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 Contents
Organizers and Sponsors ……………………………………. iii
Foreword …………………………………………………….. iv
Messages …………………………………………………….. vi
Preface ……………………………………………………….. xii
1. Greenhouse Production Systems in India: Opportunities 2
and Challenges
Brahma Singh
2. Technological and Ecological Approaches for Designing 18
Protected Structures in India
S.V. Kottiswaran
3. Strategies and Techniques for Sustainable Greenhouse 31
Vegetable Production in India
N.K. Pathania
4. Internet-Web-Mobile based services for Climate 45
Monitoring and Control in Protected Structures
Neelam Patel
5. Breeding Vegetable Crops for Protected Environment: 64
Need and Prospects
Pritam Kalia
6. Ideotype Vegetable Crop Breeding for Polyhouse 70
Cultivation in India
D.K. Singh and Shashank Shekhar Singh
7. Breeding Parthenocarpic Cucumber for Protected 83
Cultivation: Impact and Assessment of KPCH-1
Pradeepkumar T, Ajay Bhardwaj and Varun Roch, C
8. Breeding sweet peppers for greenhouse production 99
Manish K Sharma
9. Hi-tech Nursery Raising and Management 110
I.B. Maurya
10. Light Management Strategies in Greenhouse Production 120
System for Vegetable Crops
R.K. Singh, Indore Navnath S. and Saurabh Singh
11. Advances in Vegetable Grafting for Mitigation of Biotic 129
and Abiotic Stresses in Greenhouse Vegetable
Production System
Pardeep Kumar, Parveen Sharma, Binny Vats and
Vibhuti Sharma
12. Recent Advances in Quality Seed Production of 163
Vegetables under Protected Condition
B.S. Tomar, Gograj Singh Jat, J.K. Ranjan and
Jogendra Singh
13. Quality Seed Production of Vegetable Crops under 173
Protected Structures
S. Praneetha and R. Muthuselvi
14. Horticulture based Protected Cultivation Technology: 187
Sustainable Solutions for Doubling Farmers' Income in
India
Awani Kumar Singh and Naved Sabir
15. Bees for Crop Pollination Service under Protected 203
Cultivation
Pardeep Kumar Chhuneja, Jaspal Singh and Shamsher
Singh
16. Agrovoltaic: A Novel Technology for Doubling the 215
Income of Farmers
P.M. Chauhan
17. Plant Factory with Artificial Light 232
S. M. Mantur, M. S. Biradar and Chetankumar, B. N.
18. Recent Innovations in Potato Seed Production 237
Rajesh K. Singh, S.K. Chakrabarti and Tanuja Buckseth
19. Microgreens: A New Beginning towards Nutrition and 246
Livelihood in Urban-Peri-Urban and Rural Continuum
Sanjeev Kumar, Lathiya Jasmin B. and S.N. Saravaiya
20. Challenges in Nutrient Management in Vegetables 263
Grown Organically under Protected Environment
K.G. Patel, Susheel Singh, A.R. Kaswala and
P.K. Dubey
21. Diseases Dynamics in Vegetable Crops under Protected 280
Conditions and Management Strategy
P.R. Patel and S. V. Nalawade
22. Pest Dynamics in Vegetable Crops Under Protected 317
Conditions and Their Management
S.P. Saxena
23. Soil Fumigation with Dazomet and Metham -Sodium for 337
Management of Root-Knot Nematodes in Protected
Cultivation
D. J. Patel
24. Current Status and Management Strategies of Insect- 340
Pests of Vegetable Crops under Protected Cultivation in
Himachal Pradesh
A.K. Sood, Vinay Singh and P.K. Mehta
25. Post Harvest Handling and Value Addition in 356
Greenhouse Vegetable Crops
Dev Raj and B.N. Patel
26. Novel Post-Harvest Treatments of Vegetables 381
Sunil Pareek
27. Role of Market Intelligence, Key Issues and Strategies 390
for Effective Marketing of Green House Vegetable
Produce
Ruchira Shukla, Swati Sharma, Gautam Parmar,
Bhavesh Chaudhari, Alpesh Leua ,Surendra Kuthe and
Varsani Jaydeep
28. Horticulture Scenario in Gujarat and Scope of Protected 414
Cultivation
P.M. Vaghasiya
29. ICT in Greenhouse Vegetable Production: A Roadmap 419
Towards Effective Management
B.L. Radadiya
30. Nanofertilizers: A New Endeavor in Sustainable 424
Protected Cultivation
Shivani R.M., Sanjeev Kumar and Shah S. B.
31. Effect of Pusa Hydrogel in improving growth, yield and 440
Water Use Efficiency of capsicum var. Indra under
protected cultivation
Indu Arora, A.K. Bhatia, V.K. Batra and
Dhirendra Singh
32. Integration of soil solarization and fungicides for 452
effective management of damping-off disease of chilli
J.J. Kadam, M.S. Joshi, P.G. Borkar, S.S. Gurav and
P.V. Joshi
33. Processing Protocol and Effect of Pretreatments on 464
Quality Attributes of Dehydrated Green Chilli Powder
F.M. Sahu, A.K. Senapati, P.S. Pandit, Dev Raj and
H.G. Suthar
34. Marketing of Greenhouse Vegetables Through 478
Organized Retail: A Review on Prospects and
Challenges
Gautam Parmar, Swati Sharma, Alpesh Leua and
Ruchira Shukla

