Federico García Lorca

Deep Song

(Importancia histórica y artística del primitivo canto Andaluz

llamado ‘Cante Jondo’ 1922)

A. S. Kline © 2008 All Rights Reserved

This work may be freely reproduced, stored, and transmitted, electronically
or otherwise, for any non-commercial purpose.
 (A lecture given in Granada, 19th February 1922)

You are gathered together tonight, in the salon of the Centro Artístico, to
hear my humble, yet sincere words, and I wish them to be luminous and
profound, so as to convince you of the marvellous artistic truth contained in
primitive Andalusian song, that which is called deep song, cante jondo.
The group of enthusiastic friends and intellectuals who support the
idea of this festival are sounding no less than an alarm. Gentlemen, the
musical soul of the race is in grave danger! The artistic riches of a whole
people are on their way to oblivion! It seems that each day which passes
another leaf falls from the wondrous tree of Andalusian lyric, old men carry
to the grave the priceless treasures of past generations, and an avalanche,
gross and stupid, of cheap music obscures the delightful popular culture of
all Spain.
It is a noble work of patriotism that we are trying to realize; a work of
salvation, a work of friendship and of love.
You have all heard of cante jondo, and indeed have a more or less
precise idea of it…yet it is almost certain that for those of you who are not
initiated into its historical and artistic transcendence it evokes a certain
immorality, the atmosphere of taverns, rowdiness, the ethos of the café
dance floor, a ridiculous sobbing, something typically Spanish, in fact – yet
we must suppress this feeling for the sake of Andalusia, our millennial spirit
and our individual hearts.
It cannot be that the most moving and profound songs of our
mysterious soul should be maligned as mean and debauched; it cannot be
that they wish to fasten that thread which links us to the impenetrable Orient
to the neck of the drunkard’s guitar; it cannot be that they seek to stain the
most diamantine of our songs with the clouded wine of the professional
scoundrel.
The time has come then for the voices of Spanish musicians, poets
and artists to merge, driven by an instinct for preservation, to mark and exalt
the limpid beauties and suggestiveness of such singing.
To confuse the patriotic and idealistic idea of this festival with the
lamentable vision of the cantaor with his tapping stick and caricatured
wailing about cemeteries indicates a total lack of comprehension, and a total
misunderstanding of what is intended. On reading the notice of this festival
every man of sense, uninformed on the matter, must ask: ‘What then is this
cante jondo?’
 Before proceeding we should draw an essential distinction between
cante jondo and flamenco singing, an essential distinction based on
antiquity, structure and spirit.
The name cante jondo is given to a category of Andalucian song, of
which the perfect and genuine prototype is the Gipsy siguiriya, from which
derive other songs preserved by the people, such as polos, martinetes,
carceleras, and soleares. Those called malagueñas, granadinas, rondeñas,
peteneras etc., should be considered as merely offshoots of those mentioned,
since they differ from them in their architecture as much as their rhythm.
They are those grouped as flamenco song.
The great master Manuel de Falla, true glory of Spain, and soul of this
festival, believes that the caña and the playera, which have all but vanished,
show in their primitive style the same mode of composition as the siguiriya
and its brethren, and that not so long ago they were simple variants of such
songs. Relatively recent texts suggest to him that during the first third of the
nineteenth century, they occupied the place we now grant to the siguiriya.
Estébanez Calderón, in his lovely Escenas andaluzas, notes that the cana is
the primitive stem of these songs, which preserve their Arab and Moorish
affiliation, and observes, with his characteristic perspicacity, that the word
caña is little different from gannia, which is Arabic for ‘song’.
The essential difference between cante jondo and flamenco is that the
origin of the former must be sought in the primitive musical systems of
India, that is, in the first manifestations of song, while the latter, a
consequence of the first, cannot be said to acquire its definitive form until
the eighteenth century.
The former is song imbued with the mysterious colour of primordial
ages; the latter is relatively modern, its emotional interest eclipsed by that of
the other. Spiritual colour versus local colour: that is the profound
difference.
That is to say that, cante jondo, like the primitive musical systems of
India, is merely a stammer, an emission, higher or lower in pitch, of the
voice, a marvelous buccal undulation, that breaks out of the echoing prison
of our tempered scale, will not suffer the cold rigid pentagram of our modern
music, and makes the hermetic flowers of semitones open in a thousand
