APUSH NOTES

 Colonial America
 Reasons for colonization: Religious freedom, economic opportunity, political freedom, farming
land, spreading Christianity, empire building
 The South
 Warm climate, long growing season, fertile lands yield rich crops of cotton, tobacco, rice,
and indigo. River system allows for transportation and goods shipped to England
 Chesapeake Country
 Disease, swamps, tobacco cash crop, short lifespan
 Labor is primarily indentured servants therefore plantations
 Headright system-person brought over the indentured servant and received 50 acres of
land
 Summary: Church of England, agrarian, aristocratic, feudal states, tolerant, diverse
 The North (New England)
 Rocky soil, long winters-> prevent extensive farming. Lumbered vast forests, fished off
coasts. Trade is source of income
 Longer lives, religion=center of life, tax supported education, religious intolerance (except
for Rhode Island)
 Puritan Work Ethic- work hard, save your money, be honest, moral responsible
 Work becomes worship
 Rhode Island- most liberal colony, Roger Williams encourages separation of church and
state, religious freedom for all
 The Middle Colonies
 Level, fertile, rich land. Wheat, oats(QUAKER OATS), and barley were grown->bread colonies
 Mixture of lifestyles, religions, trading centers (New York, Philadelphia), Pennhumanitarion
 Ben Franklin- Great Compromiser/diverse interest/democratic
 Great Awakening
 Desire for less intellectual religion-> More Emotion
 Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield
 Impacts: tolerance, spread of education, mission work with Native Americans and Slaves,
seed of dissent, unites the colonies
 Triangular trade routes- America+ West Indies+ England
 Violates mercantilism, no taxes, trade with other countries
 Pete Zenger Trial- precedent for freedom of press

 American Revolution
 French and Indian War (1754)
 Colonists gain pride, disgust for English, want to venture further west, England has a large
debt they have to pay
 Proclamation of 1763
  Tried to stop colonization of the West by closing the land between the Alleghenies and the
Mississippi to protect Native Americans
 Boston Massacre (1770)
 Gets the colonies to unite against British, focus for colonial anger
 Tea Act -> Boston Tea Party
 Enraged by monopoly of the tea trade, 50 men boarded wharf and empitied tea into harbor
 Intolerable Act
 Close port of Boston (for Boston Tea Party), until tea was paid back, forced Massachusetts to
house British soldiers, British soldiers allowed to be tried in England for crimes
 Quebec Act
 Gives land back to French, colonists enraged
 First Continental Congress
 All colonies meet except Georgia (land of English criminals), pledged to boycott all English
goods , planned to meet again
 Second Continental Congress
 Met in Philadelphia, all 13 colonies, made provisions to raise colonial army, appoint George
Washington as commander-in-chief, outlive Articles of Confederation
 Battles of the Revolution (starts in North to Middle to South in Georgia)
 Lexington and Concord
 Battle of Trenton and Princeton
 Washington crosses Delaware river and won, made clear war would continue
 Battle of Saratoga
 Colonists stop England’s attempt to split them, turning point of war, Americans proved
they could beat the best, persuaded French to join the colonists
 Battle of Yorktown
 England surrender, brings war to end
 Treaty of Paris (1783)
 England recognized the independence of the colonies and ceded land from Canada to
Florida
 The Articles of Confederation
 1781-1789
 After king, wanted to create a central government with very limited power. New
government had 3 branches, separation of church and state, all very different and not
unified
 Land Ordinance of 1785: established basis for public land survey
 Northwest Ordinance of 1787: determined that there would be new states in expansion and
established Ohio River as boundary between free and slave states
 Shay’s Rebellion
 Farmers rebel against state government, debtor’s jail->showed flaws of Articles of
Confederation
 Constitution Convention
  Decide to scrap Articles and come up with Constitution
 Compromises:
 The Great Compromise- resolved conflict between large and small states by providing
equal representation in the Senate and representation based on population in the
House of Representatives (Binomial Legislature)
 Three-Fifths Compromise- resolved the conflict between slave and free states by
counting 5 slaves as 3 people for House of Rep count
 Trade compromise- no taxes on exports/no slave trade after 20 years
 Important parts of Constitution:
 Federalism- state and federal government share powers
 Federal government regulates interstate trade
 “Elastic Clause” -> leads to political parties
 Electoral college chooses president

