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SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Instructional Module in
Contemporary World

Preliminaries
I. Module Number 1
II. Module Title Introduction to the Study of Globalization

III. Brief Introduction Globalization is the process of interaction between

individual, corporations, and government around the world.
Also, it seen by some as a complex and multifaceted
phenomenon as a process of capitalist expansion involving the
incorporation of local and national economies into a gobal,
unregulated market economy.
This also discusses the globalization process, condition,
ideology and the impact of this in our Academe.
Misconceptions about it also influences the globalization
IV. Module Outcomes After studying this module, you are expected to:
a. Define and give importance of globalization
b. Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization
and undermine the various school thought and paradigms
on Globalization.
c. equip the impact of globalization today in the Philippine
scenario.
d. create truth about the misconception on globalization.

Lesson Number 1
Lesson Title a. write a personal definition of globalization and what it
stands for in our contemporary world.
b. give importance of globalization in our world today
c. identified the process, condition and ideology of
globalization.
d. equip the impact of globalization today in the Philippine
society as well as its role in the individual formation as
student in relation to future respective professions.
e. created truth about the misconception on globalization.

Brief Introduction of Globalization has become one of today 's defining

the Lesson mouthpieces-a concept that defines a number of accelerating
economic , political , cultural, ideological and environmental
forces that are rapidly transforming our global experience.
Since it is the ability to communicate easily with others around
the world that connected people in global politics, the global
economy, and environmental issues that encompass global,
regional , and local aspects of social life developments. It is
really important that you are aware of what the world is telling
you and offer an in-depth understanding of how you are going
to cope with our changing world.
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As you go further into the lesson, you will understand the

significance and related concepts, topics and principles that
shall be discussed on globalization as a process, condition and
ideology, impact on the academe and misconception of
globalization.

Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
a. write a personal definition of globalization and what it
stands for in our contemporary world.
b. give importance of globalization in our world today
c. identified the process, condition and ideology of
globalization.
d. equip the impact of globalization today in the Philippine
society as well as its role in the individual formation as
student in relation to future respective professions.
e. created truth about the misconception on globalization.

Lesson Proper
I. Getting Started
Read the statement below and answered the question in the space provided
(Write your answer in the question here.)
“You are living in the Philippines. Your ___________________________________
shirt is made in Thailand. And your shoes ___________________________________
___________________________________
were made in UK. The iPhone that you
___________________________________
have is manufactured in the United States. ___________________________________
You can travel to visit Korea and see your ___________________________________
favorite K-Pop artist that you ‘ve watch in ___________________________________
your laptop comes from Japan. These are ___________________________________
___________________________________
indeed exciting times…”
___________________________________
* What do you notice when you have read ___________________________________
the passage? ___________________________________
What do the passage inform you about? ___________________________________
___________________________________

II. Discussion
We as individual are connected to each other. With the use of internet we can
communicate through social medias anywhere, everywhere and whenever we want. The social
media also, inform as what the world is going on. The phones, apparels, gadgets, accessories
even foods we use in day-today life is available to us through globalization.

In this world, your choices about where to, shop, invest, and save are no longer
confined to national boundaries, but are oriented globally. This evokes images of a world
where goods, services, capital, and information flow across seamless national orders and/; the
newest buzzword in the popular. This portrays that the role of globalization a role at
international levels of trade and commerce.
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Introduction to Contemporary World

The phrase "the world has shrunk" describes our global conditions. This "shrinking of the
world" has taken place because of the combination of human feats including modern
transportation, information and communication technology, medical advancement, and
technological innovations. People of today's world scoff at stories of the previous generations
that moving from one place to another usually required walking several miles, riding a horse-
drawn carriage, or traveling by sailboats. In either case, it took a lot of time and required
unusual effort to get to one's place of destination. All these discomforts related to travelling
have disappeared in the modern era. Nowadays, going to London, Seoul, or Frankfurt can be
done in a less amount of time. In addition, the availability of computers, gadgets and mobile
phones, together with the internet technology, has placed the world on our fingertips. In effect,
the world appears smaller today than it actually is.

What is globalization?

The term "globalization" has several contending meanings. However, many scholars gave
and tried to formulate its definitions. This resulted in different, sometimes contradicting views
about the concept. It cannot be contained within a specific time frame, all people, and all
situations (Al-Rhodan, 2006). Aside from this, globalization encompasses a multitude of
processes that involves the economy, political systems, and culture. Social structures,
therefore, are directly affected by globalization.

