Vidyamandir Classes Motion in Two Dimensions

Motion in Two Dimensions

For a particle moving along a straight line, all the vector quantities - position, velocity, displacement and accelera-
tion have only one non-zero component and hence can be treated as positive or negative numbers.
When a particle is moving along a curve, each of these quantities can have two non-zero components. Hence the
motion is said to be two dimensional because two numbers (components) are associated with a vector quantity. We
will be studying two types of curvilinear motions :
(i) Projectile Motion : Motion of a particle under the effect of earth’s gravity
(ii) Circular Motion : Motion of a particle along a circle

PROJECTILE MOTION Section - 1

We have already seen that when a particle is given a vertical initial velocity in earth’s gravitational field, it
moves along a vertical line. Imagine the motion of a particle when it is given an initial velocity u directed at an
angle  with the horizontal and   90.

(a) Such a particle will move horizontally as well as vertically i.e. along a curve.
(b) For convenience, we take origin at the point from where the particle is thrown and X-axis, Y-axis along
horizontal and vertical respectively.
(c) The velocity of the particle at any instant is directed along the tangent to the path and can have horizon
tal and vertical components.
(d) The only force acting on the particle is its weight (mg) directed downwards. Hence acceleration is g
directed vertically downwards.
(e) As acceleration does not change with time, the projectile motion is a uniformly accelerated mo
tion. At all time instants, ax = 0 and ay = g.
(f) The motion of a particle as projectile can be imagined as being made up of two parts : horizontal and
vertical which are independent of each other. The equations of uniformly accelerated motion which
we used in the study of straight line motion can be applied to horizontal and vertical components
separately.

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Analysis of the motion :

Consider the path of a particle thrown with an initial velocity u from origin O at an angle  with the horizontal.
 Horizontal component of u = u cos 
 Vertical component of u = u sin 
As the particle goes up, vertical component decreases and becomes zero at the top. The horizontal velocity
remains constant i.e. u cos , because there is no component of acceleration along the horizontal. When the
particle comes down, the vertical component becomes ve and increases in magnitude.
Let P be the position of particle after time t sec. and v be the velocity at P then :
vx = Xcomponent of final velocity at P
vy = Ycomponent of final velocity at P
 The vector OP represents the displacement.
 sx = X-component of displacement
sy = Y-component of displacement

The equations v = u + at, s = ut + 1/2 at2, v2 = u2 + 2as will be applied separately to horizontal and
vertical motion.

Analysis of horizontal motion :

ax = 0 m/s2
vx = ux + 0(t)

 vx = u cos  at all time instants, i.e. the horizontal velocity is constant.

sx = horizontal component of displacement in a time interval of t sec.

sx = ux t + 1/2 ax t2
= u cos (t) (as ax is equal to zero)

 Horizontal displacement = (horizontal velocity)  (time)

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Analysis of vertical motion :

ay = g
vy = uy  gt
sy = uy t  1/2 gt2
vy2 = uy2  2gsy
uy = the vertical component of initial velocity
sy = vertical component of displacement during t sec.
vy = vertical component of final velocity

Vertical component of velocity at any time :

(i) is zero, if the particle moving horizontally
(at the highest point)
(ii) is +ve if it is going up.
(iii) is –ve if it is coming down.

Projectile Thrown From Ground Level :

Consider a particle thrown with an initial velocity u at an angle  above the horizontal from the ground. It
goes up and reaches the maximum height at A and then comes back to ground at B.
 h = maximum height attained
 R = range OB = net horizontal displacement
 t = time of flight = total time for which it was in air
Interval from O to B :
ux = u cos  uy = u sin 
ax = 0 ay = g
sx = OB = R sy = 0 (as the displacement vector is horizontal)

(i) Time of Flight :

sy = uy t + 1/2 ay t2 (in the interval from O to B)

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 0 = (u sin) t + 1/2 (g) t2
2u sin 2u y
 t 
g g

