GERTC – May 2022 Review Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics

FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW

DISCHARGE (FLOW RATE: Q) Value of f: Turbulent flow
Discharge or flow rate is the amount of fluid passing through a
section per unit of time.

Volume flow rate (Flow rate)

Manning’s Formula

Mass flow rate

Hazen – Williams Formula

Weight flow rate

Where:
Q = discharge in m3/s ELEVATION & HEAD
A = cross-sectional area of flow The energy possessed by a flowing fluid consists of the kinetic
v = mean velocity of flow and the potential energy.
ρ = mass density
γ = weight density Kinetic energy (Velocity Head)
The ability of the fluid mass to do work by its velocity.
Reynolds Number
Reynolds number, which is dimensionless, is the ratio of the
inertia force to viscous force.

For pipes flowing full

Potential energy (Elevation Head)
The energy possessed by the fluid by its position or elevation
with respect to a datum plane.

Potential energy (Pressure Head)

Where:
v = mean velocity in m/s
D = pipe diameter in meter TOTAL FLOW ENERGY (E)
𝜈 = kinematic viscosity of the fluid in m2/s The total energy or head in a fluid flow is the sum of the
Μ = absolute or dynamic viscosity in Pa - s kinetic and the potential energies. It can be summarized as:

For non – circular pipes, use D = 4R, then the formula

becomes;

POWER & EFFICIENCY

Power is the rate at which work is done.

Power

Major Head loss Efficiency

Darcy – Weisbach Formula

Note:
1 hp = 749 Watts
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
The Bernoulli’s energy theorem results from the application of
the principles of conservation of energy.

Value of f: Laminar flow

Energy Equation w/o HEAD LOST

Prepared by: Engr. Chrysler G. Duaso, RMP, CE

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GERTC – May 2022 Review Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics

Where:
v = mean velocity in m/s
D = pipe diameter in meter
Energy Equation w/ HEAD LOST 𝜈 = kinematic viscosity of the fluid in m2/s
Μ = absolute or dynamic viscosity in Pa - s

For non – circular pipes, use D = 4R, then the formula

becomes;

Energy Equation w/ PUMP

With HEAD LOST

Head losses in Pipe Flow

Head losses in pipes may be classified into two; the major
head loss, which is caused by pipe friction along straight
sections of pipe of uniform diameter and uniform roughness,
and minor head loss, which are caused by changes in velocity
With HEAD LOST or directions of flow and are commonly expressed in terms of
kinetic energy.

Major Head loss

Darcy – Weisbach Formula

Energy Equation w/ TURBINE

With HEAD LOST

Value of f: Laminar flow

Value of f: Turbulent flow

With HEAD LOST

Manning’s Formula

FLUID FLOW IN PIPES

Reynolds Number
Hazen – Williams Formula
Reynolds number, which is dimensionless, is the ratio of the
inertia force to viscous force.

For pipes flowing full

Pipes connected in Series

Prepared by: Engr. Chrysler G. Duaso, RMP, CE

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GERTC – May 2022 Review Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics

Pipes connected in Parallel

Theoretical velocity

Actual velocity
FLUID MEASUREMENT (STEADY FLOW)
DEVICE COEFFICIENTS

Coefficient of Discharge, C or Cd Theoretical discharge

The coefficient of discharge is the ratio of the actual discharge
through the device to the ideal or theoretical discharge which
would occur without losses.
Actual discharge

Values of H for various conditions

Coefficient of Velocity, Cv
The coefficient of velocity is the ratio of the actual mean
velocity to the ideal or theoretical velocity which would occur
without any losses.

Coefficient of Contraction, Cc
The coefficient of contraction is the ratio of the actual area of
the contracted section of the stream or jet to the area of the
opening through which the fluid flows.

WEIR
Weirs are overflow structures which are built across an open
channel for measuring or controlling the flow of liquids.
Weirs have been commonly used to measure the flow of
Relationship between the Three Coefficient water, but it is now being adopted to measure the flow of
other liquids. The formulas and principles that will be
discussed on this chapter are general, i.e. applicable to any
type of liquid.
Orifice
An orifice is an opening (usually circular) with a closed
perimeter through which fluid flows. It is used primarily to
measure or to control the flow of fluid. The upstream face of
the orifice may be rounded or sharp. An orifice with
prolonged side, such as a piece of pipe, having a length of two
or three times its diameter, is called a short tube. Longer
tubes such as culverts under embankments are usually
treated as orifice although they may also be treated as short
pipes.