Globalization is a complex, multi-effect phenomenon that makes it difficult to define. Indeed,

there are three ways to determine globalization (Mittelmitn, 2006). First, it can be described as
factors of production intensification, facilitated by modern means of transport and communication.
Second, in a way that events in one part of the world have immediate effects on distant
locations, globalization can also be defined as a compression of time and space. The third
approach is to understand globalization as a material power historical structure. Globalization
represents an economic, political and cultural historic transformation (Mittelman, 2006),
Globalization’s driving force is undoubtedly technology progress. It accelerates the effects
of globalization and contributes to the essential transformation of economic system
functioning.

Moreover, A more recent definition was given by Ritzer (2015), "globalization is a

trans planetary process or set of process involving increasing liquidity and the growing
multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and information as well as the structures
they encounter and create that are barriers to, or expedite, those flows. Generally, this
definition assumes that globalization could bring either or both integration and/or
fragmentation. Although things flow easily in a global world, hindrances or structural
blocks are also present. These blocks could slow down one's activity in another country
or could even limit the places a person can visit.

The final attributes of this definition relates to the way people perceive time and space.
Steger notes that “globalization processes do not occur merely at an objective, material level
but they also involve the subjective plane of human consciousness." In other words, people
begin to feel that the world has become a smaller place and distance has collapsed from
thousands of miles to just a mouse-click away. One can now e-mail a friend in another country
and get a reply instantaneously, and as a result, begins to perceive their distance as less
consequential. Cable TV and the Internet has also exposed one to news from across the
globe, so now, he/she has this greater sense of what is happening in other places.
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Globalization as a process, condition, and ideology

In the absence of a generally accepted definition, Streger (2005) explains that

globalization has been commonly understood either as a process, a condition, or an ideology.

Globalization as a process

It is viewed as a multidimensional set of social process that generate and increase

“worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same time fostering in people
a growing awareness of depending connections between local and distant”. This view argues
that globalization is about the compression of time and space brought about the changes in
technology and the political, cultural, and economic aspects of human existence. It denotes
happening over a stretch of time can be trace at the beginning up to present. Also, a sign for
globality is the thickening the of social linkages between people from different part of the world.
What we should look for are historical evidence of growing worldwide connectivity.

Globalization as a condition

It is referred to by scholars as globality. Scholte (2008) refers to globality as social

condition characterize by trans-planetary connectivity and supra-territoriality. In terms of trans-
planetary relations, globality is about establishment of social links between people located at
different places of our planet. Meanwhile, supra-territorial relations are social connections that
transcend territorial or in other words, globalization a social conditions is characterizes by
economic, political, and cultural interconnections and global flows that render political borders
and economic barriers irrelevant. This shows the experience of Dr. Vihn Ching, illustrates how
present world have increasingly interconnected.

Globalization as an ideology

Steger (2005), following the line of reasoning of globalization scholar Michael Freeden,
explains that globalization exists in people’s consciousness due to it consists a set of coherent
as complementary ideas and beliefs about global order. In other words, globalization is a
political belief system that benefits a certain class. He argues that globalization as an ideology
is defined by six (6) core claims.

1. It is about the liberalization and global integration of markets, or stated in Business

Week, “Globalization is about the triumph of markets over governments”
2. It is Inevitable and irreversible. State leaders pushing for neoliberal policies have been
heard proclaiming that globalization is happening and cannot be stopped, as it was
global wave that has been sweeping the world.
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization. It is a “self-regulating market” , Steger (2005)
explains that globalization does not promote the agenda of any specific class or group.
4. It benefits to everyone. Free trade and free market, will bring wealth and prosperity to
everyone. A fine example is Chinese businessman Jack Ma, founder and executive
chairman of Alibaba group.
5. Furthers the spread of democracy in the world. Globalist share the belief that democracy,
freedom, free market, free trade are synonymous.
6. It requires global war terror. This is resulted from the 9-11 attack, combines the idea of
economic globalization with American brand of right-wing foreign policy.

