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Science
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Climate
Science – Grade 9
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Climate
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Region XI

Regional Director: Evelyn R. Fetalvero, EdD, CESO IV

Assistant Regional Director: Maria Ines C. Asuncion, EdD, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Josephen E. Cruspero
Editor: Roel P. Dialogo, Jr.
Reviewer: Dinah G. Oani, Genevaive M. Pepito, Rhiza T. Erbina, Joyce C. Unabia,
Rudilyn M. Garcesa
Illustrator: Lesley Mae S. Lavador
Layout Artist: Angelica P. Mendoza
Template Developer: Neil Edward D. Diaz
Management Team:
Reynaldo M. Guillena, CESO V
Jinky B. Firman, PhD, CESE
Marilyn V. Deduyo
Alma C. Cifra, EdD
Aris B. Juanillo, PhD
Faye Genevieve P. Pasamonte

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Division of Davao City

Office Address: E. Quirino Avenue, Davao City

Telephone: (082) 227 4762
E-mail Address: [email protected]
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Science
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Climate
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to
use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their own learning at home.
Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different
activities in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be
reminded of the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking
your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this
module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always
bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material,
you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding
of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 Let Us Learn

A wonderful day to you, our dear learners! Though we are now

experiencing the pandemic, it is unavoidable that your parents are still going
out from the house to work and buy the things you need. In doing so, they
consider the time, place, and most of all, the weather. Weather affects the
day–to–day activities since it keeps on changing from time to time. When you
were still in Grade 8, you were taught to distinguish the different factors that
affect the weather. These factors can tell us the weather for each day.

Before we start, it is essential to keep in mind the focus of learning this

module. This learning material addresses the Most
Essential Learning Competency (MELC) in Science 9 which states:

> Explain how different factors affect the climate of an area.

This module will help you learn to differentiate climate from the
weather. You will find out the factors that affect the climate of a place/region.
You will understand why one country's climate differs from that of others and
why places lying in the same country also experienced different climates.

Specifically, you are expected to:

• Define climate;
• Explain how altitude and latitude affect climate; and `
• Explain how distance from the ocean and ocean currents affect
climate.

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 Let Us Try!

Choose the best answer and write this on a separate paper.

1. Which of the following best describes climate?

A. The weather that occurs in the atmosphere within a day
B. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a long period
of time
C. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a short period
of time
D. The disturbance in the atmosphere that happens in a long period
of time

2. The following are the factors that affect climate EXCEPT one. Which is
the exception?
A. Latitude C. Altitude
B. Cloud formation D. Ocean currents

3. What generally happens to air temperature as we move from the

equator to poles?
A. It increases
B. It decreases
C. It remains constant
D. None of these

4. What happens to the temperature of air when altitude increases?

A. decreases C. varies
B. increases D. remains the same

5. S City has an elevation above sea level of 2 550 meters and is located
near the equator. The temperature here is much colder compared to
other places. What affects the climate in this city?
A. latitude C. ocean current
B. coastal area D. latitude

Let Us Study

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Read the poem carefully.

What Is the Climate?

Is it cloudy, makes you lonely?
Is it sunny, makes you happy?
Is it dry, windy, or high humid?
Warm or cold ocean currents?
Know your climate through these hints.

Are you in the tropic, temperate, or polar zone?

With different climates all year round
Feeling hot or feeling cold?
Is it raining, or does it snow?
What is your climate, you should know.

Living near the equator or far away?

Near to a desert or near to a shore?
Lying in highlands or mountains below?
Different temperatures,
We ought to know.

Questions:

1. What are the different climates mentioned in the poem?

2. What are the factors that affect the climate as described by the poem?
3. Why do you think we have different climatic condition on Earth?
4. How does each factor affects climate?

You are so good at answering the previous questions! Oftentimes, you

may mistake climate with weather, but these two terms are not the same.
Climate is the long–term pattern of weather in a particular region. In contrast,
the weather is the atmospheric condition of a specific place at a particular
period (Basics on Philippine Climatology 2005).

There are many factors that affect climate around the world. These
factors have varied ways to influence the Earth’s climate. Four of the most
important factors that affect climate are latitude (distance from the equator),
altitude (elevation above sea level), distance from the ocean, and ocean
currents.