(ii) Range :
sx = ux t = Range
 R = (ucos) (2usin /g)

u 2 sin 2 2u xu y
 R 
g g

Interval from O to A :
At the topmost point, the tangent to the path is horizontal and hence velocity vector is horizontal.
 vy = 0 at the topmost point.
(i) Maximum Height above the Ground :
vy2 = uy2 + 2 ay sy (in the interval from O to A)
0 = u2 sin2   2gh
2
u 2 sin2  u y
 h 
2g 2g
(iv) Equation of trajectory :
It is the equation of the curve along which the particle moves.
Let the particle move from O to an arbitrary point P on the curve in time t. If the coordinates of P are
(x, y) :
sx = x
sy = y (because origin is same as the point of projection)
 x = (u cos  ) t
and y = (u sin  ) t  1/2 g t2
Eliminating t from two equations ;

x  1  x 2
y  u sin    g
 u cos   2  u cos  

 y  x tan  
g x2
or y  x tan 

gx2 1  tan2  
2 u 2 cos 2  2u 2
This equation can also be expressed as :

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x
y  x tan 1  
 R
 gR 
 By substituting u2 
 2 sin cos  

This is the equation of the curve along which the particle moves. This is called as the equation of the
trajectory of the projectile. As y is quadratic polynomial in terms of x i.e. of the form y = ax  bx2, the
curve followed by the projectile is a parabola.

Projectile thrown horizontally from a height :

For a horizontal projection of a particle from height h :
ux = u ; uy = 0

Let t be the time taken from A to B.

ay = g ; sy = h

Along vertical :
h = 0 (t) + 1/2 (g) t2
2h
 t
g
Distance of B from O = sx = ux t

2h
 sx  u
g

Illustration - 1 A stone is thrown with a velocity of 19.6 m/s at an angle of 30 above horizontal from
the top of a building 14.7 m high. Find :
(i) the time after which the stone strikes the ground.
(ii) the distance of the landing point of the stone from the building.
(iii) the velocity with which the stone hits the ground.
(iv) the maximum height attained by the stone above the ground. (Take g = 9.8 m/s2)
SOLUTION :

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Consider the interval from O to C vy is ve because the stone is moving down
when it hits the ground.
ux = 19.6 cos30 = 9.8 3 m / s ax = 0 m/s2
uy = 19.6  sin30 = 9.8 m/s ; ay =  9.8 m/s2 Resultant velocity = v2 2
x vy

Along vertical direction : sy = 14.7 m 2 2

=  9. 8 3   19.6  9.8 7 m / s
(i) sy = uy t + 1/2 ay t2
14.7 = 9.8 t + 1/2 (9.8) t2 Velocity is directed at an angle  given by :
 4.9 t2  9.8 t  14.7 = 0  vy   19.6 
  tan1    tan1 
 
 vx   9.8 3 
 t 2  2t  3  0
 2 
 t = 1, 3 s  tan1   below horizontal.
 3
 Stone lands at C after 3 seconds. (iv) Maximum height attained above ground
(ii) From O to C, the horizontal displacement = sx = height of B above point of projection
sx = uxt = (19.6 cos30)  3 = 29.4 3 m + height of building
Distance of C from the building = AC = = h + 14.7
29.4 3 m = (u2/2g) sin2 30 + 14.7
(iii) The horizontal velocity remains constant.
= 19.6 m
Hence at C, vx = ux = 9.83 m/s.
vy = uy + ay t
vy = 19.6  sin30  9.8  3
vy = 19.6 m/s

Illustration - 2 A block slides off a horizontal table top 1 m high with a speed of 3 m/s. Find :
(a) the horizontal distance from the edge of the table at which the block strikes the floor.
(b) the horizontal and vertical components of its velocity when it reaches the floor. (Take g = 9.8 m/s2)

SOLUTION : As the initial velocity is horizontal, vertical

In the interval from O to B component = 0 m/s.
ux = 3 m/s sy = uy t + 1/2 ay t2
 1 = 0 (t) + 1/2 (g) t2
uy = 0 m/s
2 10
sy = 1 m  t  s
g 7
10
(a) sx  ux t  3 m  AB
7

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= horizontal distance Horizontal component = ux = 3 m/s = vx

Vertical component = vy =  1.410 m/s
(b) vx = ux = 3 m/s
vy = uy + ay t = 0  9.8 (10/7)
 vy = 1.4 10 m/s

Illustration - 3 A projectile is given an initial velocity of 5 m/s at an angle 30 below horizontal from the
top of a building 25 m high. Find :
(i) the time after which it hits the ground.
(ii) the distance from the building where it strikes the ground. (Take g = 10 m/s2)
SOLUTION :
The projectile is thrown from O and lands at A on the 25 = 2.5 t  1/2 (10) t2
ground.
 10 t2 + 5 t  50 = 0
From O to A : On solving, we get : t = 2s,  2.5s
sy = 25 m, uy = 5 sin 30 = 2.5 m/s.
The relevant time = 2s.
(ve because vertical component is down
wards) (ii) The distance of A from the building = sx