 New Nation
 Problems: IOUs, worthless continental currency, lack of support for government, lack of respect
from the rest of the world, lack of confidence by wealthy
 Solved by Hamilton’s Financial Plan
 Washington Administration
 Establishment of Political Parties
 Starts with Bank of United States
 Hamilton and Jefferson submitted papers to President Washington to argue their
point. Hamilton has a loose interpretation of the Constitution, while Jefferson has a
strict interpretation.
 Federalists- help business->Whig-> Republican party
 Democratic/Republican- help common man->Democratic Party today
 Whiskey Rebellion- Washington uses federal troops to crush rebellion, shows strength of
government
 Treaties
 Jay’s Treaty- Great Britain still aiding Natives. Treaty avoids way, GB will leave forts, GB
will pay for damaged ships, US will repay pre-revolutionary war debts (hurts South)
 Pinckney’s- Spain thinks we made a deal with GB. Treaty gives us free navigation of the
Mississippi River and use of New Orleans port
 Farewell Address
 Calls for no foreign alliances, two terms for presidents, and no political parties
 He establishes precedents, like cabinet of advisors
 Adams Administration
 Adams elected president, Jefferson elected VP due to system
 France problem
 XYZ Affair- leads to naval war with France
 1800, Talleyrand agrees to talk, Napoleon in power- end of Franco-American Alliance
  Federalists pass Alien and Sedition Acts- designed to hurt Jeffersonians, limits on
immigration and freedom of speech/press
 Jefferson and Madison respond with Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions- a state may
determine if a law is unconstitutional- “nullification” (state’s rights)
 Midnight judges- appoints on his way out to keep Federalist views alive
 Virginia Dynasty (Democratic-Republicans): Jefferson, Madison, Monroe
 Jefferson Administration (1801-1809)
 No winner in election, Jefferson in chosen by House of Representatives
 Revolution of 1800- new party takes over, no one knew what was going to happen
 Jefferson was a strict constitutionalist, but his views changed during his tenure in office
 Louisiana Purchase- purchased for $15 million, in 1803, doubled US size
 National Debt reduced
 War with Barbary pirates
 BUS
 Madison Administration
 War of 1812
 Causes:
 Election of War Hawks into Congress (ex. Henry Clay)
 Embargo Act- due to European decrees, we cut of all exports (Jefferson used elastic
clause to justify (was part of his administration))
 Non-intercourse Act- reopened trade with everyone except GB and France. Embargo
hurts us more than them (Jefferson’s admin)
 Macon’s Bill #2- if either would end restrictions, we would resume trade with them
 Impressment, GB supplying Natives on frontier, War Hawks want Canada
 “Mr. Madison’s War”
 Star-Spangled Banner, British burn Washinton DC, New Orleans (Jackson becomes
hero)
 Treaty of Ghent- establishes complete independence from Britain, gives national
pride and unity
 Results:
 Nationalism and beginning of sectionalism
 Hartford Convention- Federalists die
 Industrialization
 Leaders/Old Guard- Clay, Calhoun, Webster
 Return to isolationism
 Monroe Administration
 John Quincy Adams is Secretary of State- negotiates treaties
 Treaty of 1818
 Rush-Baggot Treaty
 Florida Purchase Treaty with Spain
 Jackson went in and attacked all of Florida and basically claims it all
  Monroe Doctrine
 No part of the Americas was open to colonization
 European attempts to colonize would be seen as unfriendly acts
 US wont interfere with existing colonies, and wont meddle with Europe
 Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)
 Nationalism
 American System- by Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser). Was a protective tariff
to aid manufacturers and internal improvements, aids farmers
 Literature and art- HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL
 Rebuild Washington DC
 Increase army/navy
 Revive BUS
 Land Act of 1820- West most nationalistic
 Sectionalism
 Roads-unconstitutional-eastern resistance to population moving west
 Tariffs
 Panic of 1819 (due to over speculation in western lands)
 Missouri Compromise 1820
 Above 36’30’’ line-free states with exception of Missouri- Missouri slave/Maine
free state- balance!!
 Industrial North, Slave South, Farming West
 Supreme Court
 Chief Justice John Marshall
 Upholds Federalist views- promotes strong national government
 Marbury v Madison- judicial review
 McCullough v Maryland- validates elastic clause
 Gibbons v Ogden- interstate commerce is regulated by Congress

