A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

On

ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF A COMMERCIAL BUILDING

A project report submitted

in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In

CIVIL ENGINEERING
By
MOHAMMED ABDUL FAHAD 16H51A0137

MOHAMMED SAMEER ATHER 16H51A0138

MULLA SHAMSHUDDIN 16H51A0139
THANGELLA BHARATH KUMAR 16H51A0157
Under the guidance of
Ms. L. HIMA BINDU
(Assistant Professor)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad.
An NBA Accredited Institution, Kandlakoya (V), Medchal District- 501401

MARCH 2020
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Department of Civil Engineering. CMRCET

 CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad.

An NBA Accredited Institution

Kandlakoya (V), Medchal District-501401

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report titled “A PROJECT REPORT ON ANALYSIS &
DESIGN OF A COMMERCIAL BUILDING” is a bonafide work done by M A FAHAD
(16H51A0137), M SAMEER ATHER (16H51A0138), M SHAMSHUDDIN (16H51A0139),
T BHARATH KUMAR (16H51A0157) who carried out the project under my supervision.
Certified further, that to the best of knowledge the work reported here in does not form part of
any other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on
an earlier occasion or any other candidate.

Signature of the guide Signature of the HOD

Ms. L. HIMA BINDU Dr.K. SURESH

Assistant professor Professor & Head

Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work described in the project report “ANALYSIS & DESIGN
OF A COMMERCIAL BUILDING” has been carried under the guidence and supervision of
Ms. L. HIMA BINDU , Assistant Professor, CMRCET towards the partial fulfillment of the
award of the degree of bachelor of technology in Civil Engineering from CMR College of
Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad.This work is original and has not been submitted either
in part or in full for the award of any other degree or diploma of any other university.

MOHAMMED ABDUL FAHAD 16H51A0137

MOHAMMED SAMEER ATHER 16H51A0138
MULLA SHAMSHUDDIN 16H51A0139
THANGELLA BHARATH KUMAR 16H51A0157

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am deeply indebted to our guide Ms. L. HIMA BINDU, Assistant professor, whose help,
stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in all the time for writing this report.

I wish to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to Dr. K. SURESH, Professor and Head,
Department of Civil Engineering, for his valuable suggestions and advice carrying out this work.
I would like to thank the Faculty of Department of Civil Engineering for their positive
and helpful approaches for my engineering education and also the Non-teaching staff for their
assistance.
I am grateful and thankful to the Principal Major Dr. V.A. NARAYANA, CMR
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY and the management, CH. GOPAL
REDDY, Correspondent & Secretary for providing all the facilities for carrying out this work.
Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my Family and Friends for their
endless patience, encouragements, and all kind of supports during this study. And at last but not
the least I would like to thank God for the successful completion of this project.

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 ABSTRACT
Residential Buildings have become a part of the day to day development. By that the
construction of the Commercial Building gained importance, their method of Constructions also
gained importance.

The design not only requires imaginations but also good municipal byelaws with experience and
judgement. The relevant Indian standard codes are used for design and analysis of slabs, Beams,
columns, footings.

This project describes a method of Analysis and Design of Multistoried Commercial Building.
The scope Behind presenting this project is to learn the concept of Construction, and to Design
an elegant, safe and durable structure with economy. The most prominent & convenient method
of designing and analyzing Multistoried commercial building in CSI ETABS.

CSI ETABS integrates every aspects of the Engineering design process. i.e. start of design
conception through the production of schematic drawings. CAD drawings can be directly
converted into ETABS, models may be realistically rendered, and all results can be shown
directly on the structure.

ETABS provides unequaled suite of tools for structural engineers designing buildings, whether
they are working on one story industrial structures or the Tallest commercial High rises. The
total modelling of the structure is done by CSI ETABS-2016 version.
Keywords: Stress analysis, bending moment, Shear force, IS codes, Deflection.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Title Page No.

CERTIFICATE I
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE II
DECLARATION III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV
ABSTRACT V
TABLE OF CONTENTS VI-VIII
LIST OF UNITS IX
LIST OF FIGURES X-XII
LIST OF TABLES XIII
NOMENCLATURE XIV-XV1

1. INTRODUCTION
1. Scope 01
1.2 General 01
1.3 About the Project/objectives 02
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 03-06
3. METHODOLOGY OF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3.1 Literature Review 07
3.2 Selection of building and data collection 07
3.3 Study of Architectural Drawings 07
3.4 Preliminary Design 07
3.5 Load Calculation 07
3.6 Gravity Load Calculation 07
3.7 Lateral Load 08
3.7.1 Wind load 08
3.7.2 Earthquake Load 09
3.7.3 Seismic Method of Analysis 10
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Chapter No. Title Page No.
4. LOAD COMBINATIONS
4.1 Wind Load Combinations 14
4.2 Gravity Load Combinations 15
4.3 Seismic Load Combinations 15
4.4 Wind Load (Unfactored) 15
4.5 Gravity Load Combinations (Unfactored) 15

5. MANUAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN CALCULATIONS

5.1 Load Path Consideration 17
5.2 Design Philosophy 18
5.3 Definition of structural members 19
5.4 Design of Slabs 24
5.5 Design of Beams 29
5.6 Design of Columns 35
5.7 Design of Footing 39
5.8 Wind Load Calculation 44
5.9 Seismic Load Calculation 55

6. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MODEL USING ETABS-2016

6.1 Working with Etabs-16 58
6.1.1 Welcome Screen 58
6.1.2 Design Code 59
6.1.3 Display Units 62
6.1.4 Grid Spacing 63
6.1.5 Defining Material Properties As per IS CODE 65
6.1.6 Defining Frame Materials 66
6.1.7 Joint Restraints 68
6.1.8 Assigning objects/Results 71

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CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
6.2 Brief Description of Project 73

6.2.1 Physical Parameters of Building 74

6.2.2 Proposed Plan Views 74

6.3 Defining Structural Members 75

6.4 Generation of Member Property 77

6.5 Drawing & Assigning Frame 78

6.6 Supports 79

6.7 Defining Load Patterns& Combinations 80

6.8 Check Model for Instability 82

6.9 View of 3d model 83

7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 85-93

8. CONCLUSION AND FURTHER SCOPE OF STUDY 94

REFERENCES 95

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 LIST OF UNITS

Item Units Label

Absolute Distance - m
Structural area - mm2
Angles - deg
Rebar area - mm2
Rebar area/length - mm2/mm

Translational displacement - mm
Rotational displacement - rad
Force - kN
Force/Length - kN/m
Force/area - kN/mm2
Moment - kN-m
Temperature - c

Stress input - MPa

Stress output - MPa
Strain - mm/mm
Translational stiffness - kN/m
Rotational Stiffens - kN-m/rad
Period - sec

Frequency - cycle/sec
Velocity - m/sec
Mass - kg
Weight - kN
Mass/Volume - kg/m3
Height - m
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 LIST OF FIGURES

S.no Figure Name Fig.no. Page no.

1. Components of Building Frame 5.1 15

2. Structural Slab 5.3 a 17

3. Loading Pattern on Beam 5.3 b 18

4. Types of Columns 5.3 c 19

5. Types of Footing 5.3 d 20

6. Stairs Main Technical Terms 5.3 e 21

7. Load Distribution On Beams 5.5.1 27

8. Load Summation on Column 5.6.1 35

9. Isolated Footing 5.7.1 41

10. Welcome Screen Start Page 6.1.1a 54

11. Import Menu 6.1.1b 54

12. List of Design Codes 6.1.2a 55

13. Model Initial. -Steel Design Code 6.1.2b 56

14. Steel Section Database 6.1.2c 56

15. Steel Design Code 6.1.2d 57

16. Model Initialization window 6.1.2e 57

17. Display Units 6.1.3 58

18. New Model Quick Template 6.1.4a 59

19. Grid System Data 6.1.4b 60

20. GUI Interface Window 6.1.4c 60

21. Reinforcing Bar Size 6.1.5a 61

22. Frame Property Shape Type 6.1.6a 62

22. Joint Restraint 6.1.6b 63

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S.no Figure Name Fig.no. Page no.
23. Seismic Load Pattern 6.1.7 64

24. Temperature Load Assign 6.1.8a 65

25. Group Displacement Tool 6.1.8b 66

26. Check Model 6.1.8c 66

27. Run Analysis 6.1.8d 68

28. Material Property Design Data 6.3a 70

29. Stress vs Strain Graph of M30 6.3b 70

30. Design Data of Steel 6.3 c 71

31. Frame Sections Property Data 6.4a 72

32. Column Modification Factors 6.4b 72

33. Assigned 3d & Plan View 6.5 73

34. Support Information 6.6 74

35. Defining Load Pattern 6.7 74

36. Check for Instability 6.8 76

37. Proposed Plan Views 6.9a 77

38. Isometric view & 3d Rendered View 6.9b 78

39. Deformed View due to Loads 6.9c 78

40. Basic Stability check 7.1 79

41. Analysis Complete Report Log 7.2 79

42. Reinforcement check 7.3 80

43. Beam Reinforcement Details 7.4 81

44. Column & Beam Reinforcement Details 7.5 81

45. Shear Force Diagram 7.6 85

46. Bending Moment Diagram 7.7 86

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47. Diagram for Beam B18 7.8 86

