IN THIS UNIT YOU WILL

LEARN HOW TO
• complete notes with words from the text
• match sentence endings with their
beginnings
• use modals of possibility and ability.

I LEAD-IN I
Do the two underlined words in each sentence have a similar
meaning or the opposite meaning? Use a dictionary if necessary.
1 A predator catches and eats its�·
2 A g.[Q!JQ of dolphins is called a pod.
3 Environmentalists work for the conservation and
protection of the planet.
4 Only a few baby turtles survived; all the others died.
5 Mothers have an automatic desire to protect their
babies; keeping them safe is instinctive behaviour.

I SKIM READING I
02 Skim read the text in ONE minute
and check your answers
to exercise 1.
A When asked their favourite animals, many people
answer 'dolphins'. They are known as friendly,
intelligent creatures that have a special relationship with
humans. For example, dolphins can tell when a woman
is pregnant. They can also tell when someone is in
trouble. No one is really sure why this is the case.
Experts think they may understand that humans are
similar to them and try to protect them from predators
and other dangers. Dolphins' protection of humans
might not be just automatic or instinctive: they may
actively decide to help in certain situations. ORCA (KILLER WHALE)

B There are many stories about dolphins protecting

humans from sharks. Wildlife filmmaker Hardy Jones
E Whales have also been known to protect
both humans and other mammals. In
was filming a group of dolphins, when a large shark California, in 2012, a BBC Planet Earth film
swam towards him ready to attack. Four dolphins came crew filmed a group of humpback whales
to his rescue and drove the shark away. Perhaps they who were protecting migrating grey whales
could tell he was a person who cared very much about from attacks by orcas (killer whales) over a
dolphins. In fact, Jones was a well-known campaigner period of at least seven hours. In China,
against the killing of dolphins. In another incident, in Yang Yun applied for a job training whales at
2004, in New Zealand, four people were saved from a Polar Land in the city of Harbin. For the
great white shark by a pod of dolphins. The dolphins 'interview' she had to dive down as far as
herded the swimmers into a group and formed a possible in the seven-metre deep pool.
protective ring around them. As they had not yet seen When she was about five metres down,
the shark, one of them tried to swim away. He couldn't Yang Yun found she couldn't move her
get away, because every time he tried, he was pushed legs due to the freezing temperatures. Two
back inside the ring by the dolphins. beluga whales, Mila and Nicola, sensed that

C
she was in trouble. Mila gripped Yang Yun's
Dolphins don't only save humans from sharks, but leg in her mouth and pushed Yun to the
protect them in other situations too. A scuba diver surface, saving her life.
was hit by a boat near the Channel Islands (between
England and France) in 2006. The man was
unconscious, but survived 56 hours in the water,
watched over by a pod of about 150 dolphins. In 2014,
F Stories of marine mammals helping
humans - and each other - date back to
Ancient Greece. Although we may never be
dolphins again came to the help of a human. Joey sure why they help us, many people feel that
Trevino was losing hope. He had been in the sea for 24 it is a good reason for us to do whatever we
hours after his boat sank in the Gulf of Mexico. He felt can to protect them.
he couldn't keep going any more. A friendly dolphin
approached him and gently pushed him, as if to say
'don't give up'. That moral support and encouragement
may have saved Trevino's life.

D Dolphins have also been known to help other

species. In New Zealand, two pygmy sperm whales
were in difficulty next to a sand bank. People were trying
their best to get them back out to sea, but the whales
couldn't find their way past the sand bank. After several
hours of failed attempts, they were ready to give up.
Along came 'Moko', a bottlenose dolphin, who seemed
to communicate with the whales and led them to a
channel which took them back to the ocean.
 NOTES COMPLETION ]
� One question type in the Reading paper is 'notes completion'.
Read the advice in the box and study the example below.
The notes usually only relate to one
part of the passage. Find the
@ • Read the instructions carefully. Check how many words you can use. Do the words need to
come from the passage or from a box of words that you are given? correct part and read it in detail.
• Read the notes carefully. The information in the notes may
• Think of similar words to the key words in the notes. not be in the same order as in the
• Decide what kind of word is needed in the gap. Use clues like prepositions (in, from) and articles passage.
(a, an, the).
• Find the relevant part of the passage. Look out for the similar words you noted earlier.
• Find a word or words that seem to fit.
• Read the notes carefully with your words added.
• Make sure that the completed notes match the meaning of the passage and that your words
match the grammar of the sentences.