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Factors Affecting Climate No. 1: Latitude

Try to look at the diagram of the Sun’s rays and the Earth below. When
you were in Grade 7, you were taught that the Earth’s axis was tilted to an
angle of 23.5oC. You have learned by then that the Earth’s shape and tilting
have resulted in the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface. How does this
position affect the climate around the world?

In the figure above, you have noticed that most of the sun’s rays strike
vertically in places near the equator. This makes the temperature higher in
these areas because they received much of the radiant energy that results in
a warm climate. Places that do not always receive Sun’s rays directly
experience a cold climate.

As the latitude increases, the angle of insolation or the Sun’s rays' angle
becomes smaller, resulting in a colder climate. Sun’s light may be seen in
these places but is not enough to give warmth to the place. On the other hand,
when the place is closer to the equator, the air temperature is higher (Liza A.
Alvarez 2014).

Now that you have already learned how latitude affects climate. Let us
find out how the altitude (elevation above sea level) also affects climate.

Factors Affecting Climate No. 2: Altitude

Why is it that during summer, many people visit Baguio City? The
reason is the cold climate there. It has an annual average temperature of 16oC
and has an elevation of 1435 meters above sea level.

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 As seen in Figure 2, locations at a higher altitude have a colder
temperature. The temperature usually decreases by 6.5°C for every 1000
meters altitude. This is possible because, at higher elevations, there is less
air. The air molecules are farther apart, thus making the air less dense.
Lighter air cannot absorb much heat, making air temperature lower.
Ultimately, the decrease in air temperature is due to the decrease in air
pressure.

So, what if you plan to climb

at Mount Apo and leave your
house at 1000 meters with a
temperature of 20°C? What is the
temperature likely to be at the
2954-meter summit of Mt. Apo?
Yes! you are right. It would
approximately be 7°C. That is
because the air temperature
decreases as the altitude
increases. Fig. 2.1 Mt. Apo (Actual Photo)
Photo Credits: Arnell Cruspero

Factors Affecting Climate No. 3: Distance from the Ocean

The ocean is the largest solar energy collector on our planet. Not only
does it cover more than 70 percent of the Earth’s surface, but it also absorbs
large amounts of heat without increasing its temperature quickly. This
tremendous ability to store and release heat more slowly has a significant role
in stabilizing the Earth’s climate system. (Lindsey 2020)

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 Look carefully at the figure below to help you understand how distance
from the ocean affects climate.

SEA BREEZE LAND BREEZE

Cool Air

Warm Air Warm Air

Cool Air

Sea Land Sea Land

Daytime Nighttime

Fig. 3 Differential Heating of sea and land

Its surrounding bodies of water influence the climate of an area. The

ability of water to absorb and release heat more slowly than soil helps regulate
the nearby land mass area's temperature. Because soil heats up faster than
water, the sea's air temperature is lower than above ground during daytime.
Thus, warm air mass moves out from land to sea, slowing down the rise of air
temperature above land. Therefore, places that are near the oceans have a
moderate climate, while places without a body of water nearby tend to have
higher air temperature during the daytime (Liza A. Alvarez 2014)

At night, movement of warm air mass and cold air mass again happens.
Since water releases heat slower, the warm air will come from the sea going
to land. Water has a higher heat capacity than soil because its temperature
rises or falls more slowly than soil. Thus, water can absorb more heat on
warm days and slowly releases the heat on cold days. Because water absorbs
more heat, places near a body of water experience a moderate climate during
summer days. On the other hand, during winter, the same places will
experience a lesser cooling effect since surrounding water slowly releases heat
in the nearby landmass.

As seen in figure 3.1, the British Isles and the part of Russia near
Moscow are lying on the same latitude, and both are in the temperate region.

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These two places have four seasons. However, these places do not have the
same temperatures. The northern tip of the British Isles experienced a more
moderate climate. Why? Yes! You are right. It is due to the neighboring bodies
of water. British Isles’ average maximum temperature is 17 oC, and on cold
days an average temperature of 0oC. On the other hand, Moscow has an
average maximum temperature of 21oC and a freezing winter with an average
of -8oC.

Now, you have learned another factor that affects climate. It is time for
you to learn one more factor that influences climate.