Rectangular Weir

Total Head

Prepared by: Engr. Chrysler G. Duaso, RMP, CE

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GERTC – May 2022 Review Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics
May 2016 – CE Board
Situation 1 – Reservoir A, the source of water for town C and D is
at elevation 150 m. The distribution reservoir at junction B is
at elevation 91.46 m and is 15,200 m from reservoir A. Town
C with population of 25,000 is at elevation 30.49 m is 9,150
m from junction B. Town D with population of 30,000 is at
elevation 15.46 m and is 6,100 m from junction B. The water
Francis formula demand is 200 liters per capita per day. Assume f = 0.018 for
all pipes.
Contracted Rectangular Weir 1 What is the required diameter of pipe AB in meter?
The effective length of L of a contracted weir is given by: A. 0.324 C. 0.225
B. 0.363 D. 0.237
2 What is the required diameter of pipe BC in meter?
A. 0.237 C. 0.225
B. 0.324 D. 0.363
3 What is the required diameter of pipe BD in meter?
A. 0.363 C. 0.324
B. 0.237 D. 0.225

May 2018 – CE Board

4 An open tank has a 50 mm diameter orifice on its vertical
side. The water jet strikes a horizontal plane 10 m below its
Triangular Weir (V – Notch) center and 23.5 m distance, measured horizontally, from its
vertical plane. Determine the depth of water above the
orifice. Neglect air friction and tank Cv = 0.95.
A. 17.4 m C. 16.2 m
B. 14.6 m D. 15.3 m

May 2018 – CE Board

5 Water flows through an orifice at the vertical side of a large
tank under a constant head. The jet strikes 12 m vertically
and 20 m horizontally. Evaluate the constant head of the
orifice in meters. Assume Cv = 0.95.
A. 9.68 C. 9.23
B. 10.24 D. 8.75

Nov 2015 – CE Board

Situation 2 – The flow rate of water through the pipe system
shown is 0.050 m3/s under total head loss of 0.90 m. Assume
a C coefficient of 120 for all pipes.
Pipe Length Diameter
A 300 m 200 mm
For 90° Weir B 266 m 160 mm
C 190 m ?
D 510 m 250 mm
CIPOLLETTI WEIR 6 Determine the flow in Pipe B.
Cipolletti weirs are trapezoidal weirs with side slope of 1 A. 0.0316 m3/s C. 0.0257 m3/s
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horizontal to 4 vertical. The additional area at the sides adds B. 0.0184 m /s D. 0.0423 m3/s
approximately enough effective width of the stream to offset 7 Determine the diameter of Pipe C.
the side contractions. A. 214 mm C. 145 mm
B. 126 mm D. 183 mm

Nov 2019 – CE Board

8 Find the capacity (m3/min) of a 1 m – diameter pipe with a
head loss of 3 m per km and frictional constant of 0.025.
A. 72.3 C. 38.6
B. 52.6 D. 36.8

Nov 2019 – CE Board

9 Water flows at the rate of 0.18 m3/s in a straight 200 mm
diameter horizontal pipe. Two mercury gages A and B 150 m
apart shows a difference in reading of 1.96 m. Evaluate the
friction factor.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS A. 0.028 C. 0.021

Prepared by: Engr. Chrysler G. Duaso, RMP, CE

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GERTC – May 2022 Review Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics
B. 0.016 D. 0.036 13 Water flows through a new cast iron pipe at a velocity of 4.2
m/s. The pipe is 400 m long and has a diameter of 150 mm.
May 2017 – CE Board Determine the head loss due to friction using Hazen –
10 Obtain the diameter of a pipe to carry 30 liters per second Williams formula with C1 = 120.
with a head loss of 0.50 m in a length of 300 m. The A. 46.3 m C. 55.4 m
coefficient of friction is 0.025. B. 42.8 m D. 50.9 m
A. 0.385 m C. 0.315 m
B. 0.257 m D. 0.235 m Nov 2015 – CE Board
Nov 2015 – CE Board 14 Water flows through a new cast iron pipe at a velocity of 1.7
11 Water flows at the rate of 182 L/s in a 300 mm diameter m/s. The pipe is 560 m long and has a diameter of 150 mm.
pipeline connecting two reservoirs. If the pipe length is 1099 Determine the head loss due to friction using Manning’s
m and using f = 0.021, what is the difference in water surface formula with n = 0.012.
elevation between the two reservoirs? A. 18.6 m C. 16.7 m
A. 18 m C. 20 m B. 21.3 m D. 25.8 m
B. 26 m D. 22 m

Nov 2015 – CE Board

12 Water flows upward through a 200 mm pipe laid on a sloping
ground inclined 10˚ with the horizontal. Assuming steady
flow of 95 L/s, what is the difference in pressure between a
point B to a point A 500 m up the slope? Assume f = 0.015.
A. 1156 kPa C. 912 kPa
B. 1289 kPa D. 1023 kPa

Nov 2015 – CE Board

Prepared by: Engr. Chrysler G. Duaso, RMP, CE

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