petals.
Flamenco singing proceeds not by undulations but by leaps; its
rhythm is as measured as that of our music, and was born centuries after
Guido of Arezzo gave names to the notes.
Cante jondo is like the trilling of birds, the cry of the cockerel, and the
natural music of woods and streams.
 It is, then, the rarest specimen of primitive song, the oldest in Europe,
bearing in its notes the naked, shiver of emotion of the first oriental races.
Manuel de Falla, who has studied the matter deeply, and on whose
work I base my own, affirms that the Gypsy siguiriya is the prototype of
deep song and roundly declares that it is the only genre on our continent that
preserves in all its purity, as much structurally as stylistically, the primary
qualities of the primitive songs of the oriental peoples.
Before I knew the master’s opinion, the Gypsy siguiriya had always
evoked for me (an incurable lyricist) the endless road, one without
crossroads, which ends at the pulsating fountain of the girl-child, poetry, the
road where the first bird died and the first arrow rusted.
The Gypsy siguiriya begins with a dreadful cry, a cry that divides the
landscape into two perfect hemispheres. It is the cry of dead generations, a
poignant elegy for vanished centuries, the evocation of love filled with
pathos beneath other winds and other moons.
Then the melodic phrase begins to unfold the mystery of tone, and
withdraw the precious stone of a sob, a sonorous tear borne on the river of
the voice. No Andalusian, hearing that cry, can resist a quiver of emotion, no
regional song can compare in poetic grandeur, and it is seldom, very seldom,
that the human spirit has created works of such nature.
But do not believe that the siguiriya and its variants are simply songs
transplanted from east to west. No. ‘It is more a matter of grafting (says
Manuel de Falla), or rather, of coincident sources, which were not revealed
at one specific moment, but represent the accumulated effect of the historical
and secular events that unfolded in our peninsula’, and thus it is that the
songs peculiar to Andalusia, though essentially akin to those of peoples
geographically remote from us, possess their own intimate and unmistakable
national character.
The historical events which Manuel de Falla refers to, of a magnitude
to disproportionately influence our songs, are threefold: the Spanish
Church’s adoption of liturgical chant, the Saracen invasion, and the arrival in
Spain of numerous bands of Gypsies. They are the mysterious migrant folk
who gave cante jondo its definitive form.
That is shown by the qualifying term ‘Gipsy’ which the siguiriya
retains, and by the extraordinary number of Gypsy words in the texts of the
songs.
That is not to say, of course, that this singing is purely Gypsy, since
Gypsies exist throughout Europe and elsewhere in our peninsula, while these
songs are only nurtured in Andalusia.
 It is a purely Andalusian singing, the seeds of which existed in this
region before the Gypsies arrived.
The essential similarities which Manuel de Falla notes between cante
jondo and certain extant songs of India are: ‘Enharmonics, as in intermediate
modulation; a restricted melodic line, rarely exceeding the compass of a
sixth, and the reiterative well-nigh obsessive use of a single note, a process
proper to certain forms of incantation, including recitations which might be
termed prehistoric, and have led many to suppose that chanting is the earliest
form of language.’
In this manner cante jondo, especially the siguiriya creates the
impression of sung prose, destroying all sense of rhythmic metre, though in
reality its literary texts are assonant tercets and quatrains.
According to Manuel de Falla: ‘Though Gipsy melody is rich in
ornamental turns, they are used – as in those songs of India – only at certain
moments, as outbursts or fits of expressiveness suggested by the emotional
power of the text, and we must consider them more as amplified vocal
inflexions than as ornamental turns, though that is ultimately their form
when transposed into the geometric intervals of the tempered scale.’
One can definitely affirm that in deep song, as in those songs from the
heart of Asia, the musical scale is a direct consequence of what we might
call the oral scale.
Many authors have been led to suppose that word and song were once
the same thing, and Louis Lucas in his Acoustique Nouvelle, published in
Paris in 1840, when discussing the excellence of the enharmonic genre, says:
‘It makes its first appearance naturally, as an imitation of birdsong, of
animal calls, and of the endless range of sounds made by material things.’
Hugo Riemann, in his Catechism of Musical Aesthetics, affirms that
the song of birds approaches true music and cannot be treated separately
from human song since both are the expressions of a single sensibility.
The great master Felipe Pedrell, one of the first Spaniards to treat
questions of folklore scientifically, writes, in his magnificent Cancionero