48. Diagram for Column C38 7.9 87

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 LIST OF TABLES

S. No Title Page
no.
1 Basic Wind speed at 10m height in different cities 44-45

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 NOMENCLATURE

b = width of beam

bow = width of web

bf = breadth of flange

d = effective depth

d1 = effective cover

D = over all depth

Xu = depth of neutral axis

Xu max = limiting value of neutral axis

Mu = ultimate moment

Mbal = balanced moment of resistance

Fck = characteristic strength of concrete

fy = characteristic strength of steel

Ast = area of tension steel

ast = area of single bar in tension steel

asc = area of compression steel

asv = area of stirrups

Pt = percentage of tension reinforcement

D.L = dead load

L.L = live load

τc = permissible shear stress

Vu = maximum shear stress

τv = nominal shear stress

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 Ocbc = permissible stress in concrete in

Bending compression

S.B.C = safe bearing capacity of soil

Df = depth of flange

Le = distance b/w points of zero moments in

beam

Sv = spacing of stirrups

W = design load

ϕ = angle of repose

τbd = bond stress in concrete

P = load

Pv = ultimate load

Puz = ultimate carrying capacity of column

Mx = moment along X-X direction

My = moment along Y-Y direction

Lx = length of long span

Ly = length of short span

Ld = development length

Vz = design wind speed at any height z in m/s

k1 = probability factor (risk coefficient)

k2 = terrain, height and structure size factor and

k3 = topography factor

Cpe = external pressure coefficient

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 A = surface area of structural or cladding unit

Pd = design wind pressure element

Ah = horizontal acceleration spectrum using the

fundamental natural period(T)

W = seismic weight of all the floors

Ta = fundamental natural period

H = Height of building in m

Qi = Design lateral force at floor i

Wi = Seismic weight of floor i

Hi = Height of floor i measured from base

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 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aim & Scope:
The aim of this project is to ensure the knowledge on CSI ETABS software and also thorough
knowledge of reading and understanding the ability to use INDIAN STANDARD CODE BOOK
during design & modelling. Since it is based on concept of FEA i.e. Finite Element Analysis it is used
to model and analyze structures mainly buildings and their components to see how a building behaves
under various loads.

1.2 General:
ETABS is an analysis and Design Based software, very much useful for structural engineers. In case
of high-rise structures when it is designed in ETABS we get the most economical design. It is the
most popular structural engineer’s software product for model generation, analysis and multi-material
design. It has an intuitive user-friendly GUI, Visualization tools, powerful analysis and design
facilities and seam less integration to several other modelling and design software products.

Ultimate Tool for Structural Engineers

For static and dynamic analysis of bridges, RCC structures, embedded structures (culverts and
tunnels), high rise buildings etc. ETABS has been choice of design professionals around the world for
their specific analysis and needs.
This project involves in a multistoried building using a very popular and used software throughout the
world.

I have chosen ETABS because of its following advantages:

1.easy to user interface
2.confirmation with the Indian Standard Codes
3.versatile nature of solving any type of problem
4.accuracy of the solution

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ETABS consists of the following:
Graphical User Interface: It is used to generate a model, which can then be analyzed using ETABS
engine after analysis and design is completed, the GUI can also be used to view the results
graphically.
To perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must determine such
information as Structural loads, geometry, codes as per country, unit system, support conditions and
material properties. The results of such an analysis typically include support reactions, stresses,
displacements. This information is then compared to criteria that indicate the conditions of failure.
Advanced structural analysis may examine dynamic response, stability, and
nonlinear behavior. The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures
being designed well perform satisfactorily during the intended life with an appropriate degree of
factor of safety they should sustain all loads and deformations of normal construction and use
adequate resistance to the effects of seismic and wind loads.

The design of the building is dependent on minimum requirements as

prescribed in Indian Standard codes. The minimum requirements pertaining to the structural safety of
buildings covered by way of laying down minimum design loads which have to be assumed for dead
loads, live loads, superimposed dead loads and other external loads that the structure would bear.

1.3 Objectives:
• Analysis of frame is done by using ETABS-16.
• Design of all structural members based on limit state method of design
• To suggest a cost-effective building.
• Analysis and Design of all structural members are done as per IS CODES & NBC.1

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 CHAPTER -2

LITERATURE REVIEW
• Harshitha M N ,Binod Kumar,Rajiv Kumar Chaudray,Saurabh Singh,Shivam Shivhar
“Study on Analysis and Design of a Commercial Building”.

This paper investigates about the Analysis and Design of a Commercial Building by
using ETABS software and also gain sufficient knowledge in complete Analysis and Design
Procedure. In this research they checked on G+4 Commercial Building frame made up of Reinforced
Concrete. Providing with all necessary specifications. This project mostly stressed on Indian Standard
Code Books and National Building Code (NBC) because planning and design of any building will be
recognized as per the standards by these design aids. This paper provides information about the design
procedure Analysis Results i.e. Shear Force, Bending Moment, Deflections etc. and various IS Code
books.

• Rohith kumar B.R, Sachin P.Dyavappanavar, Sushmita N.J, Sunitha.V,

Vinayak.Yadavad “ Analysis and design of Multi Storey Structure using Etabs”

This project investigates that most buildings are of straight forward geometry with
horizontal beams and vertical columns. Although any building configuration is possible with ETABS
in most cases, a simple rigid system defined by horizontal floors and vertical columns lines can
establish building geometry with minimum effort, most of the floors level in buildings are similar.
This can reduce the modeling and design time. The main aim of this project is to complete a multi
storey building and to ensure that the structure is safe against gravity loading conditions and to fulfill
the function for which the structures have been built for the design of structure dead loads and live
loads have been considered. The analysis and design of the structure is done by using Etabs Software
and also with the confirmation of IS 456-2000.

• Prof.Dr.H.J.Shah, Prof.Dr.Sudhir K Jain “Seismic Analysis and Design of a Six Storey

Building”

This Project has been developed by using Building Codes. In this paper the structure
designed is used for exhibition an art gallery. It is the expanded with the existing building site
therefore analysis and design is for this building is performed. Based on the span of structural member

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in each floor Dimension are found. Also they used M25, M30 Grade concrete, Fe-415steel, L.L, D.L,
Seismic Load as per the IS:1893-2016.Analysis and complete Design of structure is completed in step
by step procedure

• Varikuppala Krishna, Chandrashekhar, Rajashekhar “Analysis and design of

Multistoried Building by using Etabs”.

This research paper explains about how structural engineers are facing the challenge of
striving for the most efficient and economical design with accuracy in solution ensuring that the final
design of a building must be serviceable for its intended function over its designed life span. In this
project they assumed parking+5 stories RCC framed building analyzed and designed under the Lateral
load effect of wind and earthquake using ETABS. Etabs is incorporated with all major analysis engine
that is static, dynamic, Linear, Nonlinear etc. are used to analyze and design especially in case of
buildings. Because of facilities provided in software at the modeling stage the building can be
modeled as per the arrangement of members of the project in practical considerations. They also
considered various seismic and gravity forces during calculations as per IS code.

• Dhinakaran P, Logesh K, Srinivasan .V, Vineeth B, “Planning Analysis and Design of

Shopping Mall”

This paper investigates about the engineered designed process. The buildings which are
being constructed are gaining significance, in general, those with the best possible outcomes which
are referred to members. This paper aims to analyze a high rise building of 30 floors by considering
seismic, dead loads and live loads. The design criteria for high rise building strength, serviceability
and stability. The version of the software used is etabs-16 In the present study they determined the
effects of lateral loads on moments, shear force, axial force, base shear maximum displacement and
tensile forces on structural system are subjected and also comparing of seismic of zones 2 3 4.

• P. Jayachandran, “Design of tall Buildings Preliminary Design and Optimization”,

The Design of Tall Buildings essentially involves a conceptual design, approximate

analysis, preliminary design and optimization, to safely carry gravity and lateral loads. The design
criteria are, strength, serviceability, stability and human comfort. The strength is satisfied by limit
stresses, while serviceability is satisfied by drift limits in the range of H/500 to H/1000. Stability is

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satisfied by sufficient factor of safety against buckling and P-Delta effects. The factor of safety is
around 1.67 to 1.92. The human comfort aspects are satisfied by accelerations in the range of 10 to 25
milli-g. The aim of the Structural Engineer is to arrive at suitable structural schemes, to satisfy these
criteria, and assess their structural weights in weight/unit area in square feet or square meters. This
initiates structural drawings and specifications to enable Construction Engineers to proceed with
fabrication and erection operations. The weight of steel in lbs/sqft or in kg/sqm is often a parameter
the Architects and Construction Managers are looking for from the Structural Engineer. This includes
the weights of floor system, girders, braces and columns. The premium for wind, is optimized to yield
drifts in the range of H/500, where H is the height of the tall building. Here in, some aspects of the
design of gravity system, and the lateral system, are explored.

