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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

DEPARTMENT
APP 3
Practical Research 1

Lesson 6: Analysis, Interpretation, & Presentation of Data

At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:

 apply data analysis procedures
 infer and explain patterns and themes from data
 relate the findings with pertinent literature
 present written research methodology

When open-ended, free-text questions are asked, a

lot of free-text responses are generated. How do
you translate all of these words into quantitative,
actionable information about the needs and
expectations of your participants? Through the use
of qualitative data coding.

*photo taken from coding.org

Coding is the process of classifying and organizing your qualitative data to identify
various themes and the relationships between them. In coding, we apply labels to
words or phrases that indicate essential (and recurrent) topics in each response.
These labels can be words, phrases, or numbers; we encourage using words or
short phrases, since they are easier to recall, scan, and arrange.

A code is a label that describes the content of a piece of text. For example: "I was
attacked by pigeons who took my meal." You might use the code "pigeons." This
code indicates simply that the text contains pigeons.

Thus, qualitative data coding refers to the process of developing and assigning
codes to categorize data extracts. Later on, you will use these codes to derive
themes and patterns for your qualitative study (for example, thematic analysis).
Good coding is the foundation of high-quality analysis.

Transcribing an Interview

After you have done an interview, you should make a transcription so that you can
take the information from the interview and use it effectively. When transcribing,
choose the type of transcription you want to do, then listen to audio and type out
the transcription while noting who the speaker is, the time of the audio, and the
dialogue content of the transcription, as well as the time and date. These
transcriptions are the first thing you need to do when you want to code interviews.

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A transcript is needed to code interviews. You can transcribe at different levels of
detail, and you can do it by hand, with auto-transcription software, or by hiring a
transcription service.

Some types of qualitative data analysis

Analysis helps you to move from description to a more general interpretation.
Here are some types you may use:

1. Content analysis: This refers to the categorization, labeling and theme analysis
of qualitative material. This can include merging the results of the analysis with
behavioural data for deeper insights.

2. Discourse Analysis: What people say in a social and cultural setting is looked at
and studied. It highlights the importance of language. This method uses notes and
other materials gathered by the researcher while observing and participating in
small-scale everyday social settings. A lot of people use it when they want to build
or strengthen a brand.

3. Narrative analysis: Several types of qualitative data, such as interviews or field

notes, may include narratives. For instance, the process of selecting a club project,
carrying it out, evaluating its quality, and deciding whether to do it again.
Narrative analysis aides in the comprehension of underlying events and their
impact on the final conclusion.
4. Thematic analysis: also called thematic coding, is a type of qualitative data
analysis that finds themes in text by analyzing the meaning of words and sentence
structure. It entails the process of coding qualitative research in order to identify
common themes and concepts. By evaluating the word and phrase structure,
thematic analysis identifies themes from text. For example, when you use thematic
coding to look at customer feedback for example, you can find out which themes
are most common in the feedback. This helps you figure out what makes customers
happy in a way that is both accurate and useful.

Research methodology basically refers to the practical “how” of any given piece
of research. The research methodology section of your research is where you
describe the structure of your entire research. It is where you plot the steps that
need to be performed to accomplish the study. More specifically, it is about how a
researcher systematically designs a study to produce accurate and trustworthy
outcomes that address the research aims and objectives.

The research methodology contains:

 What data to collect (and what data to ignore)
 Who to collect it from (in research, this is called “sampling design”)
 How to collect it (this is called “data collection methods”)
 How to analyze it (this is called “data analysis methods”)

The methodology chapter should justify the design choices by proving that the
methodologies and techniques used are the most appropriate for the research's
purposes and objectives and will produce valid and reliable results.

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Interpretation in Qualitative Research
Interpretation is at the heart of qualitative research because qualitative research
is concerned with meaning and the process of meaning-making. Data
interpretation is the process of using a variety of analytical methods to look at data
and make sense of it. It helps researchers organize and summarize data so that they
can answer important questions about it.

Data analysis and interpretation, regardless of the method and

qualitative/quantitative status, may include these characteristics: data
identification and explanation, comparing and contrasting of data, identification
of data outliers, future predictions.

