Scribd
Upload
45 views

Ladder Diagram: (Type Here) (Type Here) (Type Here)

Ladder diagrams are used to represent electro-pneumatic and PLC systems. They consist of input switches, output relays, and power lines arranged in a ladder-like structure. Inputs activate outputs to allow current to flow through the circuit. Relays are commonly used as outputs and contain a coil, armature, and contact assembly that can switch between normally open and normally closed positions depending on whether the coil is energized. Proximity switches are a type of input that detect objects using inductive, capacitive, optical or magnetic methods and change state when activated.

Uploaded by

HOD & Asst Prof MECH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
45 views

Ladder Diagram: (Type Here) (Type Here) (Type Here)

Ladder diagrams are used to represent electro-pneumatic and PLC systems. They consist of input switches, output relays, and power lines arranged in a ladder-like structure. Inputs activate outputs to allow current to flow through the circuit. Relays are commonly used as outputs and contain a coil, armature, and contact assembly that can switch between normally open and normally closed positions depending on whether the coil is energized. Proximity switches are a type of input that detect objects using inductive, capacitive, optical or magnetic methods and change state when activated.

Uploaded by

HOD & Asst Prof MECH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

1

Ladder Diagram

Ladder diagram is an important concept not only at electro-pneumatic systems, but also at PLC. Each
ladder diagram is constructed from input switches and out relays that lies between the positive and
negative power lines. The order of elements in a ladder diagram is shown by Figure 1.

Figure 1: Ladder diagram main components.

As shown by the figure, the positive power line of the supply is on the extreme left of the ladder. While
the negative line of the supply (ground here) is on the extreme right. Between the power lines come the
inputs and outputs. Each line the ladder is called a "rung". Each rung may contain only one output unless
the outputs are in parallel.

Outputs in a ladder diagram are always at the right just before the negative line of the power supply.
Mainly we want the current to flow from the positive line to the negative line through the output in order
for it to be actuated. Outputs in ladder diagrams are mainly relays in operation. So let's discuss the
principle of operation of relays.

Relays

Figure 2 shows the interior of a relay. The relay consists of a coil with a core (1) and winding (3) with
inputs terminals (7), an armature (4), a return spring (2) and a contact assembly with a changeover contact
(5) and output terminals (6). When power is applied to the coil connections, current flows through the
winding, creating a magnetic field. The armature is pulled onto the coil core and the changeover contact is
actuated changing its position. When the electrical current is removed, the magnetic field collapses and
the armature and changeover contact are returned to their original position by a return spring.

[Type here] [Type here] [Type here]


Figure 2: Relay.

An associated concept with relays is the normally open and normally closed contacts. At Figure
2you can see the two types of contacts. Terminal A with the flipper forms the normally open
contact (NO) while terminal B with the flipper forms the normally closed contact (NC) of the
relay. The name of the contact comes of its natural (normal) physical state when the relay's coil
is not actuated. As you can see, as long as the coil of the relay is not activated (no current is
flowing through it), then the spring force will keep the contacts in their positions. Once the coil
is activated (energized) the contacts will change their physical state. Thus the normally open
contact will become closed and the normally closed contact will become open.

As we said above, the inputs can be electrical push buttons or electrical limit and proximity
switches. Proximity switches comes into four types: inductive, capacitive, magnet and optical
proximity switches.

Principle of operation of the inputs is the same, but they differ at the method of actuation. Their
principle is simple, if a normally open input is actuated; it changes its state to closed allowing
current to flow from its positive terminal to its negative one. On the other hand for a normally
closed input, when it is actuated it will change its state to open stopping the current flow
through it.

III- YEAR ME8694-HPS UNIT-IV

You might also like