CONJUNCTIONS

I. CLAUSES OF CONCESSION
1. Form:
Though/Although/Even though + A clause ( S + V)
In spite of / Despite + Noun phrase/Gerund

2. Examples:
1. Though he is rich, he is not happy.
In spite of/ Despite his money, he is not happy.
2. She decided to accept the job despite the low salary.
Though the salary is low, she decided to accept the job.
* Note: Remember that but is never used with though, although or even though.
- Ask for some more examples from Ss with the above linking words.
II. CLAUSES OF REASONS
1. Form: The concept of clause can be expressed by:
Since As a result of
As + A Clause = On account of + Noun/Gerund
Because Due to
Because of

2. Examples:
I couldn’t get to work because I was ill.
(= I couldn’t get to work because of my illness.)
- Ask for some more examples from Ss with the above linking words.
III. COODINATING CONUNCTIONS: or, but, nor, yet, however, but, therefore and so
1. However, but, yet : Dùng để nối 2 mệnh đề đối lập
E.g. The test was easy. However I couldn’t finish it.
- The test was easy, but I couldn’t finish it.
- John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is badminton.
- The visitors complained loudly about the heat, yet they continued to play golf every day.
2.Therefore, So, for: Nối 2 mệnh chỉ nguyên nhân và kết quả
- Therefore đứng sau dấu(.) và (;)
- “So” đứng sau dấu (,)
Eg: He hadn’t studied hard. Therefore he failed the exams.
He hadn’t studied hard, so he failed the exams.
- Ask for some more examples with therefore and so from Ss.
- John thought he had a good chance to get the job, for his father was on the company's board of
trustees.

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- Most of the visitors were happy just sitting around in the shade, for it had been a long, dusty journey
on the train.
IV. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS: Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what
are called correlative conjunctions. They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that
should be treated as grammatically equal.
 She led the team not only in statistics but also by virtue of her enthusiasm.
 Polonius said, "Neither a borrower nor a lender be."
 Whether you win this race or lose it doesn't matter as long as you do your best.
both . . . and neither . . . nor
not only . . . but also whether . . . or
not . . . but as . . . as
either . . . or
1. both ... and ...
E.g. She is both intelligent and beautiful (adj)
Both his brother and he are students ( nouns)
* Note: Trong câu sử dụng “Both ….and…” thì động từ phải chia ở dạng số nhiều.
- Ask for some more examples with “ both ...... and ” from Ss.
2. not only.... but (also) .......
e.g. Not only workers but (also) farmers take part in the strike
He studies not only Japanese but (also) Chinese.
*Note: Trong câu sử dụng “Not only ….but also…” thì động từ phải chia phù hợp với chủ ngữ đứng
trước nó.
E.g. Not only does he speak English but also speaks German.
E.g. Not only his friend but also his brother gives him presents
- Ask for some more examples with not only ..... but (also) from Ss.
3. either.... or....
E.g. Either you or your friend is responsible for the damage.
My brother likes either footbal or volleyball.
- Ask for some more examples with either ..... or from Ss.
4. neither ... nor....
E.g. She likes neither tea nor coffee.
Neither Tom nor his friends want to go camping.
Neither Tom nor Tim wants to go camping
5. Inversion
E.g 1. My mother doesn’t like drinking coffee, I don’t like, either.
My mother doesn’t like drinking coffee, neither do I.
E.g 2. Linh is interested in learning English. I am interested in learning English, too.
Linh is interested in learning English, so am I.
E.g 3. Not only did they take care of me, but they also treated me as if I were their own daughter.
* When a clause with neither or nor is used after a negative clause, we invert the subject and the
verb after neither and nor:
E.g 4. He hadn’t done any homework, neither had he brought any of his books to class.
E.g 5. We didn’t get to see the castle, nor did we see the cathedral.