popular español: ‘Musical orientalism survives in various popular songs and
is deeply rooted in our nation through the influence of ancient Byzantine
civilization on the ritual used in the Spanish Church, from the conversion of
our country to Christianity until the eleventh century when the Roman
liturgy can be said to have been fully introduced.’
Manuel de Falla adds to this statement of his old master, specifying
the elements of Byzantine liturgical chant revealed in the siguiriya, which
are: the tonal modes of primitive systems (not be confused with those known
as Greek modes), the enharmony inherent in those modes, and the lack of
metric rhythm in the melodic line. ‘These same properties characterize
certain Andalusian songs which appeared long after the Spanish Church’s
adoption of Byzantine liturgical music, songs which have a close affinity
with the music which in Morocco, Algiers and Tunis is still called in a
manner that stirs the hearts of all true Granadans, “the music of the Moors of
Granada.”’
Returning to our analysis of the siguiriya, Manuel de Falla, with solid
musical knowledge and exquisite intuition, finds in this singing ‘specific
forms and characteristics distinct from its relationship to sacred chant and
the music of the Moors of Granada.’ That is, having investigated their
surprising melodies he has found an extraordinary agglutinative Gypsy
element. He accepts the historical thesis that attributes an Indic origin to the
Gypsies; a thesis that agrees wonderfully with the results of his fascinating
research.
According to this thesis, about the year 1400, the Gipsy race fled from
India, driven out by the hundred thousand horsemen of the mighty
Tamerlane.
Twenty years later, their tribes appeared in various European cities,
entering Spain with the Saracen armies that periodically arrived on our coast
from Egypt and Arabia.
This race, arriving in our own Andalusia, united ancient indigenous
elements to what they themselves had brought, and gave definitive form to
what we call cante jondo.
So it is to them that we owe the creation of these songs, the core of
our spirit: to them we owe the construction of those lyrical channels through
which all the pain and ritual gestures of the race freely flow.
And it is these songs, gentlemen, that for more than fifty years we
have tried to confine to foul-smelling taverns and brothels. That dreadful,
doubting era of the Spanish lyric-drama, the zarzuela, the era of Antonio
Grilo, and of historical painting, is to blame. While the Russians were
burning with love of folklore, a unique source, as Robert Schumann said, of
all true and characteristic art, while in France the gilded wave of Impression
quivered, in Spain, a country almost unique in its tradition of popular beauty,
the guitar and cante jondo were things for the lower classes.
As time has gone on this prejudice has become so great that we must
now cry out in defence of these pure and truthful songs.
The spiritual young people of Spain understand the situation thus.
Cante jondo has been cultivated since time immemorial, and every
illustrious traveller who has ventured to journey over our surprising and
varied landscapes, has been affected by this profound psalmody which has
traversed and defined our complex and unique Andalusia, from the peaks of
the Sierra Nevada to the thirsty olive-groves of Córdoba, from the Sierra de
Cazorla to the joyful mouth of the Guadalquivir.
Between the time when Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos called attention
to the lovely incoherent danza prima of Asturias and the days of the
formidable Menéndez Pelayo, great progress was made in the understanding
of folklore. Isolated artists, minor poets studied the matter from various
points of view until Spain began the essential and patriotic task of collecting
the poems and songs. Evidence of this are the Songbooks generously
subsidized by respective provincial governments, that of Burgos by Federico
Olmeda, Salamanca by Dámaso Ledesma, and Asturia by Eduardo Martínez
Torner.
Yet we most readily recognize the extraordinary importance of cante
jondo in its well-nigh decisive influence on the formation of the modern
Russian school and by the high esteem in which it was held by Claude
Debussy, that lyrical Argonaut and discoverer of a new musical world.
In 1847 Mikhail Glinka visited Granada. He had been in Berlin
studying composition with Siegfried Dehn and was aware of Weber’s
patriotic struggle to combat the pernicious musical influence of the Italian
composers. He was deeply impressed with the songs of the Russian
immensities and dreamed of a natural music, a national music that would
convey the sense of her vast landscape.
This visit to our city by the father and founder of the Slavic-
Orientalist school is of great interest. He befriended a celebrated guitarist of
the day, Francisco Rodríguez Murciano; and listened to him playing
variations on and accompaniments to our songs; and amidst the eternal
rhythms of our city’s waters the marvellous idea of creating a school was
