Pictures (Operators are T.I. before evolution!

)
∂ X −iE(t−t0 ) 
Schr: |ψ; ti = U (t) |ψi A (t) = A i~ U (t) = H (t) U (t) |ψ; ti = e |Ei hE| ψi  H (t) = 0
~

∂t E
−i(E 0 −E )(t−t0 )
 2 
−~ 2
X ∗ 
ψ (E) ψ E 0 hE| A E 0 e

 
hAi = hψ; t| A |ψ; ti =  H (t) = 0 i~∂t Ψ (x, t) = ∇ + V (x) Ψ (x, t)
~

2m
E,E 0
† ∂ 1
Heis: |ψ; ti = |ψi A (t) = U (t) AU (t) A (t) = [A (t) , H (t)]
∂t i~
−iH0 t iH0 t −iH0 t d
Intr: |ψ; tiI = e ~ |ψ; tiS AI (t) = e ~ AS (t) e ~ i~ |ψ; tiI = VI (t) |ψ; tiI

Ċ
 
V V eiω01 t V eiω02 t . . . V eiω0d t
 dt
0 00 01 02 0d C0
 Ċ1   V10 eiω10 t V11 V12 eiω12 t ... V1d eiω1d t   C1 
   iω20 t
V21 eiω21 t V2d eiω2d t

X  Ċ2
 =  V20 e
  V22 ...   C2   Vnm ≡S hn| VI (t) |miS
|α; tiI = Cn (t) |niS : i~ 
 
ωnm ≡ En −E

 .   m
 .   . . . . .  .  ~
n  .   . . . . . .
 . . . . . .
   
d0 Ċd V eiωd0 t Vd1 eiωd1 t Vd2 eiωd2 t ... Vdd
Born measurement rule
Cd
meas. A Pa |ψi
  X 
|ψi −−−−−−→ p  prob(a) = hψ| Pa |ψi  Pa ≡ |ai i hai |  {|ai i} degen. basis spans sub-Hilbert space
  
obtain a hψ| Pa |ψi i
 Hilbert Spaces
d1 d2 dn d1 ×d2 ×···×dn
H1 ⊗ H2 ⊗ · · · ⊗ Hn = C ⊗ C ⊗ · · · ⊗ C = C ⇒ dim of joint space = d1 × d2 × · · · dn  di is dim of Hi


Z Special Operator Types

X
Proj: A2 = A† = A Idnt: I = |ai ha| = dη |ηi hη| Cmptbl: [A, B] = 0 Untry: U † U = U U † = I Obsrv: herm.
a
X
Herm: A† = A ⇒ e-vals ∈ R Anti-H: A† = −A ⇒ e-vals ∈ C Dnst: herm, T r (ρ) = hi| ρ |ii = 1, e-vals ∈ [0, 1] ∈ R
 E i
Anti-Untry:  U unitary, Kcmplx- hβ| Aobs |αi = hα̃| ΘAobs Θ−1 β̃ ΘXΘ−1 = X |α̃iE = Θ |αi
  D  E
Θ = U K ⇒ α̃ β̃ = (hα| βi)∗

(time rev.) −1 ΘP Θ−1 = −P β̃ = Θ |βi

conj oper in a basis
ΘJΘ = −J
Θ2 |j, mi = ± |j, mi → + for j half-integer, - for j integer.
R Special Operators
dx |x + dxi hx|
 
−i R t 0 0
   
dt H (t )  −idxP
U (t, t0 ) = e ~ t0  [H (t1 ) , H (t2 )] = 0 Trans: T (dx) =  T (dx) |xi = |x + dxi

e ~
 −1 † 
T (−dx) = T (−dx)
Π† XΠ = −X Π† JΠ = J Π |n, l, mi = (−1)l |n, l, mi

Parity: Π2 = I Π |xi = |−xi Π |αi = ± |αi  { even: +, odd: -}

Π† P Π = −P Π−1 = Π† = Π if [H, Π] = 0 ⇒ even, odd e-states
 Ensembles, Mixed, Pure States
X X
pi |ψi i hψi | = ρ† T r ρ2 ∈ [0, 1] → 1 pure