PRACTICE
Exercise 1: Find out the sentence that has the same meaning as the original one.
1. Ron enjoys horseback riding. Bob enjoys horseback riding, too.
A. Both Ron and Bob enjoys horseback riding.
B. Both Ron and Bob enjoy horseback riding.
C. Neither Ron nor Bob enjoys horseback riding.
D. Either Ron or Bob enjoys horseback riding.
2. Arthur is absent. Ricardo is absent, too.
A. Arthur is absent but Ricardo is not. B. Both Ricardo and Arthur is absent.
C. Both Ricardo and Arthur are present. D. Both Ricardo and Arthur are absent.
3. Coal is an irreplaceable natural resource. Oil is also an irreplaceable natural resource.
A. Neither coal nor oil is an irreplaceable natural resource.
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 B. Either coal or oil is an irreplaceable natural resource.
C. Both coal and oil are irreplaceable natural resources.
D. Both coal and oil is irreplaceable natural resources.
4. She is both beautiful and intelligent.
A. She is not only beautiful but also intelligent.
B. She is either intelligent or beautiful.
C. She is neither intelligent nor beautiful.
D. She is beautiful but she is not intelligent.
5. She is both a teacher and a good wife.
A. She is not a good wife and a teacher.
B. She is a teacher although she is a good wife.
C. In spite of being a good wife, she is not a teacher.
D. She is not only a teacher but also a good wife.
6. Jane hasn’t written me a letter for 2 weeks. Tom hasn’t written me for two weeks.
A. Jane hasn’t written me a letter for 2 weeks, so has Tom.
B. Jane hasn’t written me a letter for 2 weeks, neither has Tom.
C. Jane hasn’t written me a letter for 2 weeks, Tom has, too.
D. Jane hasn’t written me a letter for 2 weeks, Tom also has.
7. His grandma was surprised at his school report. His dad’s feeling was the same.
A. His grandma was surprised at his school report, his dad, either.
B. His grandma was surprised at his school report, so was his dad’s feeling.
C. His grandma was surprised at his school report, neither his dad’s feeling.
D. His grandma was surprised at his school report, his dad did, too.
8. I haven’t ever tasted caviar, my classmate Lam has, either.
A. I haven’t ever tasted caviar, neither my classmate Lam has.
B. I haven’t ever tasted caviar, neither has my classmate Lam.
C. I haven’t ever tasted caviar, also my classmate Lam has.
D. Both I and Lam haven’t tasted caviar.
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer
1. You can use my bicycle ______ you bring back tomorrow.
A. as long as B. although C. nevertheless D. in spite of
2. She spoke quietly to him _______ nobody else could hear a word.
A. because B. if C. although D. so that
3. You may stay _________ you like.
A. as far as B. as long as C. so much as D. so far
4. I’m going to Britain _________ learn English.
A. so as to B. in order to C. both A&B D. in order that
5. He went to the library ____________.
A. so as to borrow a book C. to borrowing a book
B. in order that I borrow a book D. both A&B
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer to fill in the gaps.
1. I can’t come out tonight ___________I’ve got too much homework.
A. but B. while C. because D. although
2. Three nuclear power stations were built ___________ widespread opposition.
A. so B. whether C. in case D. despite
3. He is an excellent student. His recent behavior, ___________, has been terrible.
A. despite B. while C. however D. even though
4. I think he’s telling the truth. __________, I don’t trust him.
A. So B. When C. Therefore D. Nevertheless
5. I didn’t go to his party___________I was ill.
A. but B. after C. before D. because
6. _________ the Asian crisis, the company’s profits fell by 15% during 1997.
A. In case B. Because of C. In spite of D. Even though
7. _________ it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.
A. While B. Whether C. Although D. Therefore
8. Could you look after the children ___________I cook lunch?