The design issues for preliminary design and optimization have been briefly summarized, and
a rational methodology of Design was shown. This enables optimization of initial structural systems
for drift and stresses, based on gravity and lateral loads. Some insight into the design of many types of
Tall Building Structural Systems and their subsystems was provided based on past experience in Tall
Building Design.

• Minisik Bang and Jaehong Lee “An Analytical Model For High-Rise Wall-Frame
Building Structures”

In this project, the governing equations of a wall-frame building are formulated through the
continuum approach and the whole structure is idealized as a shear–flexural cantilever. The effect of
shear deformation of the wall and flexural deformation of the frame are considered and incorporated
in the formulation of the governing equations. A displacement-based one-dimensional finite element
model is developed to predict lateral drift of wall-frame structures under horizontal loads.
Numerical results are obtained and compared with previously available results and the values
obtained from the finite element package MIDAS. The study indicates that the effect of shear
deformation of the wall as well as the flexural deformation of the frame should be considered
especially for tall and/or slender buildings. The proposed method is found to be simple and efficient
provides reasonably accurate results in early design stage of tall building structures.

An analytical model was developed to study the deflection of wall-frame structures. The
model is capable of predicting accurate deflection for various configuration including core types and

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aspect ratios of the structures. To formulate the problem, a one-dimensional displacement-based finite
element method is employed. Based on the theoretical developments and numerical results, the
following concluding remarks can be made:

(i). The previous conventional model, which neglects the shear deformation of the wall and the
flexural deformation of the frame, overestimates the shear rigidity of the wall and the flexural rigidity
of the frame. Accordingly, the model significantly underestimates the lateral deflection of the wall
frame structures.

(ii). The analytical model, which considers the shear deformation of the wall and neglects the flexural
deformation of the frame, gives the better results than the conventional model, yet yields remarkable
discrepancy in lateral deflection with MIDAS model.

(iii). The analytical model, which considers both the shear deformation of the wall and the flexural
deformation of the frame, shows excellent agreement with MIDAS solution for all the types of wall-
frame structures considered. That is, the model can give sufficiently accurate results with considerably
less efforts and time.

(iv). As the aspect ratio of the building structure gets higher, the upper part of the structure is rather
not governed by shear mode, but by flexural and shear mode equally. Accordingly, neglecting the
flexural deformation of the frame can yield significant error in computing the lateral deflection, and
the proposed analytical model should be employed. The approximate method of analysis is valuable in
providing a fundamental understanding of the behavior of a tall building structure and in allowing the
initial sizing of primary members as part of the preliminary design process. The proposed analytical
model is found to be very accurate and efficient for the analysis of the behavior of a wall-frame
structure. As a natural extension of this research, a model which incorporates the twisting deformation
or P-delta effect awaits further attention.

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 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

To proceed with any sort of works, various methods or steps are adopted from its initial stage to final
stage. Following are some of the methods been adopted during analysis and design of multi-story
commercial building.
3.1 Literature Review:
Before the start of the project the various related literatures should be properly reviewed to develop
the concept about the project. It is very helpful for providing the correct path for the smooth
functioning of any project work.
3.2 Selection of building data and collection
After having proper concept about the project, the Structure was assumed then the data required for
the analysis and design collected based upon the calculation results.
3.3 Preliminary design:
Estimation of various structural elements such as beams and slabs were designed and checks were
done with the help of deflection criteria and moment criteria. For the column, vertical axis capacity
was taken for the design and percentage of steel was checked.
3.4 Study of Architect Drawing:
Architectural drawings of the buildings were properly studied. Whatever the information is required
for performing calculations are properly checked and analyzed.
3.5 Load Calculation:
After the study of architectural drawing and preliminary design, load calculations were done using the
IS 875:975 as reference. The exact value of Unit weights of the materials from the code was used in
the calculation. The thickness of materials was taken as per design requirement.
3.6 Gravity Load:
The Loads which are assumed to be produced by intended use or occupancy of the structure. These
loads include self-weight of the structural members such as dead loads of beam, column, slab, floor
finish etc. Live loads are the moving loads should be taken into consideration as per the occupancy of
the building based on Indian standard code books.

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3.7 Lateral Load:
Lateral loads are the horizontal forces acting parallel to the ground towards the structure. These loads
include wind loads, Seismic loads, Hydro pressure loads etc.

3.7.1 Wind Loads:

The most common types of wind flow around Tall Buildings that need to be accounted for during and
after construction are categorized as:
a) Down-draughts
b) Separation
c) Vortices
d) Funneling
e) Wakes

The effects of the air flow and wind pressure around and through the building during construction also
need to be considered at the design stage. The designer must consider:

(i) The time and period of construction;

(ii) The construction procedure to minimize excessive wind loading on the structural elements of the
building during construction;
(iii) The effect that wind loading will have on structural members and components during
construction;
(iv) The effects that the structure will have on the local wind speeds around the site and on the
surrounding environment.
The effects of wind on structures are still not perfectly understood and our knowledge in this
area is constantly improving with the periodic revisions of the applicable wind code provisions. High
winds can cause four types of structural damages which are stated as

(i). Collapse

(ii). partial collapse

(iii). over damage

(iv). Sliding

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 Often partial damage occurs most frequently. Wind forces are applied perpendicular to all
roofs and walls and both internal and external wind pressures are considered. Wind is not constant
with height or with time, is not uniform over the side of the structure and does not always cause
positive pressure. Both the wind pressure and the wind suction must be taken into account during the
structural analysis.

The deviating effect, called Coriolis force (isobars), is small and is usually disregarded except
in the atmosphere and ocean. Certain periodic gusts with in the spectrum of gustiness in wind may
find resonance with natural vibration frequency would be much less than the static design load for the
structure, dangerous oscillations may be set up.

Pressure coefficients used in the practice have usually been obtained experimentally by
testing models of different types of structures in wind tunnels. When wind interacts with a structure,
both positive and negative pressures occur simultaneously.

3.7.2 EARTHQUAKE LOAD:

Severity of ground shaking at a given location during an earthquake can be minor, moderate
and strong. Relatively speaking, minor shaking occurs frequently, moderate shaking occasionally and
strong shaking rarely. For instance, on average annually about 800 earthquakes of magnitude 5.0-5.9
occur in the world while the number is only about 18 for magnitude range 7.0-7.9 So, should we
design and construct a building to resist that rare earthquake shaking that may come only once in 500
years or even once in 2000 years at the chosen project site, even though the life of the building itself
may be only 50 or 100 years? Since it costs money to provide additional earthquake safety in
buildings.

Two basic technologies are used to protect buildings from damaging earthquake effects.
These are Base Isolation Devices and Seismic Dampers. The idea behind base isolation is to detach
(isolate) the building from the ground in such a way that earthquake motions are not transmitted up
through the building, or at least greatly reduced. Seismic dampers are special devices introduced in the
building to absorb the energy provided by the ground motion to the building (much like the way shock
absorbers in motor vehicles absorb the impacts due to undulations of the road).

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3.7.3 SEISMIC METHOD OF ANALYSIS:

Seismic Analysis is the calculation of the response of a building (or non-building) structure to
earthquakes.

A building has the potential to ‘wave’ back and forth during an earthquake (or even a severe
wind storm). This is called the ‘Fundamental Mode’, and is the lowest frequency of building response.
Most buildings, however, have higher modes of response, which are uniquely activated during
earthquakes. The first and second modes tend to cause the most damage in most cases.

Structural analysis methods can be divided into the following five categories.

(i).Equivalent Static Analysis

(ii). Response Spectrum Analysis

(iii). Linear Dynamic Analysis

(iv). Non-linear Static Analysis

(v). Non-linear Dynamic Analysis

EQUIVALENT STATIC ANALYSIS:

This approach defines a series of forces acting on a building to represent the effect of
earthquake ground motion, typically defined by a seismic design response spectrum. It assumes that
the building responds in its fundamental mode. For this to be true, the building must be low-rise and
must not twist significantly when the ground moves. The response is read from a design response
spectrum, given the natural frequency of the building (either calculated or defined by the building
code). The applicability of this method is extended in many building codes by applying factors to
account for higher buildings with some higher modes, and for low levels of twisting. To account for
effects due to "yielding" of the structure, many codes apply modification factors that reduce the design
forces (e.g. force reduction factors).