 Jacksonian Democracy
 Election of 1824
 Clay, Crawford, Jackson, J.Q. Adams all tie
 Clay opts out and influences election to JQ Adams
 Corrupt Bargain- Clay becomes Secretary of State
 “Tariff of Abominations” 1828- 45% too high
 Calhoun (secretly) writes to South Carolina Exposition- nullification
 Election of 1828
 JQ Adams (National Rep) vs Jackson (Dem-Rep)- mudslinging campaign
 Revolution of 1828
 Era of Common Man
 Universal white manhood suffrage, open political conventions, spoils system, snobs to mobs,
center of political gravity shifts West
  Jackson is loyal, uncompromising, violent, bases decisions on his own opinions, ignores
Supreme Court, used veto, “King Andrew I”
 Peggy Eaton Affair
 Causes Calhoun to resign-> goes to S. Carolina
 Nullification Crisis
 Tariffs are too high, Nullification Convention in S.C., Jackson responds by saying disunion is
treason, Congress passes Force Act (president can send troops into S.C.)
 Compromise tariff of 1833-Clay’s 2nd compromise-gradually lowers tariff level-crises avoided
 BUS
 Nicholas Biddle is president of BUS. Jackson hates him
 Jackson says BUS is a monopoly
 Election of 1832 is all about BUS. Jackson vs. Clay
 Jackson wins and vetoes BUS charter
 Jackson removes $ from BUS and puts it in “pet banks”- uses $ to pay national debt, uses $
to give to states for internal improvements->money shortages
 Congress orders Specie Circular- land must be paid for in god-> Panic of 1837
 Indian Removal Act 1830- Trail of Tears
 Election of 1836
 Van Buren (Dem) vs. Harrison (Whig)
 Whig party forms due to hate of Jackson- pro BUS, Tariff, strong central government,
wealthy
 Van Buren inherits money problems, tries to solve with Independent Treasury Act
 Harrison wins and then dies-> Tyler (VP) becomes president
 Manifest Destiny
 Good soil, safety valve, trade with Asia, raw materials, Nationalism
 Annexation of Texas
 Disputes on border of Louisiana Purchase, causes lots of tension
 Texas settlers launch an attack on Mexico
 Sam Houston leads Texas to independence
 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
 Provided land through Californio
 Rio Grande is Southern border of US and we paid $15 million for territory
 Election of 1844
 Polk (Dem) vs Clay (Whig)
 Clay has too many enemies- Polk wins
 Polk Administration
 Treay of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
 Oregon Compromise with GB at 49th parallel
 Dilemma over new territories(slave vs. free)
 Wilmot Proviso- to ban slavery in the newly acquired Mexican Cession fails
 Gadsden Purchase for railroad
 American Society
 Industrial Revolution in America
 Begins in NE
 The Embargo and War of 1812 gain us courage and the ability to move forward
 Eli Whitney- interchangeable parts and cotton gin
 First, Agricultural Revolution- steel plow, reaper
 Then West becomes breadbasket-needs transportation
 Transportation to link country is slow- debate over state v. federal funding
 Turnpikes, roads, canals, (Erie Canal connects NE to South), steamboat, railroad
 Railroad Influences
 Developed continental economy, east to west
 Factories need labor-> immigrants (irish and germans)-> “nativism”/ NINA- know nothing
party
 Second Great Awakening
 Reaction to Enlightenment, religious revival, reform movement, Baptist and Methodist
churches gain members, evangelist preachers(Charles Linney), new churches (Mormon)
 Transcendentalism- man is divine- Emerson, Thoreau
 Education
 McGuffey’s reader
 Horace Mann (Father of Education)- need educated voters
 Noah Webster, Emma Willard, Mary Lyons
 Women- caught in “Cult of Domesticity”
 Seneca Falls Convention- 1848- Declaration of Sentiments
 Dorothea Dix, Grimke Sisters, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony

 Causes of the Civil War

 North- South Hostility
 Disagreement over tariffs, economic systems, extension of slavery
 Abolitionists
 Harriet Beecher Stowe- Uncle Tom’s Cabin
 Theodore Weld- American Slavery as it is
 Fredrick Douglass
 William Lloyd Garrison- The Liberator, a paper calling for the abolition of slavery
 “King Cotton” and cotton gin require more slaves-> soil butchery->need western land
 Free Soil Party
 Third party in election of 1848 suported popular sovereignty and brought slavery as a
political issue
 Compromise of 1850
 Henry Clay
  California is a free state, popular sovereignty would be assigned to New Mexico and Utah,
slave trade would be banned in nation’s capital, Congress had no power to end the slave
trade between states, Strengthened Fugitive Slave Law, settled border dispute between
New Mexico and Texas
 Kansas-Nebraska Act
 Repealed Missouri Compromise- each new state would decide whether to be free or slave
 Small scale civil war broke out in areas
 North refuses to enforce Fugitive Slave law- moderates join abolitionists
 Dredd Scott case- “Bleeding Kansas”
 Slave demands freedom when his owner moved to free state. Court decided that slaves
were property and that could be taken anywhere and that the Missouri Compromise was
unconstitutional
 John Brown
 Panic of 1857
 Hit north and west- South had a false sense of security
 “Siege Mentality”- Southern aristocracy- “fire-eaters”- oligarchy controlled the South
 Lincoln- Douglas debates
 Lincoln forces Douglas to take a stand on slavery
 Freeport Doctrine-Douglas- chooses popular sovereignty ober Dred Scott decision- losses
votes in South
 Election of 1860
 Democratic Party splits- Northern (Stephen Douglas) and southern (John C Breckenridge)
 Republican party nominates Lincoln
 No one won, too split, Lincoln has most electoral votes
 South secedes- Nominate Jefferson Davis as president

 Civil War and Reconstruction

 What was each side fighting for?
 South- states rights, recognition as a nation
 North0 preserve the union, halt spread of slavery
 The Border States
 Slave states with large populations
 Would leave if North fired first, so Lincoln says the war is being fought to preserve the union
 Main events-
 Fort Sumter
 First battle, last 2 states secede
 Bull Run
 Union defeated, South get cocky, Union gets serious
 Blockade of South
 Cut off Southern supplies, couldn’t export cotton and tobacco
 Capture of Vicksburg
 Cuts New Orleans off
 Emancipation Proclamation
 Freed all slaves in Confederacy
 Gettysburg
 After defeating Northern army, Lee gets cocky and invades North, and gets defeated in
crucial battle of war
 Capture of Atlanta
 General Sherman captures Atlanta and in famous march, destroys everything in path
that might the enemy. Cuts South into 3 sections
 Appomattox
 Lee Surrenders
 Reconstruction
 Lincoln’s plan
 10% oath, 13th amendment
 Bill vetoed
 Lincoln assassinated-> Johnson
 Radical Republicans
 +14/15 amendments, 5 military districts-> KKK
 Redeemers- White Southerners, Dem take over
 Homestead Act
 Free land in west for those who settled and developed it

 Gilded Age
 Women
 Comstock Laws- birth control controversy
 Jane Adams- Hull House- Social Gospel
 Cult of Domesticity- woman’s place in the home
 Suffrage in West
 Immigration
 1830-1840: Old Immigrants (NW Europe)
 1880-1920: New Immigrants (SE Europe)
 Immigrants provide cheap labor, work on railroad, bring diversity to culture, make US #1
economy by WWI
 African Americans
 Black Codes and KKK used to control Blacks, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers
 Redeemers create Jim Crow Laws
 Plessy vs. Ferguson- separate but equal facilities
 Booker T. Washington v W.E.B DuBois
 Marcus Garvey- Back to Africa Movement
 Religion and philosophy
 Social Darwinism- only strong should survive- no help for poor
 Gospel of Wealth- Carnegie- ladder for success
 Social Gospel- social workers want to help poor
 YMCA, Salvation Army, Hull House
 Fundamentalists vs Modernists: former believe in literal interpretation of bible- no
evolution. Modernists influenced by Darwin
 Economics
 Rockerfeller (Standard Oil) (horizontal integration), J.P. Morgan (steel and money trust). And
Carnegie (steel)(vertical integration)
 Labor Unions
 Knights of Labor- all workers in one union, poor leadership
 AF of L- organized skilled workers according to their trade/craft
 Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)- did a series of sit in strikes in 1930s
 unsuccessful- used Sherman Anti-Trust Act
 Politics
 Congress dominates politics
 Cities run by political bosses and machines (Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall)
 Get immigrants to vote a certain way for lodging and jobs
 1864- Andrew Johnson- Tenure of Office Act-> Leads to his impeachment
 1868-1872, Grant (Rep)- Credit Mobilier Scandal- Construction Company gives bribes and
stock to congressman to get what they need
 1876- Hayes (R) vs Tilden (D)- leads to Compromise of 1877- Hayes wins and Reconstruction
is over
 1884- Cleveland (D) vs Blaine (R)- dirtiest election, lots of mudslinging
 Dawes Act- 160 acres for Native Americans
 1888- Harrison wins….Sherman Anti-Trust act, McKinley Tariff
 1892- Cleveland wins again- Panic of 1893, JP Morgan bailout
 1896 McKinley (Rep) vs Bryan ( Dem/Populist)- gold v silver- McKInley wins- gold in Alaska-
solves monetary problems
 Populist movement
 Farmers in bad shape, their prices falling, form a third party- Populist party
 Propose coinage of silver at 16:1 to gold, graduated income tax, direct election of
senators, shorter work day, restrictions on immigration
 Progressive Movement
 Achieved a variety of reforms
 Interstate Commerca Act- fair rate schedules for railroads, established Interstate
Commerce Commission (ICC) to enforce
 “Dry laws”- controlled or abolished alchohol
 Pure Food and Drug Laws, Federal Reserve System
 Muckrackers- focused public’s attention on areas that needed change
  Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair, Jacob Riis