(i) ay =  g =  10 m/s2 sx = ux t = (5 cos 30) 2 = 53 m.

sy = uy t + 1/2 ay t2

Illustration - 4 A stone is to be thrown so as to cover a horizontal distance of 3 m. If the velocity of the

projectile is 7 m/s, find :
(i) the angle at which it must be thrown,
(ii) the largest horizontal displacement that is possible with the projection speed of 7 m/s. (Take g = 9.8 m/
s2)
SOLUTION :
(a) u = 7 m/s, range (R) = 3 m
Hence a range of 3 m is possible with two
u2
sin 2 72 angles of projections which are complimentary.
R
g
 3 sin 2
9.8
 sin2 = 3/5 (b) Range is maximum if sin 2 is maximum.
 2 = 37 or 180  2 = 37 i.e., for sin 2 = 1
[Using sin2 = sin (180  2)
 2 = 90 or = 45
from trigonometry]
  = 1830 or  = 7130 Hence for maximum range with a given veloc-
ity, the angle of projection  = 45.

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Rmax = (72/9.8) sin 90 = 5 m.

Note :
(i) If the angles of projection are complementary ( + = 90), then (for the same projection velocity) the
range on the horizontal plane is same.
(ii) The range on the horizontal plane is maximum for angle of projection  = 45. (Rmax = u2/g)

Illustration - 5 A projectile shot at an angle of 45 above the horizontal strikes a building 30 m away at a
point 15 m above the point of projection. Find :
(a) the speed of projection
(b) the magnitude and direction of velocity of projectile when it strikes the building. (Take g = 9.8 m/s2)
SOLUTION :
Let u = speed of projection
u 2  60 g
 u  14 3 m / s

(b) At P,
14 3
vx = ux = u cos 45 = 7 6 m/ s
2

Along y-axis
vy2 = uy2 + 2 ay sy
(a) Let P be the point on the building where projec- vy2 = u2 sin2 45  2 g (15)
tile hits it.
vy2 = (60 g) (0.5)  30 g = 0
Taking point of projection as origin, coordinates
of P are (30, 15). Using the equation of trajec-  vy = 0
tory
g x2  At P, projectile is at its highest point and
y  xtan  hence moving horizontally with speed
2 u 2 cos 2 
2 7 6 m/ s.
g  30 
 15  30 tan 45 
2 u 2 cos2 45

Illustration - 6 A rifle with a muzzle velocity of 100 m/s shoots a bullet at a small target 30 m away in the
same horizontal line. How high above the target must the gun be aimed so that the bullet will hit the target ?

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SOLUTION :
Let  = angle of projection of bullet.
Let the rifle be at O and target at T.
As OT is horizontal, range = 30 m.

 (u2/g) sin2 = 30
 sin2 = 0.03
As sin2 is small, so take sin 2  2
2 = 0.03   = 0.015

The rifle is aimed at A. The height of A above the target = AT

 AT = 30 tan  (from triangle OAT)
AT  30() = (30) × (0.015) (as tan    for
small values of )
 AT = 45 cm
Illustration - 7 The trajectory of a projectile in a vertical plane is y  ax  bx 2 , where a and b are con-
stants and x and y are respectively horizontal and vertical distance of the projectile from the point of projec-
tion. The maximum height attained by the particle and the angle of projection from the horizontal are :
b2 a2 a2 2a 2
(A) , tan1 b  (B) , tan1  2a  (C) , tan1  a  (D) , tan1  a 
2a b 4b b
SOLUTION : (C)
y  ax  bx2 g 1  tan2  
(ii) b  
Comparing with 2u 2
g 1  tan2  x2 g 1  a 2 
     tan1 a and 2
u   
y   tan  x  2b
2u 2
we get : u 2 sin2 
Hence hmax 
2g
a
(i)  sin  1  a 2 
a  tan   a2 a2
1 a2   
4b 1  a2 4b

Illustration - 8 A ball is thrown with a velocity of 72 m/s at an angle of 45 with the horizontal. It just
clears two vertical poles of height 90 cm each. Find the separation between the poles. (Take g = 9.8 m/s2)

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SOLUTION :