born, and the bold concept of utilizing, for the first time, the whole-tone
scale.
On his return home, he publicized his ideas and explained the
peculiarities of our mode of singing, which he studied and employed in his
works.
Music altered its course; the composer had at last found its true
source.
His friends and disciples turned to folk songs and sought the structure
for their creations not only in Russia but in southern Spain.
Proofs of this are his Souvenir d’une nuit d’été á Madrid and parts of
Rimsky-Korsakov’s Scheherezade and Capriccio Espagnol, which you all
know.
 Conceive of the sorrowful modulations and grave orientalism of our
cante bearing their influence from Granada to Moscow, the mysterious bells
of the Kremlin echoing the melancholy of our Vela.
In the Spanish Pavilion, at the great Paris Exhibition of 1900, a group
of Gypsies sang cante jondo in all its purity. They attracted the attention of
the whole city, but especially of one young musician who was engaged in
the struggle all young artists must undertake, the struggle for the new, for the
unforeseen, the search through the seas of thought for un-tarnished emotion.
Day after day he listened to the Andalusian cantaores, and he whose
soul lay wide open to the four winds of the spirit was impregnated with the
ancient Orient by our melodies. He was Claude Debussy.
Afterwards he would rise to the summit of European music as the
begetter of new theories.
From many of his works, indeed, there emerge the subtlest evocations
of Spain and above all of Granada, which he considered the true paradise it
is.
Claude Debussy, a composer of scents and iridescences, reaches his
highest creative pitch in the tone-poem Iberia a truly brilliant work through
which Andalusian perfumes and essences float as if in dream.
But he reveals the precise extent of the influence of cante jondo on his
work, in the marvellous prelude entitled La Puerta del Vino and in the
vague, tender Soirée en Grenade, where are found, in my judgment, all the
emotional themes of the Granadan night, the blue remoteness of the Vega,
the sierra saluting the tremulous Mediterranean, the enormous teeth of cloud
sunk in the distance, the admirable rubato of the city and the hallucinatory
play of its subterranean waters.
And the most remarkable thing about this is that Debussy, though he
studied our cante profoundly, never saw Granada.
It is a stupendous example, then, of artistic divination, of brilliant
intuition, which I mention in praise of the great composer as an honour to
our people. It reminds me of that great mystic Swedenborg’s ability to view
the burning of Stockholm from London, and of the profound prophecies of
the saints of antiquity.
In Spain, cante jondo has had an undeniable influence on all our best
composers, in the ‘great Spanish line’ from Albéniz to Falla, via Granados.
Felipe Pedrell had already used popular songs in his magnificent opera La
Celestina (never performed in Spain, to our shame) and pointed the
direction, but the masterstroke was left to Isaac Albéniz, who employed the
lyric depth of Andalusian song in his work. Years later Manuel de Falla fills
his music with such motifs pure and lovely in their far off, spectral form.
The latest generation of Spanish composers: Adolfo Salazar, Roberto
Gerhard, Federico Mompou and our own Angel Barrios, enthusiastic
organizers of this festival, have set their glittering sights on the pure
revivifying fount of deep song and the delightful songs of Granada, which
might well be termed Castilian-Andalusian.
Note the transcendence of cante jondo, gentlemen, and how right our
people are in describing it as such. It is deep, truly deep, more so than any
well, more so than all the seas that bathe the world, deeper than the present
spirit that creates it or the voice that sings it, because it is well nigh infinite.
It arises from remote peoples, traversing the graveyard of the years, and the
fronds of parched winds. It comes from the first cry and the first kiss.
Not only the quintessential melodies of cante jondo, but the words too
are marvellous.
All we poets who truly concern ourselves, to a greater or lesser
degree, with pruning and nurturing the over-luxuriant lyric tree that the
Romantics and post-Romantics left us, are astounded by these poems.
The most profound gradations of Grief and Pain, in the service of the
purest and most exact expression, throb in the tercets and quatrains of the
siguiriya and its derivatives.
There is nothing, absolutely nothing, in all Spain to equal the
siguiriya, in style, atmosphere, or emotional truth.
The metaphors that fill our Andalusian songbook are almost always
within its orbit; the spiritual limbs of its verses are never disproportioned
and are able to grip our hearts in a definitive way.
It is strange and marvellous how the anonymous poet of the people
can capture the rare complexity of our highest moments of human feeling, in
three or four lines. There are songs where the lyric tremor reaches a point
attained by few poets:

