Running Head: HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE METHOD

Hypothetico-Deductive Method

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Introduction

Many arguments in science are often accompanied by the induction or deduction. In the

empirical sciences induction is used to summarize the data, the results of observations or

experimental research (Lawson, 2014). The conclusions obtained in this manner represent the

hypothesis is correct which further verified by deriving the logical consequences of these. Once

scientists have gradually come to realize the idea that inductive logic cannot be considered an

infallible remedy for the discovery of new scientific truths, they are increasingly began to pay

attention to the hypothetical-deductive method of investigation. This paper Compare and contrast

two business research papers as to describe how the researchers utilized the hypothetico-

deductive method.

Discussion

Over of hypothetico-deductive method

Hypothetical-deductive method is a theoretical method of scientific knowledge based on

deductive inference consequences of the hypothesis or system of hypotheses and empirical

(experimental) verification. Since the deduction fully transfers the value of truth from premises

to conclusion, the negative results of empirical tests indicate incorrect initial hypothesis (or the

need to make the appropriate changes in procedures of empirical tests or in the logical and

mathematical consequences of withdrawal) (Clapham et al., 2012). For the same reason the

confirmation deductive consequences can not be a sufficient condition for the truth of the

hypothesis to be tested, but only the condition of its likelihood or probability. In general, the

evaluation of the initial hypothesis on the basis of this conclusion is complex and multi-stage

character, as only a lengthy process testing hypotheses in the scientific knowledge can lead to

sound its acceptance or refutation.

The grounds of the hypothetico-deductive method are based on the postulate that the

development of theoretical knowledge is not built at the expense of inductive generalization

procedures, data and facts, i.e. the "bottom,” and unfolds like the "top" in relation to the latter.

The method of constructing such knowledge is that first created a hypothetical construct that

deductively unfolds to form a system of hypotheses, and then the system is subjected to

experimental verification, in which it is specified and concretized.

Any deductive hypotheses developed system has a hierarchical structure. First of all, it

has a hypothesis (or hypotheses) of the upper tier and lower tiers of the hypothesis, which is a

consequence of the first hypotheses (Trotta et al., 2013). Each hypothesis is introduced so that by

logic or logical-mathematical methods from it could bring the following hypothesis and the

hypothesis of the lower tier directly compare with experimental data. The development of

science often has to deal with not one but a whole system of hypotheses higher tiers, which are

derived from the investigation, as verified in the experiment.

A characteristic feature of the hypothetico-deductive system is its integrity. In the

empirical test is compared with the experience of the whole system of hypotheses as a whole,

and it makes the process of restructuring hypotheses rather complicated procedure (Romesburg,

2014). The simplest case is when there is a hypothesis of the upper tier and it definitely should

be a linear chain of intermediate hypothetical statements, compared with the experience. In this

case, the experimental data immediately take out "the sentence" hypothesis.

From a modern point of view of the hypothetico-deductive theory to its logical structure

can be viewed as interpreted axiomatic systems like, for example, the content axioms of

Euclidean geometry. To this should be taken as axioms the strongest hypothesis, and all their

consequences to consider theorems (Man, 2013). Although from a purely logical point of view is
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quite difficult to argue against this approach, yet hypothetical-deductive model is well reveals

some specific features of the deductive construction of expert knowledge from which completely

distracted at the axiomatization of mathematical theories

Study 1

The first study analyzed aimed to explore the key factors that have influenced the

managers and leaders to adjust their leadership styles while working on international

assignments. The study also aimed to explore whether adaptation to new style proved beneficial

or caused difficulties while managing re-entry to native culture. In this study the researcher

initially observed a fact about which he wanted to find an explanation or draft a law. After

making the observation of a fact or a regular researcher seek an explanation if none exists in the

corpus accepted science, and build a hypothesis. The researcher constructed a theory or law to

explain the observed facts. The researcher of the study once prepared an explanatory hypothesis

elucidated the empirical and theoretical implications of the hypothesis. Subsequently, the

researcher returned to the expertise to analyze whether his predictions about what should happen,

according to his theory, are true or not. Finally he reached the conclusion that adaption to new

national or organizational culture significantly depends upon changes in exiting leadership styles.