Author Index ………………………………………………... xiv

MICROGREENS: A NEW BEGINNING TOWARDS
NUTRITION AND LIVELIHOOD IN URBAN-PERI-
URBAN AND RURAL CONTINUUM

Sanjeev Kumar, Lathiya Jasmin B. and S.N. Saravaiya

Department of Vegetable Science,
ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry,
Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari-396 450 (Gujarat)
Email: [email protected]

The spectrum of life in terms of income, life style and

spending is changing rapidly with economic development. Diet
related diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease,
hypertension, stroke and cancer are escalating both in developed
and developing countries, in part due to imbalanced food
consumption patterns. In developing countries like India, 13.5%
people are chronically undernourished with Western-Asia and
Sub-Saharan Africa, the most severely affected regions
(Anonymous, 2015).Vegetables are oftenly referred to as
Protective Food in view of nutritive and medicinal values and
seve as one of the important components of Indian agriculture
towards nutritional security of people. India is the 2nd largest
producer across the globe occupying 910.10 million hectares
area and producing 196.06 million tonne of vegetables
(Anonymous, 2015) but national food security is becoming a
matter of increasing concern and poverty is reflected in the
nutritional status of the people. The present per capita availability
of vegetables in India is only 210 g against the requirement of
300g/ capita / day for normal health as per the Recommended
Daily Allowance (RDA). Households in large cities in low-
income countries like India spend 50-80 per cent of their incomes
on food (Bakker et al., 2000) and nutritional deficits in
macronutrients and essential micronutrients are common.
Now-a days, non-availability of fresh and pesticide
residue free vegetables for consumption is increasingly becoming
major concern for vegetarian population of our country. So,
Microgreens: a new class of edible vegetables with lots of
potential in term of nutritional ability to cure various deficiencies
(Pinto et al., 2015) presents a homestead option towards
246
nutritional security. As these can easily be grown in urban or
peri-urban areas, where land is often a limiting factor, either by
specialized vegetable farmers or the consumers themselves.
Simultaneously, they also offer opportunities for rural population
of our country to enhance dietary status of their food.
Microgreens can easily be grown with and without soil
organically in short period of span of 10-15 days around or inside
residential areas. Moreover, microgreens are usually consumed
raw, hence there is no loss or degradation of micronutrients
through food processing. There are more than 25 microgreens
commercially grown all over the world. Phytonutrient levels
differ according to growth stages of the plant and often decrease
from the seedling to the fully developed stage (Ebert et al., 2014).
Microgreens are 4-6 times more nutrient dense than their mature
counterparts (Xiao et al., 2012). So, microgreens can be termed
as ‘Functional Foods’, which have health promoting or disease
preventing properties. In recent years, consumption of
microgreens has increased along with consumer awareness and
appreciation for their tender texture, distinctive fresh flavours,
vivid colours and concentrated bio-active compounds such as
vitamins, minerals, antioxidants etc.
Historical Development
Historical importance of microgreens goes back to 1930s,
when wheatgrass was grown dried and sold then sold as a
medicine in most North American pharmacies. In the 1960s
sunflower, buckwheat and radish were frequently grown as
winter Greens, whereas during 1970s, healthy home grown
“Grasses” were popularized for their health benefits. Chefs
started growing “Cresses” and “Seedlings” for garnishing In the
1980s. The first documented use of the word "MICROGREENS”
started in USA during 1998.Then in the 2000s, local producers
throughout North America started distributing fresh
“Microgreens” to their local retail outlets. Microgreens have
started to appear at grocery stores so that food enthusiasts could
enjoy them at home Pinto et al., (2015). In recent years,
consumption of microgreens has increased along with consumer
awareness and appreciation for their tender texture, distinctive
fresh flavours and concentrated bio-active compounds such as
vitamins, minerals, antioxidants as compared to mature leafy
247
greens.Now, most popular chefs of India namely Sanjeev
Kapoor, Vikas Khanna, Ranveer Brar, Kunal Kapoor are making
blends of various microgreens in Indian food items and have now
created interest in these items and put them in lime light amongst
many people about their importance because of highly
concentrated bio-active compounds.
Dozens of different types of vegetables can be planted to
produce microgreens, with a range of tastes-mellow, spicy, tangy,
earthy, nutty and crisp. Some of the most common varieties are
things you may already grow to use the full plant: basil, parsley,
cilantro, radishes, salad burnet, fennel, chervil, mustard, kale,
collards, beets, pak choy and cabbage. Even carrots and beets can
be sown and harvested as microgreens.
Microgreens: What are they?
Microgreens are a new class of edible vegetables (Pinto et
al., 2015), a very specific type which includes seedlings of edible
vegetables, herbs or other plants, ranging in size from 5 to 10 cm
(Xiao et al., 2012). Microgreens contain three part central stem,
cotyledon leaves and first pair of very young true leaves. Based
on growth stages of plant, microgreens fall in the stage older than
“Sprouts” and younger than “Babygreens”

