Module 3 - 1

Problem Solving and Reasoning

INDUCTIVE AND
DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
 Specific Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

01 02 03 04
Define inductive and Differentiate inductive Demonstrate the Apply the concept of
patterns in
deductive reasoning. reasoning from correct way in using
mathematics to solve
deductive reasoning. the two kinds of
problems in inductive
reasoning.
and deductive
reasoning which lead
into correct conjecture
by creating their own
reasoning.
Deductive Reasoning
Another type of reasoning is called deductive reasoning. It is
distinguished from logic and from inductive reasoning.

Deductive reasoning is the process of reaching conclusion by

applying general assumptions, procedure or principle or it is
a process of reasoning logically from given statement to a
conclusion.
 The concept of deductive reasoning is often expressed visually using a funnel that narrows a
general idea into a specific conclusion.
Deductive Reasoning in Theory
SPECIFIC CONCLUSION
First minor premise that fits
within general truth

Second minor premise that

GENERAL IDEAS fits within first premise
Deductive reasoning is the kind of reasoning in which, roughly, the truth of the input propositions (the premises)
logically guarantees the truth of the output proposition (the conclusion), provided that no mistake has been made in
the reasoning. The premises may be propositions that the reasoner believes or assumptions that the reasoner is
exploring and the most basic form of deductive reasoning is the syllogism, where two premises that share some
idea which is supported by a conclusion.

Illustration 1. Illustration 2. Illustration 3.

A is B All muscles are made out of a living tissue. X=B

B is A Humans have muscles. B=1

Therefore, B is C Therefore, all humans are made of a living tissue. Therefore, X is 1

Illustration 4. Note that on the previous illustrations, the first

All living things need water to survive. two statements are what we called premises

while the last one is the conclusion. Two
premises are the major and the minor
Mammals are living things.
premises and these are called an argument

known as syllogism
Therefore, Mammals need water to survive.

What is "Syllogism"?
Syllogism is a form of deductive reasoning where you arrive at a specific conclusion by
examining two other premises or ideas. Syllogism derives from the Greek word
syllogismos, meaning conclusion or inference.

It is an argument composed of two statements or premises (the major and minor

premises), followed by a conclusion.

Major Premise : All muscles are made out of a

living tissue.
Major Premise: Statement “P”

Minor Premise : Statement “Q” Minor Premise: All humans have muscles.
Conclusion : Statement “R”

Conclusion: All humans are made of a
living tissue.

TYPES OF
SYLLOGISM Categorical As we know, our first example about muscle was a
categorical syllogism.
syllogism Categorical syllogisms follow an "If A is part of C,
then B is part of C" logic.

Conditional Conditional syllogisms follow an "If A is true, then

B is true" pattern of logic. They're often referred to
syllogism as hypothetical syllogisms because the arguments
aren't always valid. Sometimes they're merely an
accepted truth.

Disjunctive Disjunctive syllogisms follow a "Since A is true, B

must be false" premise. They don't state if a major
syllogism or minor premise is correct. But it's understood
that one of them is correct.

However, other major kinds of syllogism will not be discussed on this lesson.
 Categorical Syllogism
Illustrations:
All cars have wheels. I drive a car. Therefore, my car has wheels.

Major Premise: All cars have wheels.

Minor Premise: I drive a car.

Conclusion: My car has wheels.

Illustrations:
All insects frighten me. That is an insect. Therefore, I am
frightened.

Major Premise: All insects frighten me.

Minor Premise: That is an insect.

Conclusion: I am frightened.

Conditional Syllogism
Illustrations:
If Roderick is smart, then his parents must be smart.

Major premise: Roderick is smart.

Conclusion: Roderick’s parents are smart.

Illustrations:

If Ernesto wants to go to Tagaytay, then he must drive a car.

Major premise: Ernesto will go to Tagaytay.

Conclusion: Ernesto will drive his car.

Disjunctive Syllogism
Illustrations: Illustrations:

Major Premise: This cake is either vanilla or chocolate. Major Premise: On the TV show “Ang Probinsyano”, the President is

either dead or alive.
Minor Premise: It's not chocolate.

Minor Premise: The president is not dead.
Conclusion: This cake is vanilla.

Conclusion: The president is alive.

Rules of
Syllogism
There are six known rules of syllogism. However, they mainly apply to
categorical syllogism, since that is the only category that requires
three components: major premise, minor premise and a conclusion.
Here are six rules that will ensure you're making a strong and accurate
argument.
Rule One: There must be three terms: the major premise, the minor premise, and the conclusion - no
more, no less.

Rule Two: The minor premise must be distributed in at least one other premise.

Rule Three: Any terms distributed in the conclusion must be distributed in the relevant premise.

Rule Four: Do not use two negative premises.

Rule Five: If one of the two premises are negative, the conclusion must be negative.

Rule Six: From two universal premises, no conclusion may be drawn.

Note that the above paragraph
states that the premises prove the
conclusion, not justify it. Deductive
reasoning is meant to demonstrate
that the conclusion is absolutely
true based on the logic of the
premises.

For any given set of premises, if the

conclusion is guaranteed, the
arguments is said to be valid.

If the conclusion is not guaranteed

(at least one instance in which the
conclusion does not follow), the
argument is said to be invalid.

BE CAREFUL, DO NOT CONFUSE

TRUTH WITH VALIDITY!
Now, let us examine the given
syllogism below:

All musical instruments

make sounds.

Airplanes make sounds.

Therefore, airplanes are

musical instruments.

What can you say about the

syllogism? Is it valid or not?
Use deductive reasoning to show that
the following produces a number that
is four times the original number.

Procedures:

Pick a number.
Multiply the number by 8.
Add 6 to the product.
Divide the sum by 2
Subtract the quotient by 3.

Solution:

Let n be the original number.

Multiply by 8: 8n
Add 6 to the product: 8n + 6
Divide the sum by 2: (8n + 6) / 2 = 4n + 3
Subtract 3: 4n + 3 – 3 = 4n