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS:

This approach permits the multiple modes of response of a building to be taken into account (in
the frequency domain). This is required in many building codes for all except for very simple or very
complex structures. The response of a structure can be defined as a combination of many special
shapes (modes) that in a vibrating string correspond to the "harmonics". Computer analysis can be
used to determine these modes for a structure. For each mode, a response is read from the design
spectrum, based on the modal frequency and the modal mass, and they are then combined to provide
an estimate of the total response of the structure. Combination methods include the following:

• absolute - peak values are added together

• square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS)
• complete quadratic combination (CQC) - a method that is an improvement on SRSS for
closely spaced modes

The result of a response spectrum analysis using the response spectrum from a ground motion is
typically different from that which would be calculated directly from a linear dynamic analysis using
that ground motion directly, since phase information is lost in the process of generating the response
spectrum.

In cases where structures are either too irregular, too tall or of significance to a community in
disaster response, the response spectrum approach is no longer appropriate, and more complex
analysis is often required, such as non-linear static or dynamic analysis.

LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS:

Static procedures are appropriate when higher mode effects are not significant. This is
generally true for short, Regular Buildings. Therefore, for Tall Buildings, buildings with torsional
irregularities, or non-orthogonal systems, a dynamic procedure is required. In the linear dynamic
procedure, the building is modelled as a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system with a linear elastic
stiffness matrix and an equivalent viscous damping matrix.

The seismic input is modelled using either modal spectral analysis or time history analysis but,
in both cases, the corresponding internal forces and displacements are determined using linear elastic

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analysis. The advantage of these linear dynamic procedures with respect to linear static procedures is
that higher modes can be considered. However, they are based on linear elastic response and hence the
applicability decreases with increasing nonlinear behaviour, which is approximated by global force
reduction factors.

In linear dynamic analysis, the response of the structure to ground motion is calculated in the
time domain, and all phase information is therefore maintained. Only linear properties are assumed.
The analytical method can use modal decomposition as a means of reducing the degrees of freedom in
the analysis.

NON - LINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS:

In general, linear procedures are applicable when the structure is expected to remain nearly
elastic for the level of ground motion or when the design results in nearly uniform distribution of
nonlinear response throughout the structure. As the performance objective of the structure implies
greater inelastic demands, the uncertainty with linear procedures increases to a point that requires a
high level of conservatism in demand assumptions and acceptability criteria to avoid unintended
performance. Therefore, procedures incorporating inelastic analysis can reduce the uncertainty and
conservatism.

This approach is also known as "Pushover" analysis. A pattern of forces is applied to a

structural model that includes non-linear properties (such as steel yield), and the total force is plotted
against a reference displacement to define a capacity curve. This can then be combined with a demand
curve (typically in the form of an acceleration-displacement response spectrum (ADRS)). This
essentially reduces the problem to a single degree of freedom system.

Nonlinear static procedures use equivalent SDOF structural models and represent seismic
ground motion with response spectra. Storey drifts and component actions are related subsequently to
the global demand parameter by the pushover or capacity curves that are the basis of the non-linear
static procedures.

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NON - LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS:

Nonlinear dynamic analysis utilizes the combination of ground motion records with a detailed
structural model, therefore is capable of producing results with relatively low uncertainty. In nonlinear
dynamic analyses, the detailed structural model subjected to a ground-motion record produces
estimates of component deformations for each degree of freedom in the model and the modal
responses are combined using schemes such as the square-root-sum-of-squares.

In non-linear dynamic analysis, the non-linear properties of the structure are considered as part
of a time domain analysis. This approach is the most rigorous, and is required by some building codes
for buildings of unusual configuration or of special importance. However, the calculated response can
be very sensitive to the characteristics of the individual ground motion used as seismic input;
therefore, several analyses are required using different ground motion records.

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 CHAPTER-4
LOAD COMBINATIONS

A load combination results when more than one load type act on the structure. Building codes
usually specify a variety of load combinations together with load factors for each load type in order to
ensure the safety of the structure under different maximum expected loadings scenarios. For example,
in design of staircase, a dead load factor be 1.2 times the weight of the structure. And live load factor
may be 1.5 times the maximum expected live load. These two factored loads are combined to
determine the required strength of the staircase. It is less likely that the structure will experience much
change in its permanent load.

1. 1.5 (DL + LL) 2. 1.5 (DL+ EQ X)

3. 1.5 (DL – EQ X) 4. 1.5 (DL + EQ Y)

5. 1.5 (DL - EQ Y) 6. 1.2 (DL + LL + EQ X)

7. 1.2 (DL + LL – EQ X) 8. 1.2 (DL + LL + EQ Y)

9. 1.2 (DL + LL – EQ Y) 10. 0.9 DL + 1.5 EQ X

11. 0.9 DL - 1.5 EQ X 12. 0.9 DL + 1.5 EQ Y

13. 0.9 DL - 1.5 EQ Y

4.1 WIND LOAD COMBINATIONS

14. 1.5 (DL + WL X) 15. 1.5 (DL – WL X)

16. 1.5 (DL + WL Y) 17. 1.5 (DL – WL Y)

18. 1.2 (DL + LL + WL X) 19. 1.2 (DL + LL –WL X)

20. 1.2 (DL + LL + WL Y) 21. 1.2 (DL +LL – WL Y)

22. 0.9 DL + 1.5 WL X 23. 0.9 DL – 1.5 WL X

24. 0.9 DL + 1.5 WLY 25. 0.9 DL – 1.5 WL Y

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UN-FACTORED LOAD & SERVICE LOAD COMBINATIONS

4.2 GRAVITY LOAD COMBINATIONS

26. 1.0 (DL + LL)

4.3 SEISMIC LOAD COMBINATIONS

27. 1.0 (DL + EQ X) 28. 1.0 (DL – EQ X)

29. 1.0 (DL + EQ Y) 30. 1.0 (DL – EQ Y)

31. 1.0 DL + 0.8 (LL + EQ X) 32. 1.0 DL + 0.8 (LL – EQ X)

33. 1.0 DL + 0.8 (LL + EQ Y) 34. 1.0 DL + 0.8 (LL – EQ Y)

4.4 WIND LOAD COMBINATIONS

35. 1.0 (DL + WL X) 36. 1.0 (DL – WL X)

37. 1.0 (DL + WL Y) 38. 1.0 (DL – WL Y)

39. 1.0 DL + 0.8 (LL + WL X) 40. 1.0 DL + 0.8 (LL – WL X)

41. 1.0 DL + 0.8 (LL + WL Y) 42. 1.0 DL + 0.8 (LL – WL Y)

Following combinations are to be considered as per Clause 6.3.2.2 of IS 1893

(Part 1):2002

4.5 GRAVITY LOAD COMBINATIONS

43. 1.2(DL+LL) +EQ X +0.36 EQY 44. 1.2(DL+LL)–EQ X + 0.36 EQY

45. 1.2 (DL+LL) + EQX - 0.36 EQY 46. 1.2 (DL + LL)–EQ X - 0.36 EQY

47. 1.5 (DL + EQ X) + 0.45 EQ Y 48. 1.5 (DL – EQ X) + 0.45 EQ Y

49. 1.5 (DL – EQ X) - 0.45 EQ Y 50. 1.5 (DL + EQ Y) + 0.45 EQ X

51. 1.5 (DL – EQ Y) + 0.45 EQ X 52. 1.5 (DL – EQ Y) - 0.45 EQ X

53. 1.0 DL+0.8 (LL+EQ X) +0.3EQY 54. 1.0(DL+0.8(LL+EQX)-0.3 EQY

55. 1.0 DL+0.8(LL+EQ Y) +0.3EQX 56. 1.0 DL+0.8(LL+EQY) - 0.3EQX

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57. 1.0 (DL + EQ X) + 0.3 EQ Y 58. 1.0 (DL – EQ X) + 0.3 EQ Y

59. 1.0 (DL+ EQ X) - 0.3 EQ Y 60. 1.0(DL – EQ X - 0.3 EQ Y

61. 1.0 (DL + EQ Y) + 0.3 EQ X 62. 1.0 (DL + EQ Y) - 0.3 EQ X

63. 1.0 (DL – EQ Y) + 0.3 EQ X 64. 1.0 (DL – EQ Y) - 0.3 EQ X

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 CHAPTER-5
MANUAL ANALYSIS & DESIGN CALCULATIONS

5.1 Load Path:

Fig.(5.1) Components of Building Frame

The Various elements that make up the structure should be designed in such a way that
they transmit the primary load acting on its structure to its foundation in the most efficient way
possible. Hence, as a first step in any design it is very important to understand how the loads are being
transferred through the various structural members.

Structural Elements:

Each Building Structure consists of following elements:

1. Slabs: Horizontal Plate elements carrying the loads.

2. Beams: Horizontal members carrying the load from slabs.

3. Columns: Vertical members carrying mainly axial loads (interior columns) but sometimes they
carry axial loads and moments in the case of exterior beams.