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 A. though B. while C. whether D. because
9. __________it rained a lot, they enjoyed their holiday.
A. Despite B. Although C. Due to D. In spite of
10. ________ there was no electricity, I was able to read because I had a candle.
A. Unless B. Until C. Because D. Even though
11. I managed to get to sleep__________ a lot of noise.
A. although B. because C. because of D. in spite of
12. I invited him to join us for lunch, ___________ he refused.
A. however B. but C. so D. and
13. He went to work early this morning ___________he had to translate an urgent letter into English
for his boss.
A. although B. because C. in spite of D. because of
14. Last summer, we went our holiday by the sea. __________it rained a lot, we enjoyed ourselves.
A. In spite of B. Although C. Because D. Because of
15. We didn’t go anywhere yesterday_________the rain.
A. in spite of B. though C. because D. because of
16. __________ what she said yesterday, he still loves her.
A. In spite of B. Though C. Because D. Because of
17. Houses are very expensive nowadays. ___________, they have managed to buy one.
A. So B. However C. But D. Therefore
18. Studying in the USA is good for your son. __________, I think you should let him go.
A. Therefore B. But C. And D. However
19. He went to the cinema ____________he had done his homework.
A. before B. until C. by the time D. after
20. My sister didn’t get the job____________she had all the qualifications.
A. therefore B. although C. however D. in spite of
21. You won’t pass the examination___________you study more.
A. unless B. as long as C. if D. whether
22. Mary searched all over the house,___________she could not find the key.
A. but B. although C. however D. because
23. She neither talked nor___________her feeling.
A. show B. shown C. showing D. showed
24. They told me much about him. When I met him, however, I was disappointed to find that he is
__________handsome___________polite.
A. either/ or B. neither/nor C. both/and D. either/ nor
25. Neither I nor she _________enjoying the party now.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
26. Either she or they____________seen the film.
A. has B. have C. having D. has had
27. Don’t be so unreasonable. I can’t_________cook __________iron your clothes.
A. either/ or B. neither/nor C. both/and D. either/ nor.
28. The teacher speaks slowly___________ the pupils may understand him.
A. because B. in order to C. so that D. or
29. They got up very early __________ to the top of the hill before sunrise.
A. so as to get B. in order not to get C. A &D D. in order to get
30. He turned off the lights _________ waste electricity.
A. so as to B. in order to C. so as not to D. in spite of

Exercise 4: Fill in each blank of the following sentences with a suitable conjunction.
1. It looks like they are going to succeed _________ their present difficulties.
2. I like spending my holidays in the mountains___________ my wife prefers the seaside.
3. He could not tell you about that _________ he felt ashamed.
4. My flight was delayed until 3:45. ________, I bought a book to read.
5. He loves his wife......... her long hair.
6. He is kind and polite to me. ___________, I don’t like him.
7. I went to the cinema last night___________ it rained.

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8. ________ he wasn’t feeling very well, Alex was determined to take part in the race.
9. The food prices rise too much; _________, people’s life becomes difficult.
10. The test was difficult; ________, all students were able to finish it.
Exercise 5. Choose the best answer to fill in the gaps.
1. I knew they were talking about me;..............., they stopped when I entered the room.
A. because B. therefore C. despite D. so that
2. _________ what she said yesterday, I still love her.
A. In spite of B. Though C. Because D. Because of
3. Your son has decided to study in the USA. __________, I think you should let him go.
A. Therefore B. But C. And D. However
4. Don’t forget to say goodbye to the interviewer _______ leaving the office.
A. before B. after C. while D. when
5. _______ most of the food we eat comes from plants or animals, the variety of food is remarkable.
A. Although B. Even C. Despite D. However
6. She failed the test ________ she studied hard.
A. as B. in spite of C. despite D. although
7. Jack insisted that he didn’t need any help, ________ I helped him anyway.
A. but B. however C. besides D. so
8. _________ David was warned about the dangers of smoking, he continued to smoke.
A. Even though B. Despite C. However D. In spite of
9. She didn’t eat much ___________ she was hungry.
A. though B. because C. but D. however
10. _________ the rain, we have cancelled the party.
A. Because B. Because of C. despite D. in spite of
11. We decided to leave early ________ the party was boring.
A. because B. because of C. although D. however
12. _________ he had taken any kinds of exercise, he got fatter and fatter.
A. Although B. In spite of C. Despite D. Because
13. _________ they’re very rich, they still want more money. They seems to be no limit to their greed
A. Though B. Although C. Even though D. A &B & C
14. We have no money, ________ Tom has some.
A. either B. but C. or D. so
15. They left the room ___________ they had finished the exam.
A. while B. soon C. during D. as soon as
16. We have studied hard _________ we will be well prepared for the examination.
A. because B. since C. so that D. in case
17. He is learning English __________ he can study in England.
A. so as B. so that C. in order to D. so as to