 Imperialism
 Spanish- American War
 Causes
 Cubans been demanding independence from Spain
 US had investments in Spain
 U.S.S. Maine exploded in the Havana harbor- Spanish blamed in American newspaper
 Yellow Journalism- Jingoism- newspapers used sensationalism to gain readers
 De Lome Letter- De Lome, Spanish minister to US, insulted president McKinley
 Spain does not comply to US demands
 McKinley declares war on Spain, US agrees to help Cuba militarily and recognizes
Cuba as independent
 Teller Amendment- Cuba will have independence after liberated from Spain
 Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders become popular
 Treaty of Paris- 1898
 Independence to Cuba
 Puerto Rico and Guam to US
 US pays $20 million for Philippines
 US is now a colonial power
 Results
 US realizes it needs a strong navy and canal between Pacific/Atlantic
 Realized weakness of its army
 Scars of Civil War healed
 US ends isolationalism and becomes colonial international power, world power
 Open Door Policy- US can trade with China
 Roosevelt Administration
 Big Stick Diplomacy
 Roosevelt Collary- extension of Monroe Doctrine
 Hated muckrackers- said it did nobody any goo
 Referendum-place laws on the ballot for final approval by the people
 Australian Ballot- secret ballot- don’t have to put your own name
 Trust-Busting

 WWI
 Wilson Administration
 Believed in moral diplomacy, hated imperialism/Big Stick
 Reasons for entering war
 Freedom of seas- Germans attacking our ships, unrestricted submarine warfare-
Lusitania
  Propaganda
 Cultural Ties to Europe
 Idealism
 Economic Trade Alliance
 Wins reelection through 1916
 Zimmerman Note
 German secretary proposed German- Mexican alliance, so Mexico could get back land
 US just adds morale and money to the Allied forces, didn’t contribute too much in the actual
fighting
 Wilson’s 14 points
 Blacks move North during War to replace jobs- Great Migration
 WWI ends
 Treaty of Versailles, Big 4 meet, Wilson proposes League of Nations
 Congress and country dislike League of Nations

 The Roaring 20s- “Return to Normalcy”

 Republican administrations
 Harding elected to return to prewar attitudes, dies in office
 Coolidge and Hoover follow pattern of support of business and little government regulation
 Leads to great depression
 Bolshevik revolution sends Russia into USSR- Communist
 “Red Scare”- against leftwingers, and was used against Unions
 Sacco-Vanzetti case
 Two Italian anarchists tried of killing payman+bodyguard, judgewas prejudiced, sentenced
to death
 18 amendment- prohibition
th