Diagrammatic representation of a microgreen

There are 70-80 types of microgreens grown worldwide

but, ones listed in Table 1 have gained importance for homestead
and commercial utility.

248
Table 1. List of some of the important microgreens.
Commercial Microgreen
Botanical Name Family
name colour
Arugula Eruca sativa Mill. Brassicaceae Green

Bull's blood Beta vulgaris L. Chenopodiaceae Reddish

beet green
Celery Apium graveolens Apiaceae Green
L.
Cilantro Coriandrum Apiaceae Green
sativum L.
Garnet Amaranthus Amaranthaceae Red
amaranth hypochondriacus
L.
Golden pea Pisum sativum L. Fabaceae Yellow
tendrils
Green basil Ocimum Lamiaceae Green
basilicum L.
Green daikon Raphanus sativus Brassicaceae Green
radish L.
Magenta Spinacia oleracea Chenopodiaceae Red
spinach L.
Mizuna Brassica rapa L. Brassicaceae Green
Opal basil Ocimum Lamiaceae Greenish
basilicum L. purple
Opal radish Raphanus sativus Brassicaceae Greenish
L. purple
Pea tendrils Pisum sativum L. Fabaceae Green
Pepper cress Lepidium Brassicaceae Green
bonariense L.
Popcorn Zea mays L. Poaceae Yellow
shoots
Purple Brassica oleracea Brassicaceae Purplish
kohlrabi L. green
Purple Brassica juncea Brassicaceae Purplish
mustard L. green
Red beet Beta vulgaris L. Chenopodiaceae Reddish
green
Red cabbage Brassica oleracea Brassicaceae Purplish
L. green
249
 Red mustard Brassica juncea Brassicaceae Purplish
L. green
Red orach Atriplex hortensis Chenopodiaceae Red
L.
Red sorrel Rumex acetosa L. Polygonaceae Reddish
green
Tartary Fagopyrum Poaceae Green
buckwheat tataricum L.
Source: Xiao et al., (2012)
There are some important vegetable crops which are
gaining importance in some metro and big cities of India.