A halo rings the moon,

my love has died.

There is a much deeper mystery in these two lines than in all the plays
of Maeterlinck, simple genuine mystery, clear and sound, free of gloomy
forests and rudderless boats, it is the eternal vivid enigma of death.

A halo rings the moon,

my love has died.
 Whether from the heart of the sierra, the orange groves of Seville, or
the harmonious Mediterranean shore, these songs have a common source:
Love and Death….but Love and Death as seen by the Sibyl, that deeply
oriental character, the true sphinx of Andalusia.
In the depths of all these poems a question lurks, but a terrible
question that has no answer. Our people cross their arms in prayer, gaze at
the stars, and await in vain a sign of salvation. It is a gesture filled with
pathos, but a true one. The poem either poses a profound and unanswerable
emotional question, or resolves it in Death, the question of questions.
Most of our region’s poetry (except for much of what is created in
Seville) possesses the foregoing characteristics. We are a sorrowful and
ecstatic race.
As Turgenev viewed his countrymen; as Russian blood and marrow
turned to sphinxes, so I view many of our regional lyrics.

O sphinx of the Andalusias!

You can knock there on my door now,

I shall never rise to open,
you shall listen to my weeping.

Those lines hide behind an impenetrable veil, and rest awaiting some
passing Oedipus to wake and decipher them and return them to silence.
One of the most notable characteristics of the words of cante jondo is
the almost total absence of half-tones.
In the songs of Asturias, as in those of Castile, Catalonia, the Basque
Country and Galicia, there is a certain balance of sentiment, and a meditative
lyricism that lends itself to the expression of simple states of mind and naïve
feeling, which is almost entirely absent from Andalusian song. We
Andalusians seldom notice half-tones. An Andalusian either cries to the stars
or kisses the red dust of the roadway. Half tones do not exist for him. He
slumbers through them. And when on rare occasions he uses them, he says:

What does it matter to me

if a bird in the ‘poplar grove’
goes flying from tree to tree.

And even in this song, in its feeling if not its architecture, we note a
marked Asturian affiliation. And thus, the most striking characteristic of
cante jondo is its emotiveness.
 That is why, though many of the songs of our peninsula have the
ability to evoke the landscapes where they are sung, cante jondo sings like a
sightless nightingale, singing blindly, since both its passionate notes and
ancient melodies are best suited to the night….the azure night of our land.
Thus the capacity of many Spanish popular songs for plastic evocation
deprives them of the depth and intimacy of cante jondo.
Here is one song (among thousands) of Asturian musical lyricism that
is a prime example of such evocation.

Ay me, I’ve lost my way

climbing this sad mountain,
Ay me, I’ve lost my way.
For God’s sake let me pen
my lost sheep in your cabin;

Among the swirling clouds,

Ay me, I’ve lost my way!
Let me pass the night
in your hut, I say,
I have lost my way
in the misty light,
Ay me, I’ve lost my way!