 Gangsters and organized crime goes up

 Famous “Monkey Trial”
 Dayton, Tennesse
 Prosecution: William J. Bryan
 Defense: Clarence Darrow
 John Scopes for teaching Darwinism
 Theology v Biology
 US experienced prosperity due to tax policies which favored expansion and ingenious
machines, cheap energy, and increased productivity
 Buying on credit- “possess today, pay tomorrow”, prosperity->debt
 Automobile
 Gigantic new industry, supporting industries, new freedoms, busses for schools, badges of
freedom, railroad market plummets
 Charles A. Lindbergh
  Spirit of St. Louis- flies across Atlantic from Ney York to Paris
 Becomes a national hero
 Radio
 United the nation, everything had to adjust, everything could be broadcast
 Sex o’clock
 Sigmung Freud- sexual expression is necessary, health demanded sex
 Harlem Rannaissance
 Marcus Garvey- United Negro Movement, relocation of Africans to homeland
 Writers
 Fitzgerald- The Great Gatsby
 Ernst Hemingway- A Farwell to Arms
 Bull market
 Buying on margin- buying with small down payment, overproduction, under consumption

 The Great Depression and the New Deal

 Franklin Roosevelt Administration
 Congress gave a lot of power to FDR during his admin
 Relief, Recovery, Reform
 Emergency Banking Relief Act
 President with power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange
 Glass-Steagal Banking Act
 Provided for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
 “Prime the pump”
 Government invests in people
 Civilian Corporation Corps M(CCC)
 Provided a ton of jobs, militarized way of dealing with the area
 Worker’s Progress Administration (WPA)
 Gave jobs to millions, paid artists to pant, many buildings benefit
 National Recovery Administration (NRA)
 Established max and min on hours of labor paced
 Agricultural Adjustment Administration
 Paid farmers for soil conservation
 Indian Reorganization Act
 Encouraged to preserve native crafts, set up their own government
 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
 Stop fraud, deception, and inside manipulation
 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
 Set up dams to help generate more energy
 Movies and radio paved a way to escape the problems
 WWII
 US remains neutral, strong opposition to any involvement in Europe
 Lend-Lease Act
 President can sell or lease war equipment to any country whose defense he deemed
important to preservation of American safety
 On Dec 7, 1941, Japanese surprise attack Pearl Harbor-> US joins fight next day
 War Productions Board (WPB)
 Organized industry so that war materials could be produced efficiently
 War Labor Board
 Settle disputes without strikes so that production wouldn’t be interrupted and morale
would be high
 War in Europe ends with Normandy invasion
 War in Asia
 Battle of Midway was a turning point of the war-> we shattered most of their ships
 US drops atomic bombs Aug 6, 1945 on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 Japan unconditionally surrenders

 TEKJ
 COLD WAR
 USSR takes their militarized zone of Germany, builds Wall, and sets up Iron Curtain
 Truman Administration (1945-1953)
 Taft-Hartley Act
 Outlawed all-union shop, made unions liable for damage
 Cult of Domesticity/Women in the Workplace
 New positions in service industry
 Clashed with cult of domesticity (25% of women working)
 HUAC/Nixon/McCarthy
 Committee on un American Activities
 Julius & Ethel Rosenburg
 Scientists convicted of being Soviet spies and sending them info on how to build bomb
 Only people to be executed during peacetime
 Fair Deal
 Truman’s domestic policies: higher minimum wage, extension of Social Security, full
employment
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
 Designed to contain Communist expansion in Europe
 Containment
 We must contain communism
  Was far-fetched idea
 Truman Doctrine
 US will support anyone resisting attempted subjugation by outside power
 Marshall Plan
 Gave financial aid to all participating European countries
 Korean War
 UN police action
 US made this a full out war
 McCarthy led the attack, but he went too far, and Truman pulls him out
 Eisenhower Administration (1953-1961)
 38th parallel
 Korean Armistice- treaty at boundary
 Massive Retaliation
 Idea to build air fleet of super bombers with nukes for “massive retaliation”
 Checkers Speech
 Nixon was discovered to have financed slush fund while in office
 While giving apology speech, he references his dog, checkers
 McCarthyism
 Red fever, he made a lot of bogus claims, but in the time of panic, worked
 Rosa Parks/Montgomery Bus Boycott
 Earl Warren- Judicial Activism
 Brown v Board of Education
 Segregation in public schools is unequal
 Eisenhower Doctrine
 Will give aid to Middle Eastern countries that wanted it if they were threatened by
communists
 Little Rock Nine
 9 black students to enter Arkansas school, Governor Faubus put a guard around school,
Eisenhower uses troops to send student is
 Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
 MLK Jr.
 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
 Kennedy Administration
 Bay of Pigs
 Sent in Cuban exiles to stir up Cuban revolution, fail to send back up, huge foreign policy
mistake on the Administration
 Flexible Response
 Morphed massive retaliation
 An array of military options to be used for different gravities of situations
 Cuban Missile Crisis
 Khrushchev put missiles in Cuba->play nuclear chicken-> Kennedy doesn’t approve
surgical bombings->puts naval blockade-> Khrushchev pulls missiles out and we pull out
of Turkey
 Television Debate
 Nixon appeared flustered, so Kennedy gained the advantage, would change game of
politics
 New Frontier
 Freedom Riders
 Sit-ins, end to segregation in buses
 James Meredith
 29 black male, veteran, tried to enroll in Ole Miss
 Refused, Kennedy sends troops to force him in
 Betty Friedan
 Feminine Mystique- expose quiet desperation of millions of housewives
 Johnson Administration
 Civil Right Act of 1964
 Banned racial discrimination in private facilities
 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
 Medicare
 24th amendment abolished poll tax
 Voting Rights Act of 1965
 Outlawed literacy tests and sent federal registrars to impose
 Black Panthers
 Advocate of violence, walked around with guns, civil rights
 Stokely Carmicheal
 At first part of SNCC, then “Black Power” and advocated violence
 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
 Houses abdicated war-declaring powers and gave blank check to president
 Domino Theory
 If we lose the fight to communism here, it will spread everywhere
 TET Offensive
 N. Vietnam heavily attacks S. Vietnam
 Was a military defeat, but was a political victory-> renewed spirit