Factors Affecting Climate No. 4: Ocean Currents

Like winds in the atmosphere, ocean currents transfer significant

amounts of heat from Earth’s equatorial areas to the poles. This ability plays
an important role in determining the climates of some coastal regions. Ocean
currents like the atmospheric circulation follow a specific pattern. (Gordon
2018).
Figure 4 shows different loops or gyres of surface currents around the
world. The Coriolis effect causes the currents or winds to make circular
patterns. In the northern hemisphere, the current flows in a clockwise
direction. In contrast, in the southern hemisphere, the current flows in a
counterclockwise direction. When ocean currents move and bring cold water
towards a coastal region, the temperature of that area decreases as cold air
from the sea moves to land resulting in a cold climate. When warm ocean
currents coming from the equator take the warm water to land, the
temperature of that place increases. The warmer air above the water flows
inland, resulting in a warm climate.

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 Figure 4. Major Oceanic Currents of the World

As seen in Figure 4, the West Australian Current that brings cold water
from the poles gives the southwestern parts of Singapore and Indonesia a
lower temperature. On the other hand, the southeastern part of Japan
experiences a little higher temperature because of the warm Kuroshio Current
that comes from the northeastern part of the Philippines. Therefore, ocean
currents that take along cold water inland make the climate cold, while ocean
currents that bring warm water to coastal areas make the climate warm (Liza
A. Alvarez 2014)
You have just learned how latitude (distance from the equator), altitude
(elevation above sea level), distance from the ocean, and ocean currents affect
climate. Let us now check if you have understood the concept. Let us do the
next activity!

Let Us Practice

Activity 1: Temperatures of different Cities Around the World

Direction: Here are the average high and low temperatures of some cities in
the world last October 2020. Using a world map (you may use your own world
map), locate the two warmest and coldest cities in the table. Determine what
factors that affect the regional temperature of each town. Record your
findings. Then answer the following questions.

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 Table 1. World City Temperatures

Temperature (oC)
Altitude (October 2020)
City
(m)
High Low
Paris 30.0 16.3 9.6
Beijing 43.7 19.1 7.9
Cairo 74.1 29.2 17.4
Berlin 36.0 13.4 6.4
Denver 1609.3 18.5 2.6
Manila 13.1 30.9 24.3
Tokyo 20.1 21.5 14.2
Vienna 19.1 15.3 8.8
Warsaw 110.0 12.3 4.4

Questions:
1. Which city had the highest temperature?
2. What factor do you think is the cause of high temperature in that city?
3. Which city had the lowest temperature?
4. What factor do you think is the cause of low temperature in that city?
5. What factor do you think greatly (Weather Atlas n.d.) affects the climate of
Tokyo? Support your answer.
6. How does the elevation of Manila affects its climate?

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 Let Us Practice More

Activity 2: Climate of the Philippines

Direction: Take a look at the Philippine Map and the table below. Using your
map, locate the specific places with climates that belong to Type I,
Type II, Type III, and Type IV based on the country's rainfall
distribution. Determine the factors that affect each of the climate
types. Then answer the following questions.

Philippine Climate Map based on the type of Rainfall Distribution

Type I- Two pronounced seasons:

Dry from November to April and
wet during rest of the year.

Type II- No dry season with a very

pronounced rainfall during the
months of November to December

Type III- Seasons are not very

pronounced; relatively dry from
November to April; wet during rest
of the year.

Type IV- Rainfall is more or less

evenly distributed through the year.

Table 2. Areas of the Philippine Climate based on the type of Rainfall Distribution
Type of Climate
Type I Type II Type III Type IV
Catanduanes, The western Batanes,
Western part of Sorsogon, part of Northeastern
Luzon, Mindoro, Eastern part of Cagayan, Luzon,
Negros, Albay, Eastern Isabela, parts of Southwest
Palawan and Northern Northern Camarines
part of Mindanao, and Norte, west of
AREAS Camarines most of Eastern Camarines Sur,
Norte and Sur, Palawan Albay, Northern
the eastern part Cebu, Bohol,
of Samar, and and most of
large portions Central,
of Eastern Eastern, and
Mindanao Southern
Mindanao
(Department of Science and Technology Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Administration. n.d.)

