ሐምሌ, 2013 ዓ.

Object Oriented Programming Chapter Four

Wollo University, Kombolcha Institute of Technology.

College of Informatics.
Department of Information System.

By Daniel G.
 ሐምሌ,2013 ዓ.ም

Concept of Polymorphism
01
Contents Intro
Type of polymorphism

Object Oriented Programming

chapter 4 will include this topics. 02 Relationships among
objects in an inheritance

Multiple inheritance 03 Assigning reference of

scope
and interfaces subclass to superclass-type
06 variable

Assigning a superclass reference

Subclass method calls via 04
superclass-type variable 05 to subclass-type variable
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Basics questions In this chapter ሐምሌ,2013 ዓ.ም

1. What is Polymorphism ?
2. What are the type of polymorphism?
3. What is abstract class and methods?
4. What is interface in java ?
5. Multiple inheritance in OOP with interface ?

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What is Polymorphism ?

 Polymorphism is a feature of object-oriented programming languages that

allows a specific routine to use variables of different types at different times
 Polymorphism is the ability of a programming language to present the
same interface for several different underlying data types
 Polymorphism is the ability of different objects to respond in a unique way
to the same message

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 Polymorphism is one of the OOPs feature that allows us to perform a single

action in different ways.

 For example, lets say we have a class Animal that has a method sound().

Since this is a generic class so we can’t give it a implementation like: Roar,

Meow, Oink etc. We had to give a generic message.

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Conti…
public class Animal{
public void sound(){
System.out.println("Animal is making a sound");
}
}
Now lets say we two subclasses of Animal class: Horse and Cat that extends
Animal class. We can provide the implementation to the same method like…..

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Conti…
class Horse extends Animal{
@Override
public void sound(){
System.out.println("Neigh");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Animal obj = new Horse();
obj.sound();
}
}
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Conti…
class Cat extends Animal{
@Override
public void sound(){
System.out.println("Meow");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Animal obj = new Cat();
obj.sound();
}
}
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 Types of Polymorphism ሐምሌ,2013 ዓ.ም

 There are two basic concepts of Polymorphism

1. Static Polymorphism
2. Dynamic Polymorphism

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Static Polymorphism
 In Java, static polymorphism is achieved through method overloading.
 Method overloading means there are several methods present in a class
having the same name but different types/order/number of parameters.
 At compile time, Java knows which method to invoke by checking the
method signatures. So, this is called compile time
polymorphism or static binding.

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Example:
class MOverload{
public int add(int x, int y){
//method 1
return x+y;
}
public int add(int x, int y, int z){
//method 2
return x+y+z;
}
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} By Daniel G. 11
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public int add(double x, int y){

//method 3
return (int)x+y;
}
public int add(int x, double y){
//method 4
return x+(int)y;
}

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class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
DemoOverload demo=new DemoOverload();
System.out.println(demo.add(2,3));//method 1 called
System.out.println(demo.add(2,3,4));//method 2 called
System.out.println(demo.add(2,3.4))//method 4 called
System.out.println(demo.add(2.5,3));//method 3 called }

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Dynamic Polymorphism
 Suppose a subclass overrides a particular method of the superclass.
 Let’s say we create an object of the subclass and assign it to the
superclass reference. Now, if we call the overridden method on the
superclass reference then the subclass version of the method will be
called.

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Example:
class Vehicle{
public void move(){
System.out.println(“Vehicles can move!!”);
}
}
class MotorBike extends Vehicle{
public void move(){
System.out.println(“MotorBike can move and accelerate too!!”);
}
}

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class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
Vehicle vh=new MotorBike();
vh.move();// prints MotorBike can move and accelerate too!!
vh=new Vehicle();
vh.move(); // prints Vehicles can move!!
}

}
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Relationships among objects in an inheritance ሐምሌ,2013 ዓ.ም

 The relationship between objects defines how these objects will interact
or collaborate to perform an operation in an application.
 Relationships among objects in an inheritance hierarchy In public
inheritance an object of a derived class can be treated as an object of its
base class. Each derived class object is an object of its base class