Ens: E = {pi , |ψi i} hAiE = pi hψi | A |ψi i = T r (Aρ)  ρ =

i i
Ehrenfest’s theorem, Useful Relations
∂F ∂G ∂2
[Xi , F (P )] = i~ [Pi , G (X)] = −i~ m hXi = − h∇V (X)i
∂Pi ∂Xi ∂t2
      Angular Momentum
[Ji , Jj ] = ijk i~Jk for J,S,L (SU (2)) ~ σx,y,z 0 1 0 −i 1 0 {σi , σj } = 2δi,j Li = ijk Xj Pk
Si = σi † = , ,
L2 = X 2 P 2 − (X · P )2 + i~X · P 2 σx,y,z 1 0 i 0 0 −1 σi2 = I [Gi , Gj ] = ijk Gk (SO(3))
 2 
J 2 |j, mi = ~2 j (j + 1) |j, mi j ∈ 0, 21 , 1, 32 , . . . (int or half int)

J , Ji = 0 [J+ , J− ] = 2~Jz 1 ~
Rot’s: D (R (θ, ~n)) = e i~ θ~n·J
J± = Jx ± iJy [Jz , J± ] = ±~J± Jz |j, mi = ~m |j, mi m = {−j, −j + 1, . . . , j − 1, j}
 2 2 Spherical
 Harmonics
H, L2
  
−~ ∂ 2 ∂ l (l + 1)

hX| n, l, mi ≡ Rn,l (r) Ylm (θ, φ)  m
= 0 Yl (θ, φ) = e imφ
Ỹl (θ) + + + V (r) − En,l Rn,l (r) = 0

[H, Li ] 2m ∂r2 r ∂r r2
Addition of Ang. Mom.
X m1 ∈ {−j1 , −j1 + 1, . . . , j1 } m1 + m2 ≤ j top right
|j1 , j2 , j, mi = |j1 , j2 , m1 , m2 i hj1 , j2 , m1 , m2 | j1 , j2 , j, mi
m2 ∈ {−j2 , −j2 + 1, . . . , j2 } m1 + m2 ≥ −j bot left
p m1 ,m2 X
J± |j, mi = ~ (j ∓ m) (j ± m + 1) |j, m ± 1i |j1 − j2 | ≤ j ≤ j1 + j2 (integer sep.) |hj1 , j2 , m1 , m2 | j1 , j2 , j, mi|2 = 1
m1 ,m2
0 Draw out grid with space for m and CGC. Compute m = m1 + m2 for each site. Write in each CGC as computed. Always from center!

1 Top Right, point A: hj1 , j2 , m1 , m2 | j1 , j2 , j, m1 + m2 i ≡ hm1 , m2 | j, m1 + m2 i = 1.

s
Below A, dwnwrd: hm1 , m2 | j, m − 1icntr new
(j2 − m2 ) (j2 + m2 + 1)
2 = hm1 , m2 + 1| j, miold
J+ : (with m = m1 + m2 + 1) (j + m) (j − m + 1)
s s
At A, go L: hm1 − 1, m2 | j, minew (j − m) (j + m + 1) cntr (j2 + m2 ) (j2 − m2 + 1)
3 = hm1 , m2 | j, m + 1iold − hm1 , m2 − 1| j, miold
J− : (with m = m1 + m2 − 1) (j1 + m1 ) (j1 − m1 + 1) (j1 + m1 ) (j1 − m1 + 1)

4 Decrement down and left.

s s
L of A, go U: hm1 , m2 + 1| j, minew (j + m) (j − m + 1) (j1 − m1 ) (j1 + m1 + 1)
5 = hm1 , m2 | j, m − 1icntr
old − hm1 + 1, m2 | j, miold
J+ : (with m = m1 + m2 + 1) (j2 − m2 ) (j2 + m2 + 1) (j2 − m2 ) (j2 + m2 + 1)
( ) Uncertainty Relations

2
2 1
 2  ∆A = A − hAi|ψi
2
2 ~2
(∆A) (∆B) ≥ h[A, B]i|ψi   ⇒ (∆X) (∆P ) ≥ (Heisen.)
 