Let us first calculate the time t after which the ball is at Alternative method :
the top of the poles. During this time interval : yA = yB = 0.9 m
sy = 0.9 m
uy = u sin 45 = 7 m/s. Using equation of trajectory for y = 0.9 m, we
should get the values of xA and xB.
 sy = uy t + 1/2 ay t2
g x2
0.9 = 7 t  1/2 (9.8) t2 0.9  xtan 45 
2
1 9 2 7 2 cos 2 45
 
 t  or sec
7 7
1 has roots xA and xB.
Hence the ball is at A after 7 seconds and at B
On simplification, the equation reduces to ;
9 x2  10x + 9 = 0
after 7 seconds.
9  xA = 1m and xB = 9 m
OQ = sx = (u cos45) = 9 m
7 PQ = xB  xA
1
OP = sx = (u cos 45) =1 m  PQ = 8 m
7
 OP = 8 m
Illustration - 9 Trajectories of two projectiles are shown in
figure. Let T1 and T2 be the time periods and u1 and u2 their
speeds of projection. Then :
(A) T2 > T1 (B) T1 = T2
(C) u1 > u2 (D) u1 < u2
SOLUTION : (BD)
u y2 u y2
H1  H 2  1  2  uy  uy . . . . (i)
2g 2g 1 2
2u x u y 2u u
R2  R1  2 2  x1 y1  u  u . . . . (ii)
g g x2 x2
From (i) and (ii) : u2 > u1  D is correct.
2u y 2u
T1  1 and T  y1  T  T  B is correct.
g 2 g 1 2

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Vidyamandir Classes Motion in Two Dimensions

PROJECTILE MOTION ON AN INCLINE PLANE Section - 2

Let a particle be thrown with a velocity u at an angle  with the horizontal from the bottom of an inclined
plane. Taking Xaxis parallel to the plane and the Yaxis perpendicular to the plane, let us find the range and
the time of flight on the inclined plane. Let the inclined plane make an angle  with the horizontal.
Taking axes along and perpendicular to the inclined plane as shown, components of g are g cos and g
sin as shown. Note that the X and Y axes are now NOT along horizontal and vertical. Hence
ax  0 m / s 2 and a y   g
 ax =  g sin ; ay =  g cos
ux = u cos (  ) ; uy = u sin (  )

From O to A :
sy = 0  0 = uy t + 1/2 ay t2
1 2u sin    
 0 = u sin (  ) t  g cos  t 2  t is the time of flight.
2 g cos 
1
Range = OA = sx = ux t + ax t 2
2

2u 2 sin     cos 
Substituting values of ux , ax and t, we get : Range =
g cos2 

‘’ For Maximum Range :

Let us calculate ‘’ so that the range is maximum.

2u 2 sin     cos  u 2  sin  2     sin  

R  Using 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
g cos 2  g cos 2 
For R to be maximum, sin (2  ) must be maximum.

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
Hence 2    so that R is maximum.
2
 
 R is maximum for   
4 2
u 2 1  sin   u2
The maximum value of R  Rmax  or Rmax 
g cos2  g 1  sin  

Illustration - 10 A particle is projected up an inclined plane with initial speed v = 20 m/s at an angle  =
30 with plane.The component of its velocity perpendicular to plane when it strikes the plane is
(A) 10 3 m / s (B) 10 m/s (C) 5 3 m/ s (D) data is insufficient
SOLUTION : (B)

ax   g sin  ; u x  10 3 m / s v2y  u 2y  2a y s y for complete motion sy = 0

a y   g cos  ; u y  10 m / s
 v y  u y  10 3 m / s

Illustration - 11 A particle is projected from O at an angle of projection  and after t seconds it appears to
gt cos 
have an angle of elevation  as seen from the point of projection. Prove that the initial velocity was :
2 sin    

SOLUTION :
y
At P : (i)  tan 
x
1 2
(ii) y  u sin t   gt
2
(iii) x   u cos  t 

u sin  gt / 2
  tan  Alternatively :
u cos 
Imagine OP as on inclined plane of
[Substituting for y and x in (i) from (ii) and iii)] inclination 
gt cos  T = time of flight on incline
 u
2 sin     2u sin    
T t 
[On simplifying and using g cos 
gt cos 
 u  2 sin    
sin cos   cos  sin   sin     ]