Red Amaranth Beetroot Broccoli Cress

Sweet and tangy Attractive, deep Rich in Peppery flavor,
flavour, add reddish metallic vitamins, garnishing and
vibrant dash purple leaves, minerals, addition to salads
colour to salad, high antioxidant enzymes, and sandwiches,
used in properties and protein and source of
garnishing. rich in vitamins. chlorophyll, vitamins A, C
stimulate the and S.
immune system.
Dill Fenugreek Kale Linseed /
Fine, feathery Rich in protein, Cabbage like Flaxseed
foliage and a vitamins A, D, flavour, colourful Spicy, tender,
great flavor, E, B and leaves, add nutritious, rich in
blends well with minerals, vibrancy to Omega-3 fatty
cucumbers, stimulate the salads, acids, good
cheese, salmon appetite and antioxidants, source of
and cabbage. effective against prevent macula vitamins,
anaemia and degeneration. minerals, anti-
fatigue. oxidants and
amino acids.
Radish Red Cabbage Fennel Mustard
Rich in Ca, Fe, Rich in vitamins Higher in K, High in
K, Zn, carotene, A, B, C, E, K, vitamins C, B antioxidants,
antioxidants, minerals and and protein,
vitamins and chlorophyll, Phytonutrient, vitamins, and
protein, stimulate Decrease risk of minerals,
Stimulate immune system. heart disease. Stimulate blood
immune system. circulation and
effective against
fever and cold.
Onion Pea Red Veined Golden Corn
Full of vitamins, Nutritious and Sorrel Sweet flavor,

250
minerals such as source of Boost eye sight, used in
Ca, K, S, vitamins A, C, strengthen the garnishing, good
protein, K and minerals immune system, source of
enzymes and Ca, Fe, Mg, P, build strong vitamin B,
chlorophyll. K, amino acids bones, prevent antioxidant and
and protein. cancer, lower carotenoids
down blood
pressure
Carrot
Rich in β-carotene, phytonutrient like lutein and zeaxanthin, Good for
beautiful skin, cancer prevention and anti-aging.
Source: www.greenharvest.com.au

Selected review of research work done by the workers on

various aspects of nutrition and cultivation
Nutritional Importance:
Dagmar et al. (2010) carried out DPPH assay to estimate
antioxidant activity as gallic acid equivalent in common and
tartary buckwheat microgreens and observed higher antioxidant
activity in tartary buckwheat than those of common buckwheat
microgreens.Sudtirol-3was the only common buckwheat variety
having higher antioxidant activity than cv. 01Z5100001 of tartary
buckwheat.
Xiao et al. (2012) assessed commercially grown microgreens for
different nutritional components and observed higher levels of
TAA in cabbage, phylloquinone and violaxanthin in garnet
amaranths, β-carotene and lutein in red sorrel, there by
highlighting the relevance of individual microgreen for different
nutritionally important compounds.
Ebert et al. (2014) evaluated four cultivars of amaranth
separately as microgreen and mature greens for various
nutritional parameters and found higher levels of neoxenthin,
lutein, α-carotene and β-carotene in microgreens of cv. VI04470
compared to its fully grown stage. Likewise, cv. VI047164
emerged as single cultivar displaying higher level of chlorogenic
acid compared to other microgreens as well as fully grown
amaranths. The organoleptic study revealed high appreciation for
appearance in cv. 047764, whereas‘VI044470’ and ‘Hung-Shing-