It is such a marvellous evocation of the mountain, with pine trees

swaying in the wind, so exact and real the feel of the track climbing towards
the peaks where the snow lies sleeping, so true the vision of that mist
ascending from the abyss to cloud the rocks with infinite shades of grey, that
it makes one forget the ‘honest shepherd’ who asks like a child for shelter of
the poem’s unknown shepherd girl. ‘It leads one to forget the very essence
of the poem.’ This song’s melody, with its monotonous grey-green rhythm
of misted landscapes, adds extraordinarily to the plasticity of evocation.
By contrast, cante jondo always sings at night. It knows nothing of
morning or evening, mountain or plain. It knows only the night, a deep night
studded with stars. The rest is forgotten.
It is a song without landscape, concentrated in itself and terrible in the
shadows, shooting its golden arrows that pierce the heart. It is like a
formidable archer of azure whose quiver is never emptied.
The question everyone asks is: who created these poems, what
anonymous poet threw them onto the crude popular stage? A question to
which there is no answer.
 Alfred Jeanroy, in his book Les Origines de la poésie lyrique en
France au moyen age, writes that: ‘popular art is not simply confined to
impersonal, imprecise, and unconscious composition; it also comprises
‘individual’ composition adopted by the people and adapted to suit their own
sensibility. Jeanroy is partially correct, but it needs little sensibility to detect
the creative source of such work, however savage the colour with which it is
painted. The people sing the songs of Melchor de Palau, Salvador Rueda,
Ventura Ruiz Aguilera, Manuel Machado and others, but how vast a
difference between the verses of such poets and those which the people
create! It is the gulf between an artificial rose and a real one!
The poets who compose popular songs cloud the clear lymph of the
living heart; and how noticeable, in their poems, is the unpleasant studied
rhythm of the grammarian! We should take from the people nothing but the
ultimate essence and a few colouristic trills, and should never seek close
imitation of their ineffable modulations, because we will only blur them.
Simply because we are ‘educated’.
True poems of cante jondo are attributable to no one at all but float on
the wind like golden thistledown and each generation clothes them in its
own distinctive colour, in releasing them to the future.
True poems of cante jondo are in essence tied to a weathervane of the
ideal that shows the direction of the winds of Time.
They are born of themselves, one more tree in the landscape; one
more stream in the poplar grove.
Woman, the heart of the world and immortal possessor of ‘the rose,
the lyre, and the science of harmony’ inhabits the endless horizons of these
poems. The woman of deep song is called Suffering…
It is admirable the way feeling begins to take shape in these lyrical
constructs and almost solidifies as a material thing. This is the case with
Suffering.
In these poems, Suffering takes on flesh, acquires human form, and
reveals a definite outline. She is the dark-haired woman who longs to catch
birds in the nets of the breeze.
All the poems of cante jondo are full of a magnificent pantheism,
consulting with earth, air, moon and seas, with things as simple as rosemary,
violets; some bird or other. All external objects take on precise personality,
and even play an active part in the lyrical action:
 Amidst the sea
a rock was standing
my girl sat down
to tell her suffering.

Only to Earth
will I tell my ruin,
in all the world
there’s none to trust in.

I ask the rosemary

ask each morning
if love has cure,
for, oh, I’m dying.

The Andalusian, with a profound spiritual feeling, surrenders the most

intimate treasures to Nature completely confident of being heard.
One feature of cante jondo is the manner in which with admirable
poetic reality the wind materializes in many of the songs.
The wind emerges, personified, in moments of deepest feeling,
appearing like a giant preoccupied with bringing down the stars and
scattering nebulae, but in no other folksong have I heard him utter words of
consolation as in ours:
 I climbed the wall;
the wind cried to me:
‘Why these sighs,
when there’s no remedy?’

It wept, the breeze,

to see wounds so deep,
deep, deep in my heart.

Enamoured of air
the air of woman,
since woman is air
in air I lingered.

I’m jealous of air

on your cheek, its breath,
if the breeze were a man
he’d be marked for death.

I’ve no fear of rowing,

if I want to I will.
I fear only the breeze
from your bay blowing still.