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Illustration - 12 A particle is projected at an angle  with the horizontal from the foot of the plane, whose
inclination to the horizontal is . Show that it will strike the plane at right angles if cot  = 2 tan (  ).
SOLUTION :
Let O be the point of projection, u the velocity Applying vx = ux + ax t along X-axis, we have :
of projection and P the point where the particle
strikes the plane. 0 = u cos (  )  g sin  (t)
u cos    
t . . . . . .(ii)
g sin 
Equating the values of t from (i) and (ii), we
have :
2u sin     u cos    

g cos  g sin 
2sin     cos 
 
Let t be the time of flight from O to P. Then by cos     sin 
the usual formula for time of flight on an in 2 tan ( ) = cot
clined plane, we have :
2u sin    
t . . . . . .(i)
g cos 

Illustration - 13 A shot is fired at an angle  to the horizontal up an hill of inclination  to the horizontal.
Show that it strikes the hill horizontally if : tan  = 2 tan  .
SOLUTION :
Let O be the point of projection, u the velocity of
projection and P the point where the shot strikes 2u sin    
the plane. Let t be the time of flight from O to P. t . . . . (i)
g cos 

Now according to the question the particle strikes

the inclined plane horizontally at P i.e., the
direction of the velocity of the particle at P is
horizontal. So the vertical velocity of the particle
at P is zero.
Applying v = u + at along the vertical
direction,
Then by the usual formula for the time of flight 0 = u sin   g t
on an inclined plane, we have

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u sin
i.e. t . . . . . .(ii)
g  2 sin  cos   2 cos  sin 
Equating the values of t from (i) and (ii), we = sin  cos 
have  sin cos  = 2 cos  sin 
2u sin     u sin  sin 2 sin 
  
g cos  g cos  cos 
 2 sin (  ) = sin  cos   tan  = 2 tan 

CIRCULAR MOTION Section - 3

Uniform Circular Motion

A particle moving along a circular path with a constant speed is said to be in uniform circular motion.

Angular velocity ()

When a particle moves along a circle, it covers some arc length (= s) along
the circumference in time t sec. The angle subtended by this arc at the
centre or the angle rotated by the radius vector is known as angular
displacement in time t sec.
If the particle goes from A to B,
Angular displacement = AOB = 
Distance covered = arc AB = s
s
By definition of  in radians,  
r
The angular displacement per unit time is known as angular velocity.
angular displacement

time
 s / r 1 s 
    
t t rt 
s
Now  t   v = speed of the particle
 
v
    v  r
r

Time period of revolution (T)

If the particle completes one revolution,  = 2.
Let the time for one revolution = T

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2
 
T
Let n = frequency of revolution = number of revolutions completed in one second.
1 
 n 
T 2
2 2 r
   2 n and v  r   v  2 rn
T T

Velocity and acceleration in uniform circular motion :

The magnitude of velocity does not change with time but the direction of the velocity (along tangent) keeps
on changing from moment to moment. As the velocity vector changes direction with time, the acceleration is
non-zero in uniform circular motion.
Let v = speed of moving particle (same at all points) and r = radius of the circle.
Let the particle start from A at t = 0. After time t, it reaches point P where the position vector is :
r t   OP  r cos t ˆi  r sin t ˆj
dr
 v t     r sin t ˆi  r cos  t ˆj
dt
dv
Acceleration = a t     r 2 cos t ˆi  r 2 sin t ˆj
dt


=  2 r cos t ˆi  r sin t ˆj 
 a  ω 2 r
The magnitude of the acceleration is 2 r and it is directed opposite to r and hence towards the centre O.
The figure shows the direction of velocity and acceleration for different positions of moving particle on the
circle. As the acceleration is directed towards the centre, it is known as centripetal acceleration or radial
acceleration (along the radius).
2
 Centripetal acceleration  2 r  v
r

Note : So far we have observed that in uniform circular motion, the magnitude of velocity (v) and magnitude of
 v2 
acceleration   are constant, while the direction of the velocity (along the tangent) and the direction of
 r 
acceleration (along the radius) keep on changing with time.