(∆A)2 |ψi = A2 |ψi − hAi2|ψi



|ψi |ψi 4  |ψi |ψi 4
Z State Vectors, Wavefunctions, Continua

dx0 x0 x0  ψ (indep of basis) Wavefunc: ψ(x) = x0  ψ (dep on basis)

 0
x x = δ x − x0
 
 
 

State: |ψi =
 Commutation Relations and Representations
~ d
~ d
hx| P x0 = δ x − x0 hx| pi ∝ e±ipx
 
[Xi , Pj ] = i~δi,j [Xi , Xj ] = [Pi , Pj ] = 0 P = hx| P |pi = p hx| pi
i dX i dX
  r r SHO’s
† 1 †
h
†
i
† ~  † 
† ~mω  †  h i
2
Ĥ = ~ω a a + N̂ ≡ a a a, a = 1 X̂ = X̂ = a +a P̂ = P̂ = i a −a Ĥ, P̂ = i~mω X̂
2 2mω 2
h i ~ P̂
Ĥ, X̂ = P̂ a (t) = e−iωt a a† (t) = eiωt a† X̂ (t) = cos (ωt) X̂ + sin (ωt) P̂ (t) = cos (ωt) P̂ − mω sin (ωt) X̂
im  mω No-Cloning
M |ψi = 6 |ψi ⊗ |ψi  {∀ |ψi ∈ H, ∀M } by linearity of all M : M (|0i + |1i) = |0i |0i + |1i |1i =
6 |0i |1i ⊗ |0i |1i


Noether’s Theorem
idαG −idαG
if G = G† and [G, H] = 0 then G is conserved, and e ~ He ~ = H (invariance under transform)
Tight-Binding,
 Bloch’s Theorem
 inθP
|θi =
e |ni θ ∈ [−π, π)

Tght-Bndg: hn| H |ni = E0 , hn ± 1| H |ni = −∆  ∀ {n spatial peaks }

n 

H |θi = (E0 − 2∆ cos θ) |θi hx| θi = eikx Uk (x)  ka = θ, Uk (x + a) = Uk (x)

 Kramer’s Degeneracy
For odd nmbr of e− in t.i.electro field, every enrg-lvl is degen. V (t) = V = −eφ  E~ = −∇φ Proof: use time-rev Θ2 |ni = |ni!


 Z x  WKBJ
const ± Et
2m (V (x0 ) − E)dx0 − i
p p
ρ (x, t)eiS(x,t)/~ ~ ∇2 S   |∇S|2
 
Ψ (x, t) = Ψ (x, t) = exp
(E − V (x))1/4 ~ −∞ ~
~ 2 (E − V (x))
λ= p   dV  Short wavelength limit. Breaks down at classic/qntm transition. Linearize!
2m (E − V (x)) R  
dx

x2 p
x1
dx 2m (E − V (x)) = π~ n − 21  n ∈ 1, 2, . . . no inf walls
R x2 p 1


0
dx 2m (E − V (x)) = π~ n − 4  n ∈ 1, 2, . . . one inf wall - odd solns
Ra p 
dx 2m (E − V (x)) = π~n  n ∈ 1, 2, . . . two inf walls

0 T.I.-N.Degen Perturbations (eg. quad Stark)
(0) |Vnk |2
En = En + λVnn + λ2 k6=n (0)
P
(0) + . . .  D   E −1
En −Ek (0)   (0)
 Vnk ≡ n  V k 6= hn| V |ki , Non-std nrmlztn! Plrzblty: ∆ = α |E|2
 E 
|ni = n(0) + λ |k(0)i (0)Vkn (0) 2
 P
k6=n En −Ek
T.I.-Degen Perturbations (eg. lin Stark)
 (0)   (0) 2
D   E
D  E X  l  V k    E 
(0)
El = El + λ l(0)  V l(0) + λ2 + . . .  D is degen subspace, l(0) are e-states of PD V PD  PD is projector.
    