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Questions:

1. What are those specific places/areas with Type I climate? Type II

climate? Type III? And Type IV? Name at least 5 for each type.
2. Why do we have different patterns of rainfall distribution here in the
Philippines?
3. Which factor affects each of the four types of climate based on rainfall
distribution in the Philippines?
4. How do mountain ranges and coastal areas affect the pattern of rainfall
distribution in some areas of the Philippines?

The Philippines is one of the countries to have areas/places with

different climates. This becomes possible because of the different factors that
are affecting the climate of the area. Factors that affect the climate in the
Philippines are the many mountains and the coastal areas.

Let Us Remember

• Climate is the atmospheric condition of a place for a long period of time.

• Climate is affected by latitude (distance from the equator), altitude

(elevation above sea level), distance from the ocean, and ocean currents.

• Places near the equator experienced a warmer climate, while places that
are far from the equator experienced a colder climate.

• As altitude increases, temperature decreases since temperature drops

at 6.5oC for every increase of 1000 m above sea level.

• Bodies of water help to regulate the climate of a certain area/region.

• Places near the ocean experience a moderate climate while places far
from the ocean experience extremely warm and cold climates.

• Ocean currents will either cool or warm the air above them, affecting
the temperature of nearby land mass areas.

• Coriolis Effect deflects the ocean currents.

• Ocean currents that take along cold water make the climate of the
nearby landmass area cold, while ocean currents that take along warm
water to coastal areas make the climate warm.

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 Let Us Assess

Read the questions carefully. Choose the best answer and write it on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following terms refers to the atmospheric condition of a

place over a long period of time?
A. climate C. weather
B. monsoon D. annual range of temperature

2. Why do mountain climbers bring thick jackets when they go up the

mountain?
A. It is because the temperature increases as the altitude increases.
B. It is because the temperature decreases as the altitude increases.
C. It is because the temperature remains the same as the altitude
increases.
D. It is because the temperature decreases as the altitude
decreases.

3. During summer, many people visit Bukidnon or Buda because of the

cold temperature of the place. Which factor do you think makes the
temperature cold?
A. the distance from the ocean
B. the distance from the equator (latitude)
C. the altitude (elevation above sea level)
D. All of the above

4. Why do places at the same latitude but different altitudes have different
climates?
A. The amount of heat varies C. The higher altitudes have
lower temperature
B. The amount of precipitation D. The higher altitudes have
differs higher temperature

5. Z City is surrounded by bodies of water and has a moderate climate.

It is located near the equator. What will most likely affect the climate
of the city?
A. latitude C. ocean current
B. altitude D. coastal area

6. What generally happens to air temperature as we move from the

equator to polar regions?
A. It decreases C. It increases
B. It remains constant D. None of these

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7. Why are the coldest places on Earth found at the poles?
A. Less amount of gaseous particles trap heat from the surface.
B. Less amount of thermal radiation is received by these areas.
C. Great amount of gaseous particles trap heat from the surface.
D. Great amount of thermal radiation is received by these areas.

8. How does latitude affect the climate of a place?

A. Temperature drops the higher up into the atmosphere that you
go and rises when you’re going down.
B. Temperature drops the farther the area is from the equator and
rises the nearer you go towards the equator.
C. Temperature drops at night when the sun sets.
D. Temperature drops in the morning when the sun is not up, and
clouds are formed.

9. If you live near the ocean, in a marine climate, what kind of winters
would you expect?
A. Harsh, extreme winters C. Mild winters
B. No winters at the beach D. Really warm winters

10. Which of the following regions receives the least amount of solar
radiation?
A. Tropical Region C. Equatorial Region
B. Temperate Region D. Polar Region

11. Earth’s climate system is powered mainly by energy from ____________.

A. Tilt C. Solar activity
B. Latitude D. Winds

12. During summer, how does distance from the sea affect the climate?
A. Cool breezes will bring cooler air to the coast while inland will be
warmer
B. Warm breezes will bring warm air to the coast while inland will
be cooler
C. Cool breezes will cool both the coast and farther inland.
D. Warm breezes will warm both the coast and farther inland.