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Non-Uniform Circular Motion

If the speed of the particle rotating in the circle changes with time, it is said to be in non-uniform
circular motion. The acceleration of the particle in that case has two components:
1. A radial (or centripetal) component which causes the changes in the direction of velocity. It is
v2
directed towards the centre and has a magnitude ar , given as : ar  . As the radial component is
r
v2
perpendicular to velocity, it is also called normal component of acceleration denoted as an  .
r
Note that this component is also present in uniform circular motion.
2. A tangential component which causes the change in magnitude of velocity. It is directed along the
tangent and its magnitude is decided by the net tangential force acting on the particle. Its magnitude is
given by at as :
dv
at 
d t where v is the speed of the particle.
The tangential acceleration is in the direction of motion if the particle speeds up and opposite to the
direction of motion if the particle slows down.
Note :
(a) In uniform circular motion, tangential component at = 0 m/s2 because speed does not change.
(b) The concept of radial (normal) and tangential acceleration can be applied to motion in curves other than
circles, see Illustration-14

3. The net acceleration is :

a  ar2  at2
and it makes an angle  with tangent :
a
  tan 1 r
at

Illustration - 14 A projectile is launched with an initial speed 0 at an angle 0 above the horizontal. For a
short distance near the top of its trajectory, the parabolic path may be approximated as a circular arc. Find
the equation for radius r of this arc in terms of 0, 0, and g, just as the projectile passes through the top-most
point.

SOLUTION : At the top-most point :

2 Speed = v0 cos 0
The concept of normal acceleration an  v can be used
r Total acceleration = g
here to find the radius of curvature of the curve at a par-
Normal acceleration = an = g
ticular point.
(Because velocity is horizontal.)

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v 2 cos2 0
2 r 0
Hence we have an  v g
r
Hence the radius of curvature at the top is :
v 2 cos 2 0
g 0 v 2 cos2 0
r 0 .
g

Illustration - 15 A point moves along a circle with a velocity v = at, where a = 0.50 m/s2. Find the total
acceleration of the point at the moment when it has covered the nth (n = 0.10) fraction of the circle after the
beginning of motion.

SOLUTION :
2
Let v be the speed at the instant when the par- Radial acceleration = ar  v  4  a n
ticle has covered the nth fraction of circle. r

Tangential acceleration  a  
dv dv ds vdv
 Total acceleration = at2  ar2
dt ds dt ds
where s denotes the distance covered.
v s  a2  16 2a 2 n2
  vdv   a ds
0 0
 v2  2as where s   2 r  n  a 1  16 2n2  0.8 m / s 2
v2 = 2as  v  2an  2 r 

Illustration - 16 A point moves along an arc of a circle of radius R. Its velocity depends upon the distance
covered s as v  a s , where a is constant. The angle  between the vector of total acceleration and tangen-
tial acceleration is :

s s s 2s
(A) tan   (B) tan   (C) tan   (D) tan  
R 2R 2R R
SOLUTION : (D)
dv dv ds vdv
Calculation of at : Now, at   
dt ds dt ds
va s  a  a2
a s  
Differentiating with respect to s on both 2 s 2
sides, Calculation of ar :
dv 1
a v 2 a2 s
ds 2 s ar  
R R

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a
tan  r
at
Using the calculated values of at and ar ,

a2s 2 2s
tan   
R a2 R
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SUBJECTIVE SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example - 1 If at any point, the velocity of a particle is u and is directed at an angle  to the hori-
u
zontal, then show that it will be moving at right angles to its initial direction after a time g cosec α .

SOLUTION :
Let t be the time after which velocity becomes Horizontal velocity at O = horizontal velocity at
perpendicular to its direction. P
 u cos  = v sin 
 v = u cot 
Along vertical direction, using vy = uy  gt, we
get :
 v cos  = u sin   g t
u sin   vcos  u sin   u cot  cos 
 t 
g g
As u and v are perpendicular, the angle between
v and vertical will be . u  sin2   cos 2   u
 t  g  sin  
 cos ec
g
 

Example - 2 A man is riding on an open car travelling with a constant velocity of 10 m/s. He wishes to
throw a ball through a stationary hoop 5 m above the height of his hands in such a manner that the ball will
move horizontally as it passes through the hoop. He throws the ball with a velocity of 12.5 m/s with respect to
himself. What must be the vertical component of the velocity of the ball ? How many seconds after he
releases the ball will it pass through the hoop ? At what horizontal distance in front of the hoop must the ball
be released ? (Take g = 10 m/s2)
SOLUTION :
Horizontal component of initial velocity of projection relative to the ground
= (velocity relative to car) + (velocity of car)

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2
 5
12.5 sin 
2g
 sin = 4/5 ; cos = 3/5
ux = 12.5 cos  + speed of the car
And uy = 12.5 sin = 10 m/s
ux = 12.5 cos  + 10
Vertical component = uy = 12.5 sin  Time of flight = 2u sin /g = 2 seconds.