4. Walls: Vertical plate elements resisting vertical, Lateral or in plane loads.

5. Bases and Foundations: directly supported by the soil they help to distribute the loads transferred by
the elements above and a larger area thus reducing stress applied to the soil.
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5.2 Design Philosophy:

The main objective of reinforced concrete structural design is to comply with the following essential
requirements:

1. Structures designed should satisfy the criteria of the desirable ultimate strength in flexural,
shear, compression, tension and torsion development under a given loading conditions and their
combinations.
2. The structures designed should satisfy the criterion for serviceability, which limits the
deflections and keeps the cracks width with acceptable limits.
3. The structure should also have an adequate durability, impermeability, resistance to acids,
corrosion, frost, fire etc.
4. The buildings should have adequate stability against overturning, sliding, buckling and
vibrations under the action of loads.
5. A satisfactory structural design should ensure the three basic criteria of strength, serviceability
and stability. A good designer also should take into account economy and aesthetics.

Concrete Frame Structures:

Concrete frame structures are a very common or perhaps the most common-type pf modern building.
As the name suggests, this type of building consists of a frame or skeleton of concrete. Horizontal
members of this frame are called beams and vertical members are called columns. Humans walk on
flat planes of concrete called slabs. Of these, the column is most important as it is primary load-
carrying element of the building, if you damage a beam in building it will usually affect one floor but
damage of a column could bring down the entire structure. When we say concrete in the building
trade, we actually mean reinforced concrete. Its full name is reinforced cement concrete or RCC. RCC
is concrete that contains steel bars called reinforcement.

Reinforced Concrete (RC):

Is a composite material in which concrete’s relatively low tensile strength and ductility are
counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength and ductility. The
reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars and is usually embedded
passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. Reinforcing concrete may be permanently stressed
so as to improve the behavior of final structure under working load.

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5.3 Definition of Structural members:

Slabs:

A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs of steel
reinforced concrete, typically between 100 and 500mm thick are most often used to construct floors
and ceilings, while thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving.

TYPES OF SLAB:

• One-way slab
A one-way slab is a simply a very wide beam that’s span between supports. A rectangular
reinforced concrete slab which spans a distance very much greater in one direction than the
other, under these conditions most of the load is carried on the shorter span.
LY/LX > 2
• Two-way slab
A concrete slab supported by beams along all four edges and reinforced with a steel bar
arranged perpendicularly.
➢ A concrete floor slab in which the main reinforcement runs in two directions.
➢ Rectangular reinforced concrete slab having a span on long side.

LY/LX < 2

Fig. (5.3.a) Structural slab

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Definition of Beams:

Horizontal or inclined structural member spanning a distance between one or more supports,
and carrying loads across its longitudinal axis as a girder, joist, purlin or after. A beam is a structural
member that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending. The bending force
induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external loads own weight, spans and external
reactions to these loads is called a bending moment.

Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry horizontal
loads (i.e. loads due to an earthquake or wind). The loads carried by a beam are transferred to
columns, walls, or girders, which then transfer the force to adjacent structural compression members.
In the light frame construction, the joists rest on the beam.

TYPES OF BEAMS:

➢ Cantilever Beam
➢ Simply Supported Beam
➢ Overhang Beam
➢ Rigidly fixed or Built in Beam.
➢ Continuous Beam.

Loading Pattern On Supporting Beams:

Fig. (5.3.b) Loading Pattern on Beam

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Definition of Columns:

Columns are defined as members that carry loads chiefly in compression. Usually
columns carry bending moments as well, about one or both axes of the cross-section, and the
bending action may produce tensile forces over apart of cross-section. Even in each case, columns
are generally referring to as compression members, because the compression forces dominate their
behavior.
There are three types of reinforced concrete compression members are in use:
1-members reinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral ties.
2- members reinforced with longitudinal bars and continuous spiral.
3- composite compression members reinforced longitudinally with structural steel shapes, pipe, or
tubing, with or without additional longitudinal bars, and various types of lateral reinforcement.

The IS code gives the limitations of the area of longitudinal reinforcement, for non-
composite compression members shall be not less than 0.8%Ag or more than 6%Ag. Minimum
number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 4 for bars within
rectangular or circular ties, 3 for bars within triangular ties, and 6 for bars enclosed by
spirals. The slenderness ratio has great effective in describe the type of columns (short or

long) where, when (l/b < 12) then the column defined as short column, otherwise the
column defined as long column.

Fig (5.3.c) Types of columns

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 Foundation:

A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the
earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep
foundations. A tall building must have a strong foundation if it is to stand for a long time. To make
a foundation, we normally dig a trench in the ground, digging deeper and deeper until we come to
subsoil, which is more solid than the topsoil that is used to grow plants and crops. When the trench
is deep enough, we fill it with any strong, hard material we can find. Sometimes we pour in concrete
into the trench, which we strengthen even more by first putting long thin round pieces of steel into
the trench. When the concrete dries, the steel acts like the bones in our body to tie the foundation
together. We call this reinforced concrete. Once the foundation has been packed down tightly, or
dried hard, we can begin to build the building superstructure.

Fig (5.3.d) Types of Footing

Staircases:

Staircases provide means of movement from one floor to another in a structure. Staircases
consist of a number of steps with landings at suitable intervals to provide comfort and safety for the
users. Some common types of stairs are shown in Fig. (1-8). These include straight-flight stairs,

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quarter-turn stairs, half-turn stairs, branching stairs, and geometrical stairs.
Fig. (5.3.d) (a); (b) Straight flight stairs; (c) Quarter-turn stairs; (d) Half-turn stairs; (e)
Branching stairs; (f) Open-well (half turn); (g) Open-well with quarter turn landing; (h); (i);

(j) Geometrical Stairs Technical Terms

The definitions of some technical terms, which are used in connection with design of stairs, Fig.
(5.3.e) shows main technical terms associated with stairs design:
a. Tread or Going: horizontal upper portion of a step.
b. Riser: vertical portion of a step.
c. Rise: vertical distance between two consecutive treads.
d. Flight: a series of steps provided between two landings.
e. Landing: a horizontal slab provided between two flights.
f. Waist: the least thickness of a stair slab.
g. Winder: radiating or angular tapering steps.
h. Soffit: the bottom surface of a stair slab.
i. Nosing: the intersection of the tread and the riser.
j. Headroom: the vertical distance from a line connecting the nosing's of all treads and the soffit
above.

Fig. (5.3.e) Stairs main technical terms

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 For purpose of design, stairs are classified into two types; transversely and longitudinally
supported.

Transversely supported stairs include:

1. Simply supported steps supported by two walls or beams or a combination of both.
2. Steps cantilevering from a wall or a beam.
3. Stairs cantilevering from a central spine beam.
Longitudinally supported stairs may be supported in any of the following manners:
a. Beams or walls at the outside edges of the landings.
b. Internal beams at the ends of the flight in addition to beams or walls at the outside edges of the
landings
c. Landings which are supported by beams or walls running in the longitudinal direction.
d. Combination of (a) or (b), and (c).

e. Stairs with quarter landings associated with open-well stairs.

5.4 Design of Slabs

Plan view of the building:

Here there are 4 types of slabs A, B, C & D with different edge conditions respectively.

A - Two Adjacent edges discontinuous

B - Interior Panels
C - Three edges discontinuous (1 Long edge continuous)
D - Three edges discontinuous (1 Short edge continuous)

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Slab design [A]:

Let the shorter span = L1 = 5 m

Let the longer span = L2 = 7 m
Check whether the slab is one-way or two-way
L2 / L1 = 7 / 5 = 1.4
Therefore, the slab is designed to be two-way slab.
Grade of concrete = M30
Grade of steel = Fe 415
Live load = 5 kN/m2
Floor finish = 1 kN/m2
Assumed depth (D) = 225 mm
1.Effective length:
Effective depth (d) = 0.2 m
L1 = 5 + 0.2 = 5.2 m
L2 = 7 + 0.2 = 7.2 m
Therefore,
L2 / L1 = 7.2 / 5.2 =1.384
Therefore, it is a two-way slab.
2.Load Calculation:
Live Load = 5 kN/m2
Floor Finish = 1 kN/m2
Unit wt of RCC = 25 kN/m3
Self wt of slab = 25 x 0.2 = 5 kN/m2
Total Load, W = 11 kN/m2
Factored Load, Wf = 11 x 1.5 = 16.5 kN/m2
3.Design Moment and Shear Force:
Condition: Two Adjacent edges are discontinuous.
So, calculate moment coefficients α from Table-26 of IS 456:2000 based on suitable case.