(0) (0)
k∈D
/ ED − Ek
1 Sketch out matrix PD V PD . Dimen.s are degeneracy number. Square. Clmns/rows are distinct qntm nmbr states with degen.
2 Compute all matrix elements.
 E
3 Find eigenvalues/vectors of matrix. Eigenvectors are the l(0) “preferred states.”

D   E  E
4 Write out matrix elements l(0)  V l(0) etc.. for each l(0) .
  
 Z t  n Z t Z t1 Z tn−1 Dyson Expansion
−i −i
UI (t) = I + dt1 VI (t1 ) + . . . + dt1 dt2 · · · dtn VI (t1 )VI (t2 ) · · · VI (tn ) + . . .
~ 0 ~ 0 0 0
T.D. Perturbations
(0) iH0 t −iH0 t
P Cn (t) = δn,q VI (t) = e ~ VS (t) e ~
|α; tiI = n Cn (t) |niS (1)
Rt 0
(N ) (N ) Cn (t) = hn| −i
dt VI (t0 ) |qi hn| VI (t) |qi = hn| VS (t) |qi e
−i(Eq −En )t

Cn (t) =S hn| UI (t) |qiS (2)

~

R0
−i 2 t
R t0 ~

Cn (t) = hn| ~ 0
dt0 0 dt00 VI 0 00
(t ) VI (t ) |qi . |qi is initial state. |ni is final state.
Fermi’s Golden Rule (T.I. perturbation switched on at t = 0.)
 (1) 2
  2
 
En −Eq
(0)
Cn = δn,q prob(|qi → |ni) = Cn (t) = 4|hn|VS |qi|2 sin2 2~
t
Trnstn: |qi → |ni ( n q )2
E −E
Cn (t) = hn|VS |qi
(1)
1 − eiωn,q t


R  (1) 
En −Eq prob(|qi →?) = dEn ρ(En )En Cn (t) ∝ t  ρ is D.O.S.

Symmetrization
para → spin singlet ortho → spin triplet Prob. Dens. = |ψ1 (x1 )|2 |ψ2 (x2 )|2 + |ψ1 (x2 )|2 |ψ2 (x1 )|2 ± Exchng. Dens.
Scattering
eikr ~ 0 ~ 
   
1 i~
k·~
x

~ 0 ~
 dσ # of particles scattered into dΩ per unit t
hx| ψi = 3/2 e + f kout , kin Scttrng Amp: = f kout , kin dΩ =
L r dΩ # of incident particles per unit t
dσ 2 1 dN
  
 ~0 ~
Dffrntl crs-sec: = f kout , kin  = L is Luminosity = # incident particles per unit A, per unit t.
dΩ L dΩ Born Approximation
(

0
 zero: 0 
f ~kout , ~kin =  r~ Centre of scatter.

Incoming wave is not substantially altered by the potential. ~ ~0
−m
r ei(kin −kout )·~
r
r)
R
first: 2π~2 d~ V (~
−2m ∞
Z  
θ
  
0 0
Spherical symm: f ~kout , ~kin = 2 r V (r ) sin (κr ) dr  ~ κ ≡ ~kout − ~kin , |~κ| = 2k sin

~ κ 0 2 Basics
~2~k2 n2 π 2 ~2  ~2 1 
 
Free: Ek = Well: En = n ∈ {1, 2, . . .} Hdrgn: E n = n ∈ {1, 2, . . .}
2m 2ma2 2ma20 n2