
correctly. The Specificity is the capability to identify the patients those are not affected by the
disease. The classification accuracy is calculated by using the sensitivity and specificity in
this work.

𝑇𝑃
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑇𝑃+𝐹𝑁 × 100 (13)

𝑇𝑁
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = × 100 (14)
𝑇𝑁+𝐹𝑃

𝑇𝑃+𝑇𝑁
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 = 𝑇𝑃+𝑇𝑁+𝐹𝑃+𝐹𝑁
× 100 (15)
These are all the evaluation parameters used for testing the performance of the proposed
disease monitoring system.

5.4 Experimental Results

The classification accuracy of the newly proposed heart disease monitoring system is shown
in figure 2. Here, the various experiments have been conducted with two different heart
datasets such as data streaming and standard heart disease datasets. Moreover, the heart
disease monitoring system uses full dataset and the reduced feature dataset. Figure 2 shows
the prediction accuracy over the two different heart datasets with the use of full dataset.

100
90
80
Prediction Accuracy (%)

70
60
50 Accuracy
40 Specificity
30 Sensitivity
20
10
0
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5
Experiments

Figure 2. Prediction Analysis with All Features

From figure 2, the efficiency of the proposed heart disease monitoring system which is the
combination of newly proposed feature selection algorithm and the standard DBN. Here, the
full features of the two datasets were used in this work for carried out the experiments. The
reason for the performance enhancement is the use of DBN.

Figure 3 shows the heart disease prediction accuracy on the two different heart disease
datasets of reduced feature sets for proposed model by conducting five different experiments
with the consideration of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity.
 100

95

Values (%) 90

85 Accuracy
Specificity
80
Sensitivity
75

70
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5
Experiments

Figure 3. Prediction with reduced featured datasets

From figure 3, it shows the efficiency of the proposed model which is applied in the proposed
disease prediction system in terms of prediction accuracy on reduced datasets. The prediction
accuracy of the proposed model is better than other classifiers over the reduced datasets.

Table 1 shows that the comparative analysis based on the performance of proposed model
over the all the features and the reduced features in terms of prediction accuracy. Here, the
two different kinds of heart disease datasets were used in this work for comparative analysis
by considering the prediction accuracy of full dataset and reduced dataset.

Table 1. Comparative Analysis

Prediction Accuracy (%)

Datasets
Full Dataset Reduced Dataset
UCI Heart Disease Dataset 85.4 86.9
Streaming Dataset 93.23 95.12

From Table 1, the prediction accuracy of proposed model over the reduced featured two
Heart disease datasets are better when compared with the other benchmark full featured data
sets including streaming and standard datasets.

The computational time analysis of the proposed disease prediction system is shown in Table
2. It shows the time taken for training and testing for the various medical datasets like two
different heart disease datasets. Here, the equal numbers of records have been considered for
time analysis.
 Table 2. Computational Time Analysis

Time Taken (Sec) for Time Taken (Sec) for

Dataset Proposed Model FTCM
Training Testing Training Testing
UCI Heart Dataset 0.44 0.25 0.41 0.21
Streaming Dataset 0.41 0.21 0.44 0.25

From table 2, it can be observed that the time taken for performing training and testing
processes over the two different heart disease datasets such as streaming and standard heart
disease datasets in better and optimal than other classifier called FTCM. The proposed model
takes less time only for training and testing processes than FTCM classifier on all the
datasets.

Figure 4 shows the performance comparative analysis over the heart disease dataset based on
the accuracy of proposed disease prediction system and the domain expert opinions. Here, the
various numbers of patient records have been considered for performing the comparative
analysis over the heart disease dataset. Moreover, the patient records are considered only that
are extracted from the streaming data and UCI machine learning repository. Moreover,
different types of heart diseases such as Coronary artery and vascular disease, Heart rhythm
disorders (arrhythmias), Structural heart disease and heart failure that are affected patients
records have been considered in this work.

100
99
98
Prediction Accuracy (%)

97
96
95
94 Proposed System
93 Domain Expert
92
91
90
Coronary & Arrhythmias Structural Heart Failure
Vascular
Heart Diseases

Figure 4. Accuracy analysis between the Proposed Model and the domain expert
From figure 4, it can be seen that the proposed model performs well in terms of prediction
accuracy than the domain expert. The prediction accuracy over the patient records goes down
and stabilized at same percentage of accuracy while increasing the number of patient records
from 1000 records. At the same time, the proposed model provides better result than domain
expert even the number of records cross the 1000 records. This is because the efficiency of
the proposed model has provided this result.

Figure 5 shows the performance based comparative analysis of the proposed IoT enabled
health monitoring system with the consideration of different heart disease affected datasets
that are collected through IoT devices and also compared with the existing prediction systems
including Temporal convolutional neural network [2], new multimodal data-based recurrent
convolutional neural network (MD-RCNN) [12], Fuzzy Temporal Cognitive Map (FTCM)
[3] and Fuzzy Rule based Classifier [27].

Figure 5 shows the performance based comparative analysis of the proposed IoT enabled
health monitoring system with the consideration of different heart disease affected datasets
that are collected through IoT devices and also compared with the existing prediction systems
including Convolutional neural networks (Sandhiya & Palani 2020), Fuzzy Rule based
Classifier (Kanimozhi et al 2019), Vivekanandan and Sriram (2017) and Temporal Fuzzy
Min-Max-Particle Swarm Optimization (TFMM-PSO) (Ganapathy et al 2014).

Figure 5. Performance Analysis

From figure 5, it is seen that the performance of the proposed health monitoring system with
that prediction accuracy is high and it is almost equal to the sensitivity and the specificity.
All the experiments are also show better performance in terms of prediction accuracy with the
help of sensitivity and specificity. This is due to the fact that the better performance of the
proposed model is high due to the use of streaming data and enabled the IoT, feature
selection and DBN.

6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

A new heart disease monitoring system has been proposed and implemented in this work with
the incorporation of Internet of Things and Deep Learning technique for safeguarding the
patient detail as records. Here, a new feature selection algorithm is incorporated for
performing better classification through deep learning algorithm. In this proposed heart
disease monitoring system monitors the disease level according to the inputs that are
collected through IoT devices. Moreover, it classifies the patient details according to the heart
disease types and the severity in this work. Finally, it gives alarm/message to the patients
according to the type of heart disease.

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Funding: No funding for this research work

Conflict of Interest: There is no conflict of interest

Ethical Approval: This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any
of the authors.

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