After developing and applying codes, we identifying themes, patterns and

relationships. Analytical and critical thinking skills of researcher plays significant
role in data analysis in qualitative studies. You can use a set of techniques to look
for common themes, patterns, and relationships in responses from a group of
people who were chosen at random. These techniques are based on the codes that
were chosen in the previous step.
Some of the popular and effective methods of qualitative data interpretation
include the following:

 Word and phrase repetitions – scanning primary data for words and
phrases most commonly used by respondents, as well as, words and phrases
used with unusual emotions;
 Primary and secondary data comparisons – comparing the findings of
interview/focus group/observation/any other qualitative data collection
method with the findings of literature review and discussing differences
between them;
 Search for missing information – discussions about which aspects of the
issue was not mentioned by respondents, although you expected them to be
mentioned;
 Metaphors and analogues – comparing primary research findings to
phenomena from a different area and discussing similarities and differences.

After identifying themes, it is time to connect your research findings to your

hypotheses or goals for the project. This is the last step. When writing your data
analysis chapter, you can use important quotes from the transcript to show major
themes in your findings and possible discrepancies. Qualitative research can be
hard to do well if we do not pay attention to the many ways we can be biased in
our analysis.

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Sample Coding | Study: Teaching Writing in Digitalized Classroom: Experiences
of Senior High School Teachers
Category Code/theme Subcode/subtheme
1. Challenges faced by 1. Limited Assessment of 1.written works
Teachers in Delivering Students’ Outputs
Writing Lessons 1.performance tasks
2. Lack of Interest in 2.a
Digitalized Class
2.b
2. Strategies on 1. 1.a attentive staff
Improving Students' 1.b
Academic Performance 2. 2.a
2.b

Sample part of Results & Discussion

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Read this sample part of a research. Analyze how data collection is discussed.
Annotate the parts the Write down in the box whatever you learned from the
sample.
Data Collection

The following procedures will be followed to get sufficient information from the participants. First, I

will talk to the senior high school grades 11 and 12 coordinators to discuss my study, which needs the

English learners and teachers as participants. I will then ask for their approval that I may conduct my

study. After the approval, I will ask whoever is available and willing to take part in the study. Consent

forms will be given to be filled out to ensure that the chosen participants agreed to be study variables. I

will prepare measures for our interview. Aside from that, since phenomenological research is a

description of the human experiences about a concept or the phenomenon was examined, the first part of

the study will be carried out through in-depth interview. With this, I will be able to discover the meaning of

the participants' experiences and how they described their lived experiences in teaching English in the

digital class. The data obtained from the interview will be analyzed and then presented thematically.

I will conduct a focused group discussion in addition to the in-depth interview for triangulation. A

triangulation technique would be used to verify the data collected. According to Noble and Heale (2019),

triangulation refers (discussion of your method) to the method used for increasing the credibility and

validity of research findings. Triangulation can help ensure the fundamental prejudices resulting from

using a particular approach or observer are eliminated by integrating ideas, processes, or observers in

research analysis. Triangulation is also an attempt to use a range of approaches to analyze and describe

complicated human actions in order to provide audiences with a more balanced understanding. It is a

method for validating data that can be applied to both quantitative and qualitative research. Triangulation

can help researchers by including a number of datasets to clarify various facets of a phenomenon.   It also

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aids in the refutation of one's position.  A dataset invalidates a hypothesis made by another.  It may help

in the validation of a hypothesis.  Another collection of results follows up the previous. Finally,

triangulation may aid in the interpretation of research findings. The concept behind triangulation is that

approaches that yield the same results give researchers more faith in their findings.

After triangulation, the implications of the study will be presented.

Notes:

References:
 https://getthematic.com/insights/coding-qualitative-data/
 https://gradcoach.com/qualitative-data-coding-101/ Jenna Crosley (PhD Cand) & Derek
Jansen (MBA) Reviewed by:Dr Eunice Rautenbach | December 2020

Practical Research 1| Lesson 6 : Analysis, Interpretation, &

Name: ___________________________ Grade & Section: __________
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Teacher:__________________________ Date: ____________________
Coding: Come up with possible participant responses to your interview
questions (taken from your interview guide in lesson 5). Then fill out this
template. You may enlarge this or use another template in case your entries
don’t fit in the table provided.

Category Code/theme Subcode/subtheme

1. 1. Limited Assessment of 1.written works

Students’ Outputs

1.performance tasks

2. Lack of Interest in 2.a

Digitalized Class

2.b

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 2. 1. 1.a

1.b

2. 2.a

2.b

This performance task is continued on the next lesson. Be sure to keep your
copy of it.