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From this we get,
αx1 = 0.069 αx2 = 0.051
αy1= 0.047 αy2= 0.035
Moments:
Mux = αx .Wf. L12 kN-m
Mux1 = 30.785 kN-m Mux2 = 22.754 kN-m
Muy1 = 20.969 kN-m Muy2 = 15.615 kN-m
Shear Force:
Wf = 16.5 kN/m2
L1 = 5.2 m
Wf .L1
υu = = 42.9 kN
2

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4.Minimum depth required

fck = 30 N/mm²
b = 1000 mm
Mux = 30.785 x 106 N-mm
By substituting the values in the above formula, we get,
d = 86.232 mm
Therefore, the provided depth is safe.
Hence, the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist the design ultimate moment.
5.Reinforcement Calculation
Minimum steel required = 0.12 % of Gross Area = 0.12% x b x D = 270 mm²
Along short span (-ve) at Supports:

From this formula, we get Astx = 498.57 mm²

Use 12 mm dia bars @ 220 mm c/c
Along short span (+ve) at Supports:
From the above formula we get, Astx2 = 364.07 mm²
Use 12 mm dia bars @ 300 mm c/c

Along long span: (-ve) at supports & (+ve) at mid-span

Since the moment is less provide minimum reinforcement as calculated i.e. 12 mm dia bars @ 300
mm c/c.
6.Reinforcement in the edge strip:
Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 450 mm c/c in both the directions.
7.Torsion Reinforcement in corners:
Where the both edges are discontinuous, area in each layer is given as
At = ¾. Ast = 162 mm²
Distance over which torsion reinforcement is to be provided = 1/5 x short span = 1032 mm.
Hence, provide 10 mm dia bars @ 480mm c/c where both the edges are discontinuous.
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8. Check for Shear
Considering short span and unit width of slab
τv = υu / b.d = 0.242 N/mm²
% of steel, pt = 100 x Ast / b.d = 0.312
From Table-19 of IS 456:2000, Interpolate

τc = 0.432 N / mm²
From Clause 40.2.1.1 of IS 456: 2000 Design shear strength is given as

k = 1.15
k x τc = 0.496 > 0.242 N/mm²
Therefore, Slab is safe against shear stress.
Similarly, for Slabs types B, C & D design is done by changing the moments with respect to their
edge conditions.

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5.5 Design of Beams

Fig (5.5.1) Load distribution of two-way slabs to beams

Beam Design Calculations

B1 be length of Beam at short span

B2 be length of Beam at Longer span

Design Calculation of Beam (B1):

Assumed data:

Thickness of Slab = 225 mm

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 Unit weight of RCC = 25 kN/ m3

Self-weight of Slab = 0.2 x 25 = 5 kN/m²

Total load of slab = 5 + 5 + 1 =11 kN/m²

Factored Load w = 1.5 * 11 = 16.5 kN/m²

Loads on supporting beam:

As per IS 456 : 2000 the loads on beam supporting solid slabs spanning in two directions at right
angles and supporting uniformly distributed loads may be assumed as per fig 7.

L1 = Short span, L2 = Long span β = L2 /L1

1. Triangular Load = w * L1
3

𝐿1 1
2. Trapezoidal Load = w * (1 − )
2 3∗ 𝛽2

Tributary Loading on beam:

W = 16.5 kN / m²

L1 =5m

Wequ = w * L1 / 3

Wequ = 26.25 kN/m2

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 Clear span = 5m
Concrete Grade = M30
Grade of Steel = Fe 415
fck = 30 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2

Cross sectional Dimensions:

Span = 5000mm
Effective depth d = span
12
d = 416.667mm
Adopt Effective depth d = 480mm
Overall depth D = 500mm
Width of beam b = 300mm
Clear Cover c.c = 20mm

Effective span = span + d

= 5 + 0.48
= 5.48m

Loads:

Self-weight of the beam = 0.500 * 0.300 * 25 = 3.75 kN/m²

Load from slab Wequ = 26.25 kN/m²

Total Load = Wequ + 1.5 * 3.75 = 31.875 kN/m²

Ultimate moments & Shear forces:

Wequ = 31.875 kN/m²

L1 = 5.48m

Ultimate Moment Mu = Wequ * L12

12
Mu = 79.768 kN-m

Ultimate Shear Vu = Wequ * L1

Vu = 87.338 kN

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Limiting Moment of Resistance:

fck = 30 N/mm2

b = 300mm
d = 480mm
mu.lim = 0.138.fck.b. d2

mu.lim = 286.15 kN-m

Since mu< mu.lim

Section is under Reinforced.

To Find Tension Reinforcement:

𝒇𝒚∗𝑨𝒔𝒕
Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast*d*(𝟏 − 𝒃∗𝒅∗𝒇𝒄𝒌)

Ast = 482.65mm2

Minimum Tension Reinforcement Required:

Ast req = 0.85 x b x d

fy

Ast req = 294.94mm2

Therefore providing 3 bars of 16mm ϕ as Tension Reinforcement

And 2 bars of 12mm ϕ as Hanger Bars.

Total steel Required:

Ast = π x d2 x 3

d = 16mm

Ast = 603.186mm2

Check for Shear Reinforcement:

Vu = 87.388 kN

b = 300 mm

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 d = 480 mm

v = Vu

bxd

v = 0.61 kN/mm2

Pt = 100 x Ast

bxd

From Table 19

Interpolating,

0.25 = 0.37

0.50 = 0.50

0.42 = c

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 0.42-0.25 c - 0.37
––––––––– = –––––––––

0.50-0.25 0.50-0.37

c = 0.46

Hence v >  c
Shear Reinforcement is required.

Balanced Shear:

Vu = Vu – c x b x d

Vu = 21.09 kN

Use 8mm ϕ 2-legged Stirrup

Sv = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d

Vus

Sv = 413.05mm

Sv.max = 0.75 x 480 = 360mm

Sv should not be greater than 0.75 x d.

Sv should not be greater than 300mm.

Therefore, provide 8mm ϕ Bars 2-legged stirrup @300mm c/c.

Check for Deflection:

Pt = 0.419

kt = 1.28 (fig 4 IS CODE)

𝑙 𝑙
max = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 x kt
𝑑 𝑑

𝑙
= 27.6 mm
𝑑

𝑙
provided = 11.416 mm < 27.6 mm
𝑑

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 Therefore, it is safe under deflection.

Therefore, the design of the beams is done and the obtained cross-sectional dimensions are given as
inputs into the software in which analysis is done.

5.6 Design of columns:

Positioning of columns:

Some of the guiding principles which help the positioning of the columns are as follows: -

1. Columns should be preferably located at or near the corners of the building and
at the intersection of the wall, but for the columns on the property line as the
following requirements some area beyond the column, the column can be
shifted inside along a cross wall to provide the required area for the footing
with in the property line. alternatively, a combined or a strap footing may be
provided.
2. The spacing between the column is governed by the lamination on spans of
supported beams, as the spanning of the column decides the span of the beam.
As the span of the of the beam increases, the depth of the beam, and hence the
self-weight of the beam and the total.

Effective length of the column:

The effective length of the column is defined as the length between the
points of contraflexure of the buckled column. The code has given certain values
of the effective length for normal usage assuming idealized and conditions shown
in appendix D of IS - 456(table 24)

A column may be classified based as follows based on the type of loading:

1) Axially loaded column
2) A column subjected to axial load and uneasily bending
3) A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending.
Axially loaded columns:
All compression members are to be designed for a minimum eccentricity of
load into principal directions. In practice, a truly axially loaded column is rare, if

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not nonexistent. Therefore, every column should be designed for a minimum
eccentricity clause 22.4 of IS code E min=(L/500) +(D/300), subjected to a
minimum of 200mm. Where L unsupported length of the column (see 24.1.3 of
the code for definition unsupported length) and D is the lateral dimension of the
column in the direction under the consideration.
Axially loaded and uniaxial bending:
A member subjected to axial force and bending shall be designed on the basis of

1) The maximum compressive strength in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002

2) The maximum compressive strength at the highly compressed extreme fiber in
concrete subjected to highly compression and when there is no tension on the
section shall be 0.0035-0.75 times the strain at least compressed extreme
fiber.

Design charts for combined axial compression and bending are in the form of
intersection diagram in which curves for Pu/fck b.D verses Mu/fck bD2 are plotted

different values of p/fck where p is reinforcement percentage.

Axially loaded and biaxial bending:

The resistance of a member subjected to axial force and biaxial bending shall be
obtained on the basis of assumptions given in 38.1 and 38.2 with neutral axis so
chosen as to satisfy the equilibrium of load and moment about two weeks.

Alternatively, such members may be designed by the following

equation:

(Mux/ Muy) αn +(Muy/ Muy1) αn<=1.0

Mux&Muy=moment about x and Y axis due to design loads

Mux1&Muy1=maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load of Pu bending

about x and y axis respectively.

αn is related to

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 36

pu/Puz
For values of pu/Puz=0.2 to 0.8, the values of αn vary linearly from 1.0 to 2.0 for
values less than 0.2, αn is values greater than 0.8, αn is 2.0

The main duty of column is to transfer the load to the soil safely. Columns are
designed for compression and moment. The cross section of the column generally
increases from one floor to another floor due to the addition of both live and dead load
from the top floors. Also, the amount if load depends on number of beams the
columns is connected to. As beam transfer half of the load to each column it is
connected.