There is a delightful individuality about these poems, poems

entangled with the immobile propeller of the compass-rose.
Another theme peculiar to these songs and repeated endlessly in most
of them is that of weeping…
In the Gipsy siguiriya, the perfect poem of tears, the melody weeps as
do the words. There are lost bells in the depths, and windows open to the
dawn.
 At night in the yard
down my tears fall,
knowing I love you,
and you not at all.

Weep, weep my eyes,

weep if you’ve reason,
no shame for a man
to cry for a woman.

If you see me cry

leave me my handkerchief,
my pain is so great
it soothes me to weep.

And this final one, Gipsy and Andalusian:

If my heart possessed
windows, you could
look deep there, and see
me weep drops of blood.

These poems have an unmistakably popular feel, and in my judgment

are the ones best suited to the melodic pathos of cante jondo.
Their melancholy is so irresistible and their emotive force so
overwhelming, that they produce in all true Andalusians an inner weeping, a
weeping that cleanses the spirit transporting it to the burning lemon-grove of
Love.
Nothing compares to the delicacy and tenderness of these songs, and I
insist once more on the infamy we commit if we relegate them to oblivion or
prostitute them with base sensual intent, or through gross caricature. But
that occurs only in the city, since, fortunately for Virgin Poetry and for the
poets, there are still sailors who sing on the waves, women who rock their
children to sleep in the shade of the vines, and reclusive shepherds treading
the mountain paths; and, adding fuel to the flames which are not yet
extinguished, the passionate winds of poetry will rekindle the flames and the
women beneath the vine’s shade will continue to sing, and so will the
shepherds on their rough paths, and sailors to the fertile rhythms of the sea.
 Just as in the siguiriya and its offspring the oldest elements of the
Orient are found, so in many of the poems employed by cante jondo their
affinity with the most ancient eastern songs is noticeable.
When our songs achieve extremes of Suffering and Love, they are
sisters in expression to the magnificent verses of the Arabic and Persian
poets.
It is the simple truth that in the air of Cordoba and Granada the
gestures and lineaments of remote Arabia still linger, as clearly as the
evocation of lost cities rises from the blurred palimpsest of the Albaicín.
The same themes, of sacrifice, undying Love, and Wine, expressed
with the same spirit, appear in the works of the mysterious Asiatic poets.
The Arabic poet Siraj-al-Warak says:

The dove that does pine

and so prevents sleep,
has a breast like mine,
where living fires leap.

Ibn Sa ‘Nd, another Arabic poet, writes, on the death of his mistress,
the same elegy an Andalusian countryman might have written:

Visit the tomb of your lover,

my friends say, find rest.
I reply: ‘Has she another
tomb but in my breast?’

But where the affinity is evident beyond question of coincidence is in

the sublime Amorous Ghazals of Hafiz, the national poet of Persia, who sang
the wine, beautiful women, mysterious stones, and infinite blue nights of
Shiraz.
Since remote times art has employed the telegraphy and mirrors of the
stars.
Hafiz, in his Ghazals, reveals various lyric obsessions, among them an
exquisite obsession with hair.

Even if she could not

love me, I would trade
the whole orb of Earth
for one thread of her hair.
 And later he writes:

My heart since infancy

is lost in your dark tresses
till death, so sweet a bond
cannot break or be undone.

The same obsession with hair is found in many of the songs of our
own unique cante jondo filled with allusions to tresses preserved in
reliquaries, the lock of hair on the brow that provokes a whole tragedy.

If I chance to die, I charge you

bind my hands with tresses,
bind them with your long dark hair.

There is nothing more profoundly poetic than those three lines with
their sorrowful aristocratic eroticism.
When Hafiz treats the theme of lament he employs the same
expressions as our popular poet, with the same creative spectrum and, at
heart, the same sentiments:

I weep your loss forever,

but what use is longing
if the breeze cannot carry,
my sighs where you may hear?

It is the same with:

I sigh into the air,

yet there’s none, poor me,
who’ll pluck them from the breeze!

Hafiz declares:

Now you’ll not hear my voice’s echo,

now my heart is plunged in sorrow,
and jets of burning blood
invade my eyes.
 And our poet:

Whenever I look at the place

where we spoke when we could,
these poor eyes, in my face,
start weeping tears of blood.