Study 2

The purpose of conducting this study was to identify the reason that individuals and

organizations can have for the adoption of the cloud computing system, in order to satisfy their

day to day needs related to the movement of the data. The ultimate goal of the study was to

provide cloud providers, cloud computing customers and decision makers with the information

concerning the benefits of cloud computing. The researcher of this study followed the following

steps
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 collection and systematization of factual material that requires a theoretical explanation;-

extension and justification of hypotheses about the causes, characteristics, relationship,

patterns of the investigated object in raising the necessary logical methods;

 assessing the validity and validity of hypotheses, selection of the most probable;

 removal of the hypotheses usually deductive way, consequences;

 Experimental verification of hypotheses derived from the consequences, after which the

hypothesis is complete or partial confirmation or refuted.

Similarities and differences in how the researchers applied the hypothetico-deductive

method

In both the studies, the researchers had initially analyzed the factual material that requires

a theoretical explanation. Both the researchers critically analyzed the reliability and theoretical

implications of the research hypothesis they had formulated. However, the disparity in the way

both researchers conducted hypothetico-deductive method was that the second researcher

experimentally verified the hypothesis.

Rule derived about using the hypothetico-deductive method

1. Approach to a problem for which the available knowledge of our age, principle, has no

answer will be considered only scientific questions that can be addressed using the

experimental method.

2. Construction of Hypothesis. A hypothesis is an answer that ventures to solve a previously

formulated scientific problem. In the formulation of hypotheses plays a role especially

important is the imagination . This allows construct reasonable conjectures (for example:

the structure of the molecule is a hexagonal benzene ring) and also can design the

experiments with which to compare the proposed hypotheses (for example: what
HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE METHOD 5

experiment could be designed to show that the hypothesis is true that eels are oriented in

their travel through the memorization of variations salinity and temperature of the

water?).

a. Mathematical formulation of the hypothesis . This one is obtained conceptual

greater precision (not the same degree precision say that water is at 29 ° to say

that the water is warm) and also an argumentative rigor that ensures the validity of

the reasoning are performed.

b. deduction of consequences .all hypotheses have some observable consequences or

events that are expected that occur in the case of being true. that is precisely what

is to be tested in the next step.

3. Experimental test and its possible outcomes. The verification is the testing of a

hypothesis, comparing it with the facts.

4. The formulation of scientific laws and theories when a hypothesis is sufficiently general

and has been victorious in several processes crosscheck becomes considered a scientific

law. when the development of the science, the various laws are organized and

systematized, passing up a theory scientific

Conclusion

Hypothetico-deductive method is the method of obtaining new knowledge and

deployment method theory, the essence of which is to create deductive-linked hypotheses of

which are derived (deduced) ultimately statements about empirical facts. The method is based on

the postulate that the development of theoretical knowledge is not built through inductive

generalization procedures, data and facts, i.e., "Bottom" and would be deployed as the "top" in

relation to the latter. The hypothetical-deductive method has several essential steps: observation
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of the phenomenon to be studied, creating a hypothesis to explain this phenomenon, deduction of

consequences or more elementary than the hypothesis own propositions, and verification or

proof of the truth of the statements deduced by comparing them with the experience. This

method forces the scientist to combine rational reflection or time wise (hypothesis formation and

deduction) with the observation of empirical reality or time (observation and verification)
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References

Clapham, M., Nevin, O. T., Ramsey, A. D., & Rosell, F. (2012). A hypothetico-deductive

approach to assessing the social function of chemical signalling in a non-territorial

solitary carnivore. PloS one, 7(4), e35404.

Lawson, A. E. (2014). Hypothetico-deductive Method. In Encyclopedia of Science

Education (pp. 1-2). Springer Netherlands.

Man, A. (2013). deductive reasoning 73, 92–3, 96; see also hypothetico-deductive method

discursive complex 50 disenchantment of the world 58, 59 evolution (biological) 15, 20,

24, 30, 60. Jung and the Question of Science,118, 189.

Romesburg, H. C. (2014). Exercises for Bringing the Hypothetico-Deductive Method to

Life. The American Biology Teacher, 76(5), 346-348.

Trotta, M., Lemaître, A., & Donnay, J. P. (2013). Operationality of geographic profiling through

a hypothetico-deductive method. A review of constraints and factors. Bulletin de la

Société Géographique de Liège, 60.