As the horizontal velocity is not equal to 12.5 Hence the ball will pass through the hoop 1 s
after it is thrown.
cos, the formula for the range can not be
used. Range = horizontal velocity  time of flight
However, the formula for maximum height and = (12.5 cos  + 10) 2 = 35 m.
time of flight can be used because they involve
He should throw the ball at a horizontal dis-
vertical velocity.
tance from the hoop
= 1/2Range = 17.5 m.

Example - 3 An object is projected so that it must clear two obstacles each 7.5 m high which are
situated 50 m from each other. If the time of passing between the obstacles is 2.5 sec, calculate the complete
range of projection and the initial velocity of the projection. (g = 10 m/s2)

SOLUTION :
Let u and  be the velocity and angle of
Because the object is at a height 7.5 m after tOP
projection from point O. and tOQ, these time instants are roots of the
equation:
From P to Q : time = tPQ = 2.5 sec.
7.5 = (u sin ) t  1/2gt2
Horizontal displacement = 50 m. gt2  (2u sin ) t +15 = 0
Horizontal velocity = u cos  = 20 m/s.
(Difference of roots)2
= (sum of roots)2  4 (product)
2 4u 2 sin2  15

tOQ  tOP   g 2
4
g
2 2  60
  2.52  4u sin
2

g
g
u sin  = 17.5 and u cos = 20
If tOP = time from O to P and tOQ = time from O
to Q  u  17.52  202  26.6 m / s
tPQ = tOQ  tOP = 2.5
2u 2 2
Range 
g
sin cos  
10
17.5 20   70 m

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Example - 4 A particle is projected from the ground at an angle 60 with horizontal that speed u = 20
m/s. Find the radius of curvature of the path of the particle, when its velocity makes an angle of 30 with
horizontal. (g = 10 m/s2)
SOLUTION :
vy vy vy 1 Vy
 tan 30       vy 
10
m/ s
vx u x 20 cos 60 3 10 3

2
 10  20
 Net velocity = Vx2  V y2  2
10     m/ s
 3 3
3
 Acceleration component perpendicular to velocity is g cos 30 = 10 . 5 3 m/ s
2
2
a 
V2
 radius of curvature =
 20 3  m
radius 5 3
400
 r m  15.39 m
15 3

Example - 5 A particle is moving in a circle of radius R in such a way that at any instant the total
acceleration makes an angle of 45 with radius. Initial speed of particle is v0. Find the time taken to complete
the first revolution.
SOLUTION :

ar  at (Given) because total acceleration v0r dx 1

 v  
makes an angle of 45 with radius r  v0t dt 1 v0  t r
 1 t
v2 at 
dv 2 r t dt v  r 
ar  ;
r dt  dx   1 v  t r  2 r   r log  0 
0 0 0  1 v 
 0 
dv v 2 v dv t dt 1 1 t  
       
dt r v0 v 2 0 r v0 v r v t r
 1  0  e2  t  1  e2 
 
r v0  

Example - 6 A football is kicked off with an initial speed of 20 m/s at a projection angle of 45. A
receiver on the goal-line at a distance of 60 m away in the direction of the kick starts running to meet the ball
at that instant. What must be his speed if he is to catch the ball before it hits the ground ? (Take g = 10 m/s2)

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SOLUTION :

Let u = 20 m/s ;  = 45 ; And AB = distance covered by receiver = v t

v = speed of the receiver OB = 60
The ball is projected from O and the receiver runs from B u2
 sin 2  vt  60 . . . . . . (i)
to catch the ball at A. In any problem involving motion of g
two bodies, usual steps to be followed are : Also t = time of flight

(i) Let t be the time after they meet, 2u sin

 t . . . . . . (ii)
g
(ii) Express the relation between the magnitudes Solving (i) and (ii), we get v and t. Eliminating t :
of displacements in terms of t.
u2  2u sin 
Let t = time after which the receiver meets the sin 2  v    60
g  g 
ball
 t = time taken by the ball to go from O to 60 g  u 2 sin 2
 v
2u sin
A and t = time taken by the receiver to go
from B to A 600  400
 v= 2
2  20
u2
 OA = Range = sin 2  v5 2 m/ s .
g

Example - 7 Body A is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 40 m/s. At what height was the body
B, which when thrown with a horizontal velocity of 8 m/s at the same time the body A was thrown, collided
with it in its flight. The horizontal distance between the initial positions of A and B is 8 m. Also find the time
of flight of each body before the collision and the velocity of each at the instant of collision.
SOLUTION :
Let t = time for which A and B move before Horizontal displacement of B = 8 m
colliding.  8t=8  t = 1s

Now OP = magnitude of vertical displacement

of A
PQ = magnitude of vertical component of B
1 2
OP  40t  gt = 40  4.9 = 35.1 m
2

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1 2 (vB)y = 0  gt =  9.8 m/s.