251
Tsai’ received the highest rating for texture, taste and general
acceptability.
Pinto et al. (2015) carried out comparative analysis of mineral
profiles in microgreens and mature greens of lettuce and
observed significantly higher content of minerals like Ca, Mg, Fe,
Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo and Se in microgreens compared to mature
greens. The presence of lower level of nitrate content in
microgreens than mature greens signifies their importance as
safer food item in human diet particularly for children.
Xiao et al. (2016) analyzed mineral composition of popularly
grown microgreens of Brassicaceae family and found variable
potential of these microgreens with highest Ca, Mg in
cauliflower, P in broccoli, K in arugula and Fe in kohlrabi purple.
All the microgreens analyzed under study for the presence of
heavy metal Cd were found free from this toxic element.
Germination:
Lee et al. (2004) studied the effect of different seed treatments on
seed germination of beet and chard and observed higher final
germination percentage (FGT) of 99% and 91% in beet and
chard, respectively through matric priming treatment. However,
seed treatment with H2O2 registered earliest germination in both
the types of Beta vulgaris. They further studied that horizontal
vermiculite orientation resulted in a higher germination
percentage along with longer radicles than vertical vermiculite
orientation. Shoot fresh weight was little affected by vermiculite
orientation in beet but was reduced slightly within the vertical
orientation when seeds came from the bottom rather than top.
Whereas, horizontal vermiculite orientation gave greater shoot
fresh weight in chard than the vertical orientation.
Fertilizer requirement:
Kou et al. (2014) studied the effect of different sources of
calcium on hypocotyl length of broccoli microgreens and
observed significantly higher hypocotyl length with 10 mM
CaCl2 application. They further compared fresh weight, dry
weight and calcium content in broccoli microgreens raised with
water and best treatment (10 mM CaCl2) and reported
significantly higher value of these components in microgreens
sprayed with CaCl2.

252
Light requirement:
Brazaityte et al. (2015) carried out an experiment to determine
the effect of UV-A on antioxidant content of beet microgreens
under different lighting regimes with different degree of UV-A
supplementation. The study revealed that supplemental UV-A
resulted in increased DPPH radical scavenging activity. The
lower UV-A irradiance level have no effect on phenol content but
it increased significantly at +402 nm supplementation and
anthocyanin content was also greatest under UV-A
supplementation of +390 nm. Ascorbic acid significantly
increased at +366 nm UV-A radiance which was further higher in
+402 nm irradiance in EXP-2. At higher irradiance level, all
supplemental UV-A had a positive effect on α-tocopherol content
of microgreens with highest level in +366 nm. They also noticed
greater effect of supplemental +366 nm irradiance on flavonol
index. UV-A exposure increased nitrate content in microgreens,
however maintained below the limit not affecting human health.
Viktorija and Akvile (2015) studied the effect of different light
treatments on growth and nutritional parameters of mustard
microgreens and observed no gain in hypocotyl length, plant
height and leaf area in LED compared to control (HPS).
However, artificial light treatment affected nutritional parameters
significantly with highest impact of LED 250 treatment on
ascorbic acid and total phenol content with at par response in
LED 150. Whereas, total anthocyanin content was significantly
higher in microgreens grown under LED 150 treatment. Artificial
lighting also increased flavonol and ABTS+ significantly over
control irrespective of LED lighting.
Disease Management:
Pill et al. (2011) studied the response of beet to damping off
upon treatment with Trichoderma harzianum (Th) +
Trichoderma virens (Tv) and observed lowest degree of damping
off in seeds treated with ThTv at the rate of 1 mg per seed ball
under 0.5 and 1.0 (Pythium aphanidermatum) levels of
inoculum. However, seed treated with 0.25 mg recorded early
germination.
Post Harvest:
Chandra et al. (2012) studied the changes in off-odour of
chinese cabbage treated with different sanitizers and packaging
253
films during storage and observed minimum undesirable off-
odour development in microgreens sprayed with citric acid
followed by ethanol, when stored in polyethylene during storage
time.
Kou et al. (2013) studied the effect of storage temperature on
changes in aerobic mesophilic count and tissue electrolyte
leakage of buckwheat microgreens and observed significantly
higher bacterial count(1-2 log CFU/g) in microgreens stored at 15
and 20 oC than those stored at 10, 5, and 1 oC after 10 days of
storage. Microgreens stored at 10oC showed minimum activity of
bacteria even after 14 days of storage. Similarly, microgreens
stored at lower temperatures revealed minimum electrolyte
leakage and remained constant during all the period of storage.
The OTR level of 16.6 (m2 s Pa) turned out to be best storage
atmosphere for minimum electrolyte leakage, which was at par
with the level of 29.5 (m2 s Pa).
Looking to the impoatance of these edibles, Department
of Vgetbale Science, ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry,
Navsari Agricultural Uniersity, Navsari has also initiated
experiments on effect of different light sources on growth and
quality of different microgreens. The Horticulture students of
college are given skill development training on the copmponent
of microgreen cultivation under Student READY programme.
Microgreens: Growing Process
Now-a-days people are becoming aware about
importance of microgreens. So, inhabitants in rural, urban area
and peri-urban locations can utilize nutritional potential of
microgreens at home and market. Although, growing process of
microgreens is very easy but commercial basic requirements of
microgreens it need to be taken into confederation for successful
cultivation of microgreens. Some important requirements of some
of the microgreens are given in Table 2.
Material and media
Microgreens cultivation is not much costly because as
they do not require much tool and material to grow. Selection of
growing trays for the commercial cultivation should have good
drainage capacity. Size of growing trays can appropriately be
chosen depending upon availability of space and ease in handling
and transportation of living microgreens. As far homestead
254
cultivation is concerned, one can even use deposable trays for
successful cultivation. Media should preferably be inert one like
cocopeat, vermiculite and cocopeat alone or in combination of
3:1:1. As the concept of microgreens cultivation relates to
provide pesticide free and nutritional rich food, so treatment with
any chemical pesticides should be avoided. Moreover looking to
vulnerability of microgreens particularly to damping-off disease,
seeds can be treated with Trichoderma harzianum and
Trichoderma virens alone or in combination (1 mg per seed ball).
This practice is very important when trail is used as growing
media (Pill et al., 2011).