Design steps:

Fig 5.6.1 Load summation on column

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 37

Grade of Concrete, fck = 30 N/mm2

Grade of Steel, fy = 415 N/mm²

Length of Column = 5 m

3.25
Effective Length = 0.65 L = 0.65*5= 3.25 m; 0.3 = 10.83 < 12

Therefore, it is a short column.

Assume one side dimension is 300 mm.

Puz=0.45fckAc+0.67fyAsc

Axial Load = 1280 kN

Factored Load, Puz = 1.5 x 1280 =1920 kN

1920 x 103 = 0.4 x 30 x 0.99 Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.01 Ag

Solving the above Equation, we get

Ag = 130964.155 mm²

We get d = 436.547 mm

Providing Cover of 40mm

D = 500 mm

Asc = 0.01 x Ag = 1309.641 mm²

Minimum Reinforcement = 0.8% = 0.008 x 300 x 500 = 1200 mm² > Asc

Hence, Provide minimum Reinforcement = 1200 mm²

Provide 6 bars of 16 mm diameter

Lateral Ties

Diameter of lateral ties should not be less than

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 38

 ∅𝑙
(a) = 4 mm
4

(b) 6 mm

Hence, Adopt 6 mm diameter bars

Pitch of the ties shall be minimum of

(a) Lateral dimension of column = 300 mm

(b) 16 times the dia of longitudinal bar = 256 mm
(c) 300 mm

Provide 6 mm lateral ties at 250 mm c/c.

5.7 Design of Footing

Foundations are structural elements that transfer loads from the building or individual column to the
earth. If these loads are to be properly transmitted, foundations must be designed to prevent excessive
settlement or rotation, to minimize differential settlement and to provide adequate safety against
sliding and overturning.

1.) Footing shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and forces and the induced
reactions and to assure that any settlements which may occur will be as nearly uniform as possible and
the safe bearing capacity of soil is not exceeded.

2.) Thickness at the edge of the footing: in reinforced and plain concrete footing at the edge shall be
not less than 150 mm for footing on the soil nor less than 300mm above the tops of the pile for footing
on piles.

Bearing Capacity of soil:

The size foundation depends on permissible bearing capacity of soil. The total load per unit area
under the footing must be less than the permissible bearing capacity of soil to the excessive
settlements.
Design:

Foundations are structure elements that transfer loads from building or individual
column to earth this load are to be properly transmitted foundations must be designed
Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 39
to prevent excessive settlement are rotation to minimize differential settlements and to
provide adequate safety isolated footings for multi storey buildings. These may be
square rectangle are circular in plan that the choice of type of foundation to be used in
a given situation depends on a number of factors.

1. Bearing Capacity of soil

2. Type of structure

3. Type of Loads

4. Permissible Differential settlements

5. Economy
DESIGN OF FOOTING:

Axial Service Load = 2064 kN

Size of column = 300 x 500 mm

SBC of soil = 200 kN/m²

Fck = 30 N/mm²

Fy = 415 N/mm²

For Rectangular columns, economical design of footings is obtained if the projection of footing from
the face of the column in both the directions is same. The design is similar to that of a square footing
for square column and same reinforcement is provided in both the directions.

Size of the Footing:

Load from the column P = 2064 kN

Self-weight of footing = 10% of column load = 206.4 kN

Total load on the soil = 2270.4 kN

Area of footing = Total load / SBC = 2270.4 / 200 = 11.352 m²

Providing 4 x 3 m footing.

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 40

Area of footing provided = 12 m²

Upward Soil Pressure:

Factored Load = 1.5 x 2064 = 3096 kN

Soil Pressure at Ultimate load,

qu = Pu /Area of footing = 3096 / 12 = 0.258 N/mm²

Depth of Footing from Bending Moment Consideration

The critical section will be at the face of the column

𝐵−𝑏
Mu = qu L ( )²
8

We get,

Mu = 940.41 x 106 N-mm

Now,

Mu = 0.138. fck B d²

We get d = 238.302 mm

Provide 500 mm effective depth and 550 mm overall depth. Increase depth is taken due to shear
consideration.

Reinforcement

fy Ast
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1-fck B.d)

We get,

Ast = 5209 mm²

Using 20 mm dia bars, spacing of bars

𝐵
S = ast x = 241.23 mm
Ast

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Hence, provide 20 mm bars at 240 mm c/c in both directions.

Check for One-way Shear

The critical section for one-way shear is at a distance d from the face of the column

Factored Shear Force, Vu = Soil pressure from the critical section

𝐵−𝑏
= qu L ( − 𝑑)
2

= 877200 N

Vu
τv = 𝐵 𝑑 = 0.438 N/ mm²

Percentage of steel, Pt = 0.261 %

For 0.261% of steel, for M30 Grade, τc =0.375 N/mm² < τv

Hence it is not safe with respect to one-way shear. So increase the depth to 600 mm.

Vu = 774000 N

Vu
τv = 𝐵 𝑑 = 0.322 N/ mm²

Percentage of steel, Pt = 0.0.218 %

For 0.218% of steel, for M30 Grade, τc =0.344 N/mm² > τv

Hence it is safe with respect to one-way shear.

Check for Two-way shear

The critical section is at a distance of 0.5d from the face of the column

Perimeter of critical section = 2(850+1050) = 3800 mm

Area of critical section = 3800 x 600 = 2280000 mm²

Two-way shear Vu2 = qu x Area of the non-critical s/c

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 = 0.258 (4000 x 3000 – 850 x 1050)

= 2865.375 x 103 N

Two- way shear stress = Vu2 / A = 1.256 N/mm²

Permissible Punching stress τp = 0.25 √fck

= 0.25 x √30 = 1.369 > 1.256 N/mm²

Hence it is safe with respect to two-way shear.

Check for Development Length:

τbd = 1.6 x 1.2 = 1.92 N/ mm²

0.87.𝑓𝑦.ø
Ld = = 940 mm
4.τbd

Length available beyond the column face = 1350 mm > Ld

Hence, O.K

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 43

 Fig (5.7.1) Isolated Footing

5.8 Wind Load Calculations

Basic wind speed at 10 m for height for some important cities/town:

CITIES SPEED BASIC WIND CITIES SPEED BASIC WIND

(m/s) (m/s)

Cuttack 50 Pune 39

Agra 47 Jhansi 47

Darbhanga 55 Raipur 39

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Ahmadabad 39 Jodhpur 47

Darjeeling 47 Rajkot 39

Ajmer 47 Kanpur 47

Dehra dun 47 Ranchi 39

Alomar 47 Kohima 44

Delhi 47 Roorkee 39

Amritsar 47 Kurnool 39

Alanson 47 Rourkela 39

Gangtok 47 Lakshadweep 39

Aurangabad 39 Shimla 39

Guwahati 50 Srinagar
39
Bahraich 47 Ludhiana 47

Gaya 39 Surat 44

Bangalore 33 Madras 50

Gorakhpur Tiruchchirappalli 47
47
Varanasi Madurai 39
47
Hyderabad Trivandrum 39
44
Bareilly 47 Mandi 39

Impale 47 Udaipur 47

Bhatinda 47 Mangalore 39

Jabalpur 47 Vadodara 44

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 Bhalali 39 Moradabad 47

Jaipur 47 Varanasi 33

Bhopal 39 Mysore 50

Jamshedpur 47 Vijayawada 50

Bhubaneshwar 50 Nagpur 44

Bhuj 50 Vishakhapatnam 50

Bikaner 47 Nainital 47

Bikaro 47 Nasik 39

Bokaro 47 Nellore 50

Bombay 44 Panaji 39

Calcutta 50 Patiala 47

Calicut 47 Patna 47

Chandigarh 47 Pondicherry 50

Coimbatore 39 Port Blair 44

Design:

The study of wind analysis is also important because these forces are imposed directly on
diaphragms.IS: 875 (Part III) 2015 guides us to select the basic windspeed as 44 m/s from Fig 1 as our
site region lies in Hyderabad.

From Annexure A, we can find basic wind speeds of all the regions.

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 46

1.Design Wind Speed (Vz):

Vz=Vb x K1 x K2 x K3 x K4

Design wind speed at height z m/s=Vz

Probability factor=K1 (Clause 6.3.1)

Terrain roughness factor and height factor=K2 (Clause 6.3.2)

Topography factor=K3 (Clause 6.3.3)

Importance factor=K4 (Clause 6.3.4)

Basic Wind Speed Vb=44m/s (APPENDEX-A Clause 5.2)

Probability Factor K1=1

Topography factor K3=1

Importance factor K4=1

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 47

The value of K2 must be found manually as height vary K2 varies

The terrain category used in the design of structure may be vary depending upon the direction of wind
under consideration where sufficient metrological information available about the wind direction. The
orientation of any building or structure may be suitably planned.

as per Table-2 of IS 875 (part3): 2015

Terrain Category=3

Assumed since, our structure falls under category-3 as terrain with closely spaced obstructions having
building/structures up to 10m in height.