The Impact of Globalization on the Academe

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The advent of globalization in the 1970s had greatly affected the academic world as it
immediately gained the interest and attention of most social scientists, who were occupied
with social phenomena related to globalization. The impact can be seen in the surge in the
number of scholarly works about globalization. Over the years, the literature on globalization
has been enriched with the inclusion of new research areas and topics, such as studies on
transnational sexualities, global tourism, evolution of state institutions, the restructuring of
work and the improvement of working conditions, transnational care-giving, transnational
crime syndicates, and the global media to name a few. Clearly, the wide array of globalization-
related research topics that scholars can choose from points to the ubiquity of the effects of
globalization (Appelbaum and Robinson, 2005).

By way of reiteration, the burgeoning literature on globalization reflects the enormity of

human activities that can be studied. Also, it shows the extent of globalization's impact on
human lives; it shows how different we have become compared to our predecessors in terms of
the level of sophistication and cosmopolitanism. The globalization literature suggests that there
are two major branches of research: (1) those studying specific problems or issues as they
relate to globalization; (2) those studying the concept of globalization itself — theorizing the
very nature of the process. Both areas entail a great deal of theorizing in order to make sense
of the various phenomena comprising globalization. How do we theorize on this phenomenon
that we call globalization? What types of theories have been developed to explain social
change in the 21st century? Are the major theories of the traditional social science disciplines
adequate to explain the various phenomena within globalization? Or, do we need new
theoretical models?

Theoretical paradigm of Globalization

1. World Systems Paradigm – Immanuel Wallerstein view that the globalization not as
a recent phenomenon but as virtually synonymous with birth and spread of word
capitalism. This paradigm adheres to the idea that capitalism has created a global
enterprise that swept the 19th century leading to the present time. Key structure of the
capitalist are core (division), periphery (region) and semi periphery (states and
regions)
2. Global Capitalism Paradigm – under this school of thought teat globalization as a
novel stage in the evolving system of world capitalism (capitalist globalization). They
focus on the new global production and financial system, both are seen to have
superseded earlier national forms of capitalism.
3. The New Society School of Thought – It put forth in the premise that technology
and technological change are underlying cause several processes that compromise
globalization. this idea is articulated in the import ant collection of works of Manuel
CasteIls called The Rise of the Network Society (1996, I t)L)7, 1998), which features his
'technologistic’ approach to globalization. He advanced the notion of the "new
economy". This new economy is: (I) informational, knowledge-based, (2) global, in
that production is organized on a global Kale; and (3) networked, in that productivity is
generated through global networks of interaction.
4. Space, Time, and Globalization – Anthony Giddens define it time-space
distanciation as ‘the intensification of worldwide social relations which links distant
localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by eventsoccuring many
miles away and vice-versa – social relation are lifted out from local contexts of
interaction and restructured across time and space.
5. Transnationality and Transnationalism- Transnationalism refers to umbrella
concept encompassing a wide variety of transformative processes, practices and
developments that take simultaneously at the local level and global level.
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Transnational process and practices are defined broadly as the multiple ties and
interactions-economic, political, social and cultural-that link people, communities and
institution across the border of nation-state.
6. Global Culture Paradigm – emphasized the rapid growth of the mass media and
resultant global cultural flows and images in recent decades.

Misconception about Globalization

Scholte (2008), in his attempt to clarify the meaning of globalization, criticizes the
several flawed analyses of globalization pointing out that they end in failure to produce new
knowledge. In other words, he defines globalization by telling us what is not. Below are
the misconceptions of globalization.

Globalization as internationalization

Internationalization includes activities by entities such as corporations, states, international

organizations, private organization, and even individuals with reference to national borders and
national governments. Globalization, on the other hand, includes a gamut of human activities
that do not require reference to a state's national borders. For instance, exchanges of romantic
words in a social media platform such as Facebook between a Filipina located in the Philippines and a
German residing in his country fall within globalization do not need their respective government's
permission to do so.

Globalization as internationalization

The analyses of globalization is treating it as synonymous to liberalization.

Liberalization is commonly understood as the removal of barriers and restrictions imposed by
national governments so as to create an open and borderless world economy. In this sense,
globalization is realization is realized when national governments “reduce or abolish regulatory
measures like trade barriers, foreign exchange restrictions, capital controls and visa
requirements.

The problem with this, Scholte explains that it confines the study of globalization within the
debate concerning the neoliberal macroeconomic policies. On one side of the debate are the
academics, business executives, and policymakers that have supported neoliberal policies of
liberalization, privatization deregulation, and fiscal restraint would in time bring prosperity, freedom,
peace , and democracy for all.