Table 2. Some Requirements for Growing Microgreens

Microgreen Seed (g) Soaking Depth Temp. Maturity
/ Tray Time of (oC) (Days)
(30 x 30 (h) media
cm) Mix
(cm)
Amaranth 2.5 NA 2 >22 16-25
Purple Basil 2.5 NA 1 >24 16-25
Beet root 12.5 24 2 16-25 16-25
Buckwheat 12.5 8-12 2 20-25 5-6
Cress 8 NA 1 16-25 5-14
Dill 5 NA 1 15-23 16-25
Kale 5 4-8 2 16-28 16-25
Linseed 36 NA 2 16-25 6-8
Mustard 2.5 8 2 16-25 15-20
Pea shoots 100-150 8-12 2 15-25 10-14
Radish 5 6-12 3 16-28 12
Cabbage 5 4-8 2 16-25 3-6
Arugula 3 NA 2 16-25 16-25
Sunflower 50 8-12 2 20-25 8-12
Source: www.greenharvest.com.au

255
 Growing tray with Tray filling by Desposable tray for
small hole for better media homestead production
drainage

Sowing
One essential practice followed before the sowing or
spreading of seeds in media is soaking. Seeds of spinach and
fenugreek require soaking for getting good germination
percentage (Table 2). Then seeds are sprinkled over the media
with high density and covered with paper towel/
vermiculite/cocopeat. Generally, bigger sized of seeds are
covered with vermiculite or cocopeat and smaller seeds with
paper towel.

High density sowing in media using High density sowing in media using
reusable tray seposable tray

Aftercare
Though, microgreens do not require much care after the
spreading of seeds,howeversufficientmoisture should be
maintained through fine spray.High light requirement of 12-16
hours ofperiod should preferably be maintained along with low
humidity and good air circulation for better growth and
development of microgreens.

256
 Light watering with fine spray

Nutritional requirement
As microgreens cultivation is aimed at to provide organic
edible for better health of people. Fertilizer requirement for
microgreens production is very minimum, which can easily be
achieved through organic sources. Otherwise, one can also spray
solution of 10 mM CaCl2 i.e. 1.10 g per 10 litres of water (Kou
et al., 2014).