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Example:
class Person {
}
class Wucommunity extends person{
}
clas Student extends Wucommunity{
}
class KiotStudent extends Student{
}

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Example ሐምሌ,2013 ዓ.ም

public class test{

person p = new person ();
person wu = new Wucommunity ();
person s = new Student ();
person ks = new KiotStudent ();
Student ks1 = new KiotStudent ();
}

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Assigning reference of subclass to superclass-type variable ሐምሌ,2013 ዓ.ም

Student S = new Student ();

KiotStudent k = new KiotStudent ();
K=(Student) S
We can access a super class methods via ‘k’

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Assigning a super class reference to subclass-type variable ሐምሌ,2013 ዓ.ም

Student S = new Student ();

Student k = new KiotStudent ();
S=(KiotStudent ) k;
 We can access a seb class methods via ‘S’

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Subclass method calls via superclass-type variable ሐምሌ,2013 ዓ.ም

Student k = new KiotStudent ();

 We can access a sub class methods via ‘k’

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Abstract class and methods ሐምሌ,2013 ዓ.ም
 Data abstraction is the process of hiding certain details and showing only

essential information to the user.

 Abstraction can be achieved with either abstract classes or interfaces

 Abstract class: is a restricted class that cannot be used to create objects (to

access it, it must be inherited from another class).

 It represents any entity in the real world which is generic in nature

 Example : Vehicle, fruit, shapes

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 Syntax < abstract class <class name > >

 Abstract class contains abstract methods

 Abstract class can not be instantiated and can’t create an object

 If a class contain an abstract method then the class must be defined as

abstract

 Abstract class may or may not contain abstract method

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 Abstract class can be sub classed by other concrete class to be implemented

 A concrete class which implements an interface and abstract class must

implement all abstract methods of the interface and abstract class

 A concrete class is a class can’t be defined as abstract and it is important for

implementing interface and abstract class.

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 Abstract method: can only be used in an abstract class, and it does not

have a body or implementation. The body is provided by the subclass

(inherited from).

 It ends with semicolon (;)

 Syntax

 abstract <data type> method name(parameter)

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Example 1:
abstract class Animal {
public abstract void animalSound();
public void sleep() {
System.out.println("Zzz");
}

Animal myObj = new Animal(); // will generate an error

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Example 2: abstract class Animal {
public abstract void animalSound();
public void sleep() {
System.out.println("Zzz");
}
}
class Pig extends Animal {
public void animalSound() {
System.out.println("The pig says: wee wee");
}
}

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class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Pig myPig = new Pig(); // Create a Pig object
myPig.animalSound();
myPig.sleep();
}
}

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Multiple inheritance and interfaces ሐምሌ,2013 ዓ.ም

 An interface contains variables and methods like a class but the methods

in an interface are abstract by default unlike a class.

 Multiple inheritance by interface occurs if a class implements multiple

interfaces or also if an interface itself extends multiple interfaces.

 A program that demonstrates multiple inheritance by interface in Java is

given as follows:

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interface AnimalEat {
void eat();
}
interface AnimalTravel {
void travel();
}
class Animal implements AnimalEat, AnimalTravel {
public void eat() {
System.out.println("Animal is eating");
}
public void travel() {
System.out.println("Animal is travelling");
}
}
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public class Demo {

public static void main(String args[]) {
Animal a = new Animal();
a.eat();
a.travel();
}
}

 We can’t create an object from an interface

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Demonstration about concrete ,abstract and interface ሐምሌ,2013 ዓ.ም

Concrete class Abstract Class Interface

Contains Contains Contains

 Fields  Fields  Constant Fields
 Constructors  Un implemented methods  Only abstract methods
 Implemented methods  Constructor  Not Instantiable
 Instantiable  Implemented methods  Can’t represent real world
 Real world entities  Not Instantiable entities
 Represents generic entities

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THANK YOU
Any questions?
Feel free !