Globalization as universalization and westernization

A final cul-de-sac appears in the analyses of globalization when it is thought of as

universalization and westernization. Universalization denotes a process of spreading various
objects, practices, and experiences to the different parts of the planet. Hence, there is
globalization when things, values, and practices have spread worldwide. This interpretation of
globalization entails homogenization of culture, politics, economy, and laws. As homogenization
progresses, globalization destroys several indigenous cultures and practices. If Western
modernity spreads and destroys local cultures, this variant of universalization is known as
Westernization, neo¬colonialism, Americanization, or Mc Donaldization.

Scholte (2008) notes that there are issues arising from these misconceptions. First,
universalization is not a new feature of world history. The migration of the human species
that took place a million years ago is one great example of globalization in the ancient times.
The continuous spread of the major religions like Christianity and Islam since their foundation
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constitutes another instance of globalization which is not confined to contemporary period.

Second, westernization is not the only path that can be taken by globalization as
shown by the studies on oriental globalization.

III. Application
A. Write if the statement is True or False.
___________________1. Our global conditions are described as "the world has shrunk"
___________________2. Various interpretations, often conflicting perceptions of the idea of
globalization.
___________________3. In our world today it included all people and all circumstances within
a general timeframe
___________________4. In our previous scenarios, it took a great deal of time and
extraordinary effort to get to one's destination.
___________________5. Globalization as conditional views suggests that globalization is
about the transformation of time and space that has brought about the technological shifts and
the political , cultural and economic dimensions of human life.
___________________6. Globalization as liberalization denotes what happens over a period of
time from the beginning up to the present can be traceable.
___________________7. The broad variety of research topics related to globalization, which
researchers can choose from contributes to the ubiquity of globalization 's impact.
___________________8. They focus on the new global production and financial system, both are
seen to have superseded earlier national forms of capitalism found in world system paradigm
___________________9. Westernization denotes a process of spreading various objects,
practices, and experiences to the different parts of the planet.
___________________10. Scholte (2008) notes that there are issues arising from these
misconceptions. First, universalization is not a new feature of world history and
westernization is not the only path that can be taken by globalization

B. Classify each situation whether globalization as a process, condition or an ideology.

___________________1. Refers to globality as social condition characterize by trans-planetary
connectivity and supra-territoriality.
___________________2. Globalization is a system of political convictions which benefits some
class.
___________________3. globalization a social conditions is characterizes by economic,
political, and cultural interconnections and global flows that render political borders and
economic barriers irrelevant.
___________________4. Globalists hold the idea that there is a synonym for democracy ,
equality, free market and free trade.
___________________5. A sign for globality is the thickening the of social linkages between
people from different part of the world.
___________________6. Globality is about establishing social connections between people in
different places around our planet.
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___________________7. Uploading pictures to see by her family and friend in the Philippines
during her vacation in Amsterdam in the Instagram.
___________________8. Liza is an online seller of different apparels.
___________________9. It is a “self-regulating market”
___________________10. Our planet is not treated a a collection of geographical units but a
as a social space or arena of social life.

IV. Assessment and Reflection

A. Reflect on theoretical paradigm associated in globalization or as additional information

you can watch a short video clip using the link below about globalization-related
theoretical paradigms. Choose one best theoretical paradigm that suits to our country.
Write an illustration about it, and explain the effects of globalization in our country.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

IV. Assessment and Reflection

1. A. Using the illustration, write a personal definition of globalization and what it stands for in our
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contemporary world.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

V. Enrichment
List down the impact of globalization today in the Philippine society as well as its role in the
individual formation as student in relation to future respective professions.

.
1. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

V. References
Aldama (2018). The Contemporary World. Sampaloc Manila, Rex Book Store, Inc.
Ambidda et. al (2019). The Contemporary World. Mandaluyong City, Books Atbp.
Publishing Corp.
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Brown (2014). Globalization Theories. Khan Academy. Retrieved from:

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/society-and-culture/demographics/
v/globalization-theories

Coronacion et al. (2019). Convergence a college textbook in contemporary world.

Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.

Claudio et al. (2018.) The contemporary world. Quezon City, Philippines: C & E
Publishing, Inc.

Prepared by: Reviewed by:

ROSEANN V. MEARNO, PhD JOHN MARC R. MENDOZA, MAEd, MLIS

Instructor Program Head, School of Teacher Education

Validated by: Approved by:

________________________ JESS JAY M. SAJISE, DBA

Internal Validator, Vice President of Academic Affairs External