Suplimental organic fertilizer spary by

using fine spray
Harvesting
Microgreens are harvested at the appearance of 1st set of
true leaves. Most of the microgreens are ready for harvesting
after the 10-15 days after sowing of seed. Microgreens cutting
should be done above from media surface without roots. Some
types of microgreens like coriander and fenugreek may regrow
and can be cut several times. The media once used to growing the
microgreens, can also be used successfully for another crop of
microgreens.

257
 Stage of Cutting and harvesting microgreens

Utility
In recent years, consumption of microgreens has
increased along with consumer awareness and appreciation for
their tender texture, distinctive fresh flavors and concentrated
bioactive compounds such as vitamins, minerals, antioxidants as
compared to mature leafy greens.
Homestead utility
Microgreens are vivid in colour, so can be used in plate
presentation and garnishing, which introduce hidden tangy
flavours dishes. A tiny pile of microgreens can also be used to
add flavours in salad. India represent vide variety of eatables in
daily diet, nutritional enrichment of which can be done with
microgreens.
Some of the homestead utilities of microgreens are presented
below:

Blending of microgreens in different eatables

Commercial Utility
Microgreens are highly perishable in nature and it
can’t be stored for a long time in open as well as refrigerator
258
conditions. To overcome this problem and to fullfill commercial
utility of microgreens, they are sold as living microgreens. Living
microgreens are the freshest and most nutritious greens and can
be stored in the refrigerator for up to 14 days or at room
temperature for 4-6 days with daily watering. They are sold in the
market at rate of 100g/Rs. 200. However, branding of
microgreens is very important to make commercial utility
successful so, proper packaging of living microgreens is essential
to attract masses particularly new generation towards this new
class of edible vegetable. As is being done in developed countries
like USA.

Living miccrogreens being sold in USA

Microgreen Troubleshooting
Weak, skinny microgreens: The plants need more light
compared their mature counterparts, otherwise microgreens may
become weak and skinny.
Overcrowding: Excessive dense sowing may cause damping off,
however it can be easily overcome by treating the media by
Trichoderma.
Wrong sowing time: Some seeds may not germinate at very high
or very low temperatures.
Over soaking: Over soaking of seeds may result in dead seeds.
Conclusion:
A new class of edibles popularly termed as
‘Microgreens’, are concentrated with various bio-active
compounds like vitamins, minerals, antioxidants etc. for health
promotion and disease prevention. So, it can be inferred that
higher level of antioxidant in tartary buckwheat microgreens may
259
be helpful to deal with oxidative stress. Microgreens of
amaranths possessed higher amount of bio-active compounds in
contrast to full greens but showed specificity with respect to
cultivar. Similarly, higher level of TAA in cabbage,
phylloquinone and violaxanthin in garnet amaranths, β-carotene
and lutein in red sorrel highlighted the importance of individual
microgreen for various phytonutrient compounds. The higher
level of minerals in most of the microgreens can be used as health
promoting strategy to meet the requirements for elementary
dietary intake. Matric priming could be important for better
germination in Beta vulgaris. Broccoli microgreens raised with
the application of CaCl2 showed higher fresh-dry weight and
calcium content. UV-A irradiation supplemental at +360 was
important to improve antioxidant property of microgreens.
However, microgreens exposed to various UV lights
supplementation responded variably for various phytochemical
compounds. Similarly, cultivation of mustard microgreens under
LED 250 increased ascorbic acid and phenol content, whereas
total anthocyanin content was found to be higher under LED 150.
Susceptibility of microgreens to damping off can be minimized
through seed treatment with ThTv.Spraying chinese cabbage
microgreens with citric acid followed by ethanol was observed as
best treatment to avoid undesirable off-odour, when stored in
polyethylene. Buckwheat microgreens showed minimum activity
of mesophilic bacteria even after 14 days of storage at 10oC.
Modified atmosphere of 16.6 (m2 s pa) OTR was observed to
maintain lowest electrolyte leakage for freshness retention in
microgreens.
References
Anonymous. 2015. Indian Horticulture Database, National
Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture, GoI,
Gurgaon- India.
Anonymous. 2015. FAO, http://www.fao.org/hunger/en (Date:
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