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Project Report: Controlling Speed and Direction of Motor Using H-Bridge

This project report describes controlling the speed and direction of a motor using an H-bridge circuit. An H-bridge allows a motor to run forward or reverse by switching the direction of the voltage applied to the motor. A potentiometer is used to control the motor speed by varying the pulse width modulation of the H-bridge transistors. The report includes the H-bridge topology, diagrams of forward and reverse direction, the speed control circuit, and photos of the prototype built on a breadboard.

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Rohaan a.k.a Honey
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132 views

Project Report: Controlling Speed and Direction of Motor Using H-Bridge

This project report describes controlling the speed and direction of a motor using an H-bridge circuit. An H-bridge allows a motor to run forward or reverse by switching the direction of the voltage applied to the motor. A potentiometer is used to control the motor speed by varying the pulse width modulation of the H-bridge transistors. The report includes the H-bridge topology, diagrams of forward and reverse direction, the speed control circuit, and photos of the prototype built on a breadboard.

Uploaded by

Rohaan a.k.a Honey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Project Report

On
Controlling speed and direction of motor using H-bridge

Subject: Power Electronics Lab

Submitted by:
• Raja Rohaan Adullah
• Usama Asad
• Furqan Shafiq
Semester- 5th A

Electrical engineering department


List of contents
1. Introduction
2. Direction control
3. H bridge topology
4. Speed control
5. Components required
6. Circuit diagram
7. Proteus simulation
8. Final result on breadboard
Table of figures
Figure 1 topology ........................................................................................................ 6
Figure 2 forward direction .......................................................................................... 6
Figure 3 reverse direction............................................................................................ 7
Figure 4 potentiometer ................................................................................................ 7
Figure 5 circuit diagram .............................................................................................. 8
Figure 6 proteus simulation ......................................................................................... 9
Figure 7 final result ..................................................................................................... 9
Abstract

An H-bridge is an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be applied across a load


in either direction. These circuits are often used in robotics to allow dc motors to run
forward and backward. It is generally used to reverse the direction of motor, but it
can also use to brake the motor as the motor terminals are shorted. The common use
of H-bridge is as an inverter. It will generate a square wave voltage across the load.
DC brush motor are required for a broad range of equipment’s like portable
electronics, appliances, medical devices and automotive applications etc. Most DC-
to-AC converters (power inverters), most AC/AC converters, the DC-to-DC push–
pull converter, most motor controllers, and many other kinds of power
electronics use H bridges. In particular, a bipolar stepper motor is almost invariably
driven by a motor controller containing two H bridges.
1.1. Introduction:
An H-Bridge is an electronic power circuit that allows motor speed and direction to
be controlled. Often motors are controlled from some kind of ”brain” or micro
controller to accomplish a mechanical goal. The micro controller provides the
instructions to the motors, but it cannot provide the power required to drive the
motors. An H-bridge circuit inputs the micro controller instructions and amplifies
them to drive a mechanical motor. This process is similar to how the human body
generates mechanical movement; the brain can provide electrical impulses that are
instructions, but it requires the muscles to perform mechanical force. The muscle
represents both the H-bridge and the motor combined. The H-bridge takes in the
small electrical signal and translates it into high power output for the mechanical
motor. This document will cover the electronic principles in creating the H-Bridge
portion of the ”muscle”. If the reader requires further information consult the
references included at the end of the document.

1.2. Direction Control


Most DC Motors can rotate in two directions depending on how the battery is
connected to the motor. Both the DC motor and the battery are two terminal devices
that have positive and negative terminals. In order run the motor in the forward
direction, connect the positive motor wire to the positive battery wire and negative
to negative. However, to run the motor in reverse just switch the connections;
connect the positive battery wire to the negative motor wire, and the negative battery
wire to the positive motor wire. An H-Bridge circuit allows a large DC motor to be
run in both direction with a low level logic input signal.

1.3. H Bridge Topology


The H-Bridge electronic structure is explicit in the name of the circuit - H Bridge.
The power electronics actually form a letter H configuration, as shown in Figure 2.1.
The switches are symbolic of the electronic Power MOSFETs which are used for
switching.

Figure 1 topology

If it is desired to turn the motor on in the forward direction, switches 1 and 4


must be closed to power the motor. Figure 2.2 below is the H-Bridge driving the
motor in the forward direction.
If it is desired to turn the motor on in the reverse direction, switches 2 and 3 must
be closed to power the motor. Figure 2.3 below is the H-Bridge driving the motor in
the reverse direction.

Figure 2 forward direction


Figure 3 reverse direction

1.4. Speed Control


We used a potentiometer to control the speed of the motor.
There are a couple reasons for using a potentiometer to control the speed of a motor.

The main one being that it gives you a much more natural tactile feel when controlling the speed
of the motor.

Say you are building an electric scooter. Accelerating is much more natural by rotating the
accelerator (via a potentiometer) than by just pushing buttons.

Figure 4 potentiometer

1.5. Components Required


The components required for this project are:
• Resistors
• BC547 npn transistor
• TIP41, TIP42 transistors
• Led
• Connecting wires
• Potentiometer
• Battery
• Motor
• Breadboard

1.6. Circuit diagram

Figure 5 circuit diagram


1.7. Proteus Simulation:

Figure 6 proteus simulation

1.8. Final result on breadboard

Figure 7 final result

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