13. During winter, how does distance from the sea affect the climate?
A. Cool breezes will bring cooler air to the coast while inland will be
warmer
B. Warm breezes will bring warm air to the coast while inland will
be cooler
C. Cool breezes will cool both the coast and farther inland.
D. Warm breezes will warm both the coast and farther inland.

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14. How does ocean currents affect the climate of a place?
A. Warm ocean current raises the C. Cold ocean current raises the
temperature of the landmass temperature of the landmass
area where it passes area where it passes
B. Warm ocean current drops the D. None of these
temperature of the landmass
area where it passes

15. Large bodies of water affect climate because _________________________.

A. water heats up and cools more C. water heats up and cools
slowly than land. faster than land.
B. water and land cool at the D. water and land heat at the
same time. same rate.

Let Us Enhance

Activity 3: What Causes Weather – Climate

Answer the following based on what you have learned from the concepts
discussed earlier about the factors that affect climate. Do this on a separate
sheet.
1. What is the difference between weather and climate?
Weather is ___________________________________________.
Climate is ____________________________________________.
2. Name the four (4) main factors that affect temperatures in a region.
3. Name the three (3) temperature zones on Earth and label them on an
Earth drawing (like the one here)

4. Why are climates located farther from the equator tends to be cooler
than those nearer to the equator?
5. Mt. Kilimanjaro is a mountain located close to the equator (which would
seem to have it warm). However, there is snow on top of the mountain.
WHY?
6. In the case of high mountains, which is a more important factor,
latitude or altitude? WHY?
7. Why do coastal regions (like Eastern part of Albay) have mild
temperatures most of the year (not too hot and not too cold)?
8. In general, where do warm ocean currents carry warm water?
From ________________ to __________________
9. In general, cold currents carry cold water from ___________ to ________

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 The activity had helped you learn and gain more idea as to how
climate was influenced by so many factors that we do not have to wonder
anymore why is it possible for a place to have that kind of climate. Now, let
us try to apply the knowledge you got from the concepts

Let Us Reflect

After going through all the activities, reflect on the key concepts
discussed in this module by completing the following sentence starters.
Use another sheet for your answers.

Knowing the climate

of my place helps
In this lesson, I _____________________.
learned about
_______________________.

Studying the climate is

important because
_______________________
.

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 16
Let Us Assess Let Us Try
1. A 9. C 1. B
2. B
2. B 10. D 3. B
4. A
3. C 11. C
5. D
4. C 12. B
5. D 13. A
6. A 14. A
7. B 15. A
8. B
Answer Key
 References

2005. "Basics on Philippine Climatology." Economic Issue of the Day Volume

5;Number 2.

n.d. Department of Science and Technology Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and

Astronomical Administration. Accessed January 15, 2021. http://bagong-
pagasa.dost.gov.ph./information/climate-change-in-the-philippines.

Department of Science and Technology Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and

Astronomical Services Administration. n.d. "Climate Change in the
Philippines." GOVPH.

—. ND. "Climate Chnage in the Philippines." GOVPH. Accessed January 15, 2021.
http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-change-in-the-
philippines.

Gordon, Arnold L. 2018. "Ocean Current." Britannica.

Lindsey, LuAnn Dahlman and Rebecca. 2020. "Climate Change: Ocean Heat
Content." Climate.gov; Science and Information for a climate-smart nation,
August 17: 1.

Liza A. Alvarez, Dave G. Angeles, Hernan L. Apurada, Ma. Pilar P. Carmona, Oliver
A. Lahorra, Judith F. Marcaida, Ma. Regaele A. Olarte, Estrella C. Osorio,
Digna C. Paningbatan, Marivic S. Rosales and Ma. Teresa B. Delos Santos.
2014. Science 9 Learner's Module. Pasig City: Department of Education.
Nicole, Megan. 2016. Worksheet Resource Plans. October 30. Accessed January 11,
2021. https://starless-suite.blogspot.com/.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and astronomical services Administration. ND.

"Department of Science and Technology Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical
and astronomical services Administration ." GOVPH. Accessed January 15,
2021. http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-change-in-the-
philippines.

n.d. Weather Atlas. Accessed January 16, 2021. https://www.weather.atlas.com.

n.d. "Weather in the Philippines in December 2021."

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Davao City Division

E. Quirino Avenue, Davao City

Telephone: (082) 227 4762

Email Address: [email protected]