Or this terrifying song, a siguiriya:

That yearning I must

forget now for good,
now my heart weeps
tears of blood.

In his twenty-seventh ghazal the poet of Shiraz sings:

In the end my bones

will turn to dust in the grave,
but my soul will never
forget so fierce a love.

Which is the exact same resolution proclaimed by countless songs of

the cante jondo. That Love is far stronger than death.
It was therefore with great emotion that I read these Asiatic poems
translated into Spanish by Don Gaspar María de Nava published in Paris in
1838, since they immediately evoked our own ‘deepest’ poetry.
Then, there is a strong affinity between our creators of siguiriyas and
the oriental poets in their praise of wine. Both groups sing the clear grape,
the easeful wine that recalls girls’ lips; a joyful wine, far from that fearful
wine of Baudelaire’s. I will cite one song (I think it is a martinete), a rarity
in that it is sung by a character who gives his Christian name and surname
(an isolated example among our singers) and in whom I see personified all
the true poets of Andalusia:

They call me Curro Pulla

by land and by sea,
in the arch of the tavern
I am the key.
 In Curro Pulla’s songs it is praise of wine which is heard loudest. Like
the marvellous Omar Khayyam he knows that:

It will end, my love,

it will end, my weeping,
it will end, my torment,
all will have an ending.

Wreathing his brow with a crown of transient roses and gazing into a
vase filled with nectar, he watches a star fall into the depths…And like the
magnificent lyricist of Nishapur he perceives that life is a game of chess.
Cante jondo, then, Gentlemen is, as much for its melody as its words,
one of the most powerful creations of popular art in the world and to your
hands fall the tasks of preserving and dignifying it to the honour of
Andalusia and its people.
Before I bring this poor badly-constructed lecture to an end I want to
remember the marvellous singers, the cantaores thanks to whom cante jondo
has survived to this day.
The figure of the cantaor is delineated by two great paths; the arc of
the sky outside him and the zigzag track within that snakes through his heart.
The cantaor, in singing, celebrates a solemn rite, stirs ancient
essences from sleep and flings them furled in his voice into the wind…he
has a profoundly religious sense of song.
The race allows its suffering and its true history to escape through
their singing. They are simply mediums, lyrical summits of our people’s
experience.
Gazing, as they sing, at a brilliant and hallucinatory point quivering
on the horizon, they are both strange and simple.
The women sing soleares, a melancholy and human genre within
relatively easy reach of the heart; by contrast the men have preferred to
cultivate the marvellous Gipsy siguiriya…and almost all of them have been
martyrs to an irresistible passion for deep song. The siguiriya is like a
cautery that burns the heart, throat, and lips of those who sing it. One must
prepare against the fire and sing at the right moment.
I wish to recall Romerillo, the spiritual Loco Mateo (Mateo Lasera),
Antonia ‘la de San Roque’, Anita ‘la de Ronda’, Dolores la Parrala and Juan
Breva who all sang soleares beyond compare, evoking the virgin Suffering,
in the lemon-groves of Málaga or beneath the night skies of maritime Cadiz.
I wish to recall also the masters of the siguiriya, Curro Pabla ‘el
Curro’, Manuel Molina, Manuel Torre (Manuel de Soto Loreto), and the
marvellous Silverio Franconetti, who sang the song of songs better than
anyone else and whose cry would split apart the dead mercury of the
mirrors.
They were profound interpreters of the people’s soul who shattered
their own souls in tempests of feeling. Almost all died of heart seizure, that
is to say they exploded like giant cicadas after filling our atmosphere with
the rhythm of the ideal…
Ladies and Gentlemen: all of you who in the course of your life have
been moved by a far-off song heard on the road, all whose ripened hearts
have been pecked by the white dove of love, all the lovers of a tradition
strung with futures, whether you study books or plough the earth, I
respectfully beg you not to allow the precious living jewels of our race, our
immense thousand-year-old treasure studding the spiritual surface of
Andalusia, to die, and I beg you to meditate, beneath this Granadan night, on
the transcendent patriotism of a project which a small handful of Spanish
artists are about to present.