 Nixon to Present
 Nixon Administration (1969-1974)
 Nixon Doctrine
 US will honor current commitments, but Asians will have to fight their own wars from
now on
 Détente
  Period of relaxation in Cold War
 America withdraws out of N. Vietnam
 SALT I
 Strategic arms limitations talks freezes amount of long range nuclear missiles for 5 years
 War Powers Act
 President has to report all war matters to Congress
 Arab Oil Embargo
 Due to US support of Isreal during their Six Day War
 1970s Economic stagnation
 Vietnam War
 Declining investment, women and teenagers taking jobs
 Silent Majority
 Nixon calls out to “silent majority” of supporters of the War
 Kent State
 Students at Kent state were fired upon by the National Guard
 26th Amendment- lowered voting age to 18
 Affirmative Action
 CREEP/Watergate
 Committee for the re-election of the President
 5 men arrested for bugging Dem Headquarters building
 Is impeached, but resigns first
 Wounded Knee/AIM
 American Indians possessed a “unique but limited” sovereignty
 Roe v Wade- prohibited abortion
 Ford Administration (1874-1977)
 Gives presidential pardon to Nixon
 Evacuates out of Vietnam April 29, 1975
 Carter Administration (1977-1981)
 Bakke v California
 California university refuses white man because they prefer minorities
 Reverse discrimination
 Pardons draft evaders
 OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
 Energy Crisis of 1979
 Iranian government gets overthrown, OPEC drives prices up
 “Malaise Speech”
 Blames the American people, and that they were too concerned with material goods
 SALT II
 Limit the levels of lethal strategic weapons in Soviet/American Arsenals
 Camp David Accords
 Hot two leader of Egypt and Israel to sign treaty
  Iran Hostage Crisis
 Iranian revolutionaries take control of US Embassy
 Blame America for all their problems
 Reagan Administration (1981-1989)
 Soviet Union= Evil Empire
 Reagan advocates Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) – “Star Wars”
 Will use lazers to destroy any nuclear missiles shot
 “Teflon President”
 Mikhail Gorbachev/Glasnost/Perestroika
 USSR opens up, less oppressive
 Iran-Contra Affair
 When giving aid to Middle East, the money was transferred to Sandinistas (terrorists in
Latin America)
 New Right/Moral Majority
 MM- Spearheaded by Christian group, counter culture against the 60s
 “Big Government is the problem”
 Supply-side Economics (Reaganomics)
 Idea to have tax cuts->more investments/saving->more production->stimulate economy
 Failure
 Sandra Day O’Connor- first woman on high bench
 Black Monday
 Stock market plummet of 508 points
 Berlin Wall
 USSR takes down wall