Example
Look at the gapped sentence and read paragraph F.
whales assisting were first
Stories of and dolphins in
people heard of
I
= marine mammals = helping humans = date back to 'in' tells us the
answer is likely to
The answer is Ancient Greece. be a year or a place

Read paragraph Bin detail. Then match the words and phrases 1-5 from paragraph B
withwords and phrases a-e which have similar meanings.
1 filming C a saved the life of
2 came to his rescue A b famous
3 well-known B c videoing
4 against the killing of E d group (of dolphins)
5 pod D e for the protection of

Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.
A pod of dolphins saved the life of a man called l _ ____ _ , while he was
videoing them. WILDLIFE FILMMAKER
The man was a famous 2 _ _ _ ___ for the protection of dolphins. campaigner
Which paragraph did you need to read in detail to complete the notes above? Did you
need to read the whole paragraph?

Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage.
Orcas were trying to catch and hurt a group of 1 Migrating grey whales who were
travelling from one place to another. The migrating whales were helped by
2 humpback whales . The whole incident lasted more than 3 _______ 7 hours _
Beluga whales helped a diver who couldn't get to the surface. Because of the icy waters
she was unable to 4 move her leg . One of the whales saved her life by taking
hold of her 5 leg ______ and giving her a push upwards.
Which paragraph d,d -you need to read?
 MATCHING SENTENCE ENDINGS]

@ In this question type you are given the first part of some sentences. You have to choose the
correct ending from a list. There are more sentence endings than you need.
• Read the sentence beginning carefully.
• Find the key words and think of some similar words for them.
• Find the part of the text where the answer is.
• Read the sentences carefully, looking out for the key words or similar words.
• Remember the information may be presented in a different order from the question.
• Try to complete the sentence in your own words.
• Check the list and find an ending that is similar to yours.
• Check that the completed sentence is grammatical and that the meaning matches the text.
• If the answer is a noun, check that you have used the correct form: singular or plural.

07 Which paragraph do you need to read to find the ending to this sentence?
Moko 'spoke' to the beached whales ...
Write your own ending.

08 Choose one of these endings for the sentence above.

A because her first attempts had failed. Don't be tricked by endings that
have words and phrases from
B to help them return to the deep water.
the text in them. It doesn't mean
C because she led them to safety. the ending is correct.

[O g Read the explanations below and check your answer to exercise 8.

A The words 'attempts' and 'failed' are in the text, but they were not Moko's attempts;
they were the people's attempts.
B In the text the words 'led them to a channel which took them back to the ocean'
are similar to 'help them return to the deep water'. This is the right ending.
C Moko led them to safety but that is not the reason she spoke to the whales.

1 0 Complete each sentence with the correct ending a-h.

1 Dolphins may protect humans D a so we should protect them.
2 Dolphins swam towards Hardy Jones G b to encourage him not to lose hope.
3 The swimmer tried to leave the protective c because there were so many dolphins.
ring of dolphins F d because they recognise that humans are similar to them.
4 A dolphin nudged Joey Trevino B e because they sometimes actively decide to help.
5 Dolphins and whales help us A f because he had not seen the shark.
g because a shark was about to attack him.
h because he was a campaigner for dolphin protection.

I GRAMMAR FOCUS: MODALS OF POSSIBILITY AND ABILITY I

� Find two more examples of modals of possibility (look in paragraphs A and F). @ Modal verbs may, might and
could are used when
something is possible but
not certain:
Find more examples of modals of ability in paragraph B.
Experts think dolphins may
understand that humans
@ The modals can and could are used to talk about ability in the present and past. are similar to them.
Dolphins can tell when a woman is pregnant.
Yang Yun found she couldn't move her legs due to the freezing temperatures.
UNIT 08 /READING Ill