PQ   0  t  gt = 4.9 m
2
Height from which B is projected  vB  82  9.82  = 12.65 m/s inclined at
= OQ = 35.1 + 4.9 = 40 m  9. 8 
Velocities when they collide :   tan1  1
  tan 1.22  below horizontal.
 8 
vA = 40  gt = 30.2 m/s.
(vB)x = 8 m/s

Example - 8 A particle, thrown over a triangle from one end of a horizontal base falls on the other end
of the base after grazing the vertex. If  and  are the base angles, and  the angle of projection,show that
tan  = tan  + tan .
SOLUTION :
Let the particle be projected from point O with Substituting the coordinates of A in the equation of tra-
speed u. Let the height of vertex A = h jectory, we have :
 h cot  
h = h cot  tan   1  
 h cot   h cot  
tan cot 
tan 
cot   cot 
 tan  cot  + tan  cot  = tan  cot 
The equation of trajectory is tan tan
 1 
tan tan
gx2  tan  + tan  = tan 
y = x tan  
2u 2 cos 2 
Note : Sometimes, equation of trajectory can be very
gx2 tan
y = x tan   useful in this form :
2u 2 sin  cos 
 x
y  xtan 1  .
 x  R
y = x tan  1  R  where R = range
 
Now the coordinates of A are : (h cot , h)
Range = OB = h cot  + h cot 

Example - 9 From a point on the ground at a distance x from the foot of a vertical wall, a ball is thrown
at an angle  which just clears the top of the wall and afterwards strikes the ground at a distance y on the
other side. Find the height of the wall.

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SOLUTION :
xy tan α
 h
The equation of the trajectory in terms of range is : x y

x
 y  x tan α 1  ( put R = x+ y)
 R 

 x 
 h  x tan  1  
 x y

Example - 10 A particle is projected under gravity with velocity 2 g a from a point at a height h above
the level plane. Show that the angle of projection  for the maximum range on the plane is given by tan2  =
a
,and that the maximum range is 2 a  a+h 
a+h
SOLUTION :
For real value of tan, this quadratic should have a non-
negative discriminant.
i.e., (4ax)2  4x2 (x2  4ah)  0

4a2  x2 + 4ah  0

 x  2 a  a  h

Hence the maximum range on the plane is

The equation of the trajectory for the projectile is :
xmax  2 a  a  h 
gx 2
y  xtan 
2u 2 cos 2  For maximum range, tan can be calculated from (i) by
substituting
where u2 = 2ga
x  2 a  a  h  i.e. x 2  4a 2  4ah
i.e., on the curve y  xtan 

x 2 1  tan2  
4a  x 2 tan2   4axtan  4a 2  4ah  4ah  0
The coordinates of the point P are : (x, h)
  xtan  2a 2  0
2
 
h = x tan   1  tan2   x4a  tan 
2a
x
 x2 tan2   4ax tan + x2  4ah = 0 . . . .(i) 
2a

a
2 a a  h ah

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THINGS TO REMEMBER

2u sin 2u y
(i) Time of Flight : t 
g g

u 2 sin 2 2u xu y
(ii) Range : R 
g g
2
u 2 sin2  u y
(iii) Maximum Height above the Ground : h 
2g 2g

g x2  x
(iv) Equation of trajectory : y  xtan  or y  x tan  1  
2 u 2 cos 2   R

2u 2 sin     cos  2u sin    

(v) On an inclined plane : Range = ; Time of flight =
g cos2  g cos 

Non-Uniform Circular Motion

2
1. Radial (or centripetal) component : ar  v is also called normal component of acceleration
r
2
denoted as an  v .
r
dv
2. Tangential component : a t  d t where v is the speed of the particle.
The tangential acceleration is in the direction of motion if the particle speeds up and opposite to the
direction of motion if the particle slows down.

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My Chapter Notes

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Illustration - 1

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