Height of story-1 h1=5m K2=0.91

Height of Story-2 h1=10m K2=0.91

Height of Story-3 h1=15m k3=0.97

Height of Story-4 h1=20m K2=1.01

Calculation of Design Wind Speed of all Story’s:

Story-1 & Story-2 Design wind Speed (Vz):

Vz=Vb x K1 x K2 x K3 x K4 m/s

Vb=44m/s
Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 48
 K1=1

K2=0.91

K3=1

K4=1

Vz=Vb x k1 x k2 x k3 x k4

Vz =40.04 m/s

Story-3 Design wind Speed (Vz):

Vz=Vb x K1 x K2 x K3 x K4 m/s

Vb=44m/s

K1=1

K2=0.97

K3=1

K4=1

Vz=Vb x k1 x k2 x k3 x k4

Vz =42.68 m/s

Story-3 Design wind Speed (Vz):

Vz=Vb x K1 x K2 x K3 x K4 m/s

Vb=44m/s

K1=1

K2=1.01

K3=1

K4=1

Vz=Vb x k1 x k2 x k3 x k4

Vz =44.44 m/s

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 49

2. Wind Pressure at height zm :

From story-1 vz=40.04 m/s

Vz=40.04 m/s

Pz=0.6 x vz2

Pz=0.96 kN/m2

Similarly for Story-2 pz=0.96 kN/m2

From story-3 vz=40.04 m/s

Vz=42.68 m/s

Pz=0.6 x vz2

Pz=1.09 kN/m2

From story-4 vz=44.44 m/s

Vz=44.44 m/s

Pz=0.6 x vz2

Pz=1.19 kN/m2

3. Design Wind Pressure :

Pd=0.70pz

Story-1 & Story-2 pz=0.96

Pd=0.672 kN/m2

Story-3 pz=1.09

Pd=0.763 kN/m2

Story-4 pz=1.18

Pd=0.826 kN/m2

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 50

4.Wind Load along x and y Directions:

As per fig.4 of IS 875(part3):2015

Let in this Case Longer Direction be a=42m

Shorter Direction be b=25m
Height of Building above ground h=20m
Story-1 h1=5m
Story-2 h2=5m
Story-3 h3=5m
Story-4 h4=5m
F=Cf x Pd x b x heff
1. heff=(0+h1)/2
2. heff=( h1+h2)/2
3. heff=( h2+h3)/2
4. heff=( h3+h4)/2
a/b=1.867
h/b=1.333

The value of Cf from the graph taken as Cf=1.25

a. Wind forces along positive x-direction WL+ve X:

1.Force F1 acting at centre of slab at story-1
F1=Cf x Pd x b x h
Where
Cf=1.25
Pd=0.672
b=25
h=2.5
F1=31.5 kN
2.Force F2 acting at centre of slab at story-2
F1=Cf x Pd x b x h

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 51

 Where
Cf=1.25
Pd=0.672
b=25
h=5
F1=63.00 KN
3.Force F3 acting at centre of slab at story-3
F1=Cf x Pd x b x h
Where
Cf=1.25
Pd=0.763
b=25
h=5
F1=71.53 kN

4.Force F4 acting at centre of slab at story-4

F1=Cf x Pd x b x h
Where
Cf=1.25
Pd=0.826
b=25
h=5
F1=77.43 kN

Similarly wind Forces along –ve x-direction WL-X

F1=-31.5 kN
F2=-63 kN
F4=-71.53 kN
F4=-77.438 kN

b. Wind forces along positive y-direction WL+Y:

Let in this Case Longer Direction be a=25m

Shorter Direction be b=42m
Height Of Building above ground h=20m
Story-1 h1=5m
Story-2 h2=5m
Story-3 h3=5m
Story-4 h4=5m

F=Cf x Pd x b x heff
1. heff=(0+h1)/2
2. heff=( h1+h2)/2
3. heff=( h2+h3)/2

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 4. heff=( h3+h4)/2
a/b=0.536
h/b=0.714

The value of Cf from the graph taken as Cf=1.25

b. Wind forces along positive x-direction WL+ve Y:

1.Force F1 acting at center of slab at story-1

F1=Cf x Pd x b x h
Where
Cf=1.25
Pd=0.672
b=25
h=2.5
F1=58.8 kN

2.Force F2 acting at center of slab at story-2

F1=Cf x Pd x b x h
Where
Cf=1
Pd=0.672
b=25
h=5
F1=94.08 KN

3.Force F3 acting at center of slab at story-3

F1=Cf x Pd x b x h
Where
Cf=1
Pd=0.763
b=25
h=5
F1=106.82 kN

4.Force F4 acting at centre of slab at story-4

F1=Cf x Pd x b x h
Where
Cf=1
Pd=0.826
b=25
h=5
F1=115.64 kN

Similarly wind Forces along –ve y-direction WL-Y

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 53
 F1=-58.8 kN
F2=-94.08 kN
F4=-106.82 kN
F4=-115.64 kN

Summary of Wind Calculations:

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 54

5.9 Seismic Calculation Design:

As per IS 1893: 2016 Fig-1 shows the seismic zones of India and
therefore select the appropriate data as per the code

Seismic Zones of India

Seismic Zone Factor Values

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 55

Seismic Parameters

From IS 1893(PART-1): 2016

Zone factor (z) Seismic Zone-II Table-3 Clause 6.4.2 Z=0.10

Importance Factor(I) Table-8 Clause 7.2.3 I=1.5

Response Reduction Factor (R) Clause 6.4 R=5

Type of Soil (Fig.2 Type-III soft soil) TS=1

Damping Ratio Dmp=0.05m

Depth of foundation Dt=3

Calculation of Horizontal Seismic Coefficient:

For 4-story Building

Along X=direction

Base dimension along x – direction=42m

Height of Building H=22.5M

Translational time period Ta=0.075 X h0.75 (Clause 7.6.2 MRF building)

h=22.5

Ta=0.075 x h 0.75

Ta=0.775sec

From fig.2 of Sa/g Value for 0.77sec is 2.5

Horizontal Seismic Coefficient

Ah=[(2/3 x z/2) x (Sa/g)]/(R/I)

Z=0.10

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 56

 R=5

I=1.5
Sa/g=2.5
Ah=0.025
Calculation of Horizontal Seismic Coefficient:

For 4-story Building

Along y-direction

Base dimension along x – direction=25m

Height of Building H=22.5M

Translational time period Ta=0.075 X h0.75 (Clause 7.6.2 MRF building)

h=22.5

Ta=0.075 x h 0.75

Ta=0.775sec

From fig.2 of Sa/g Value for 0.77sec is 2.5

Horizontal Seismic Coefficient

Ah=[(2/3 x z/2) x (Sa/g)]/(R/I)

Therefore

Z=0.10

R=5

I=1.5

Sa/g=2.5

Ah=0.025

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 57

 CHAPTER-6

ANALYSIS DESIGN & MODELING USING ETABS-16

6.1 WORKING WITH ETABS:

6.1.1Welcome screen

This is the welcome screen of Etabs on left we will find option to open a new model below that
option we can open existing model and also recent model which we worked earlier.
On the right we find RESOURCES, TECH TIPS, WATCH AND LEARN
VIDEOS, MANUALS (Manuals can be accessed by just left clicking on it), KNOWLEDGE
BASE WEBSITE.

Fig. 6.1.1.a Welcome Screen Start Page

There is also another method in opening a new model. Under the file option we can open a new
model and also existing model. There is an import option in which all the various files like
Etabs.e2k Text file, Etabs eab file, Revit, structure. Exr file, dxf Architectural grids,
Stadd/strudl.std/.gte file.

Fig. 6.1.1.b Import file menu

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 58

6.1.2 DESIGN CODE
Concrete Design Code:
A large number of Indian Standard (IS) codes are available that are meant for virtually every
aspect of civil engineers in their educational or professional life. Civil engineers engaged in
construction activities of large projects usually have to refer to a good number of IS codes. In
CHAPTER-2 of this project I provided all the various Indian codes that are used and structures
are designed by the certified licensed engineers. Similarly, Etabs software also provided with all
such codes and gives the analysis results as per the Indian code.
We get a list showing all the Concrete Design Codes that are available in the Etabs
programme on the left is the name of Code that is available in Etabs programme and the Right is
the name of the country which that standard is used.

Fig. (6.1.2a) List of Concrete Design Code.

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 59

 Fig.6.1.2b Model Initialization-Steel design codes.
User can just left click on desired standard code and the program will design according to that
standard.
Steel Section Database:
In steel section database there are various options to understand these options further we will
move over to this table on left are the steel sections that are needed in etabs programme and on
the right is the name of the countries in which these steel sections are used.

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 60

 Fig. (6.1.2c) LIST OF STEEL SECTION DATABASE

Steel Design Code option is used for steel frame design and when advanced guidelines are
available it can also be used for composite beam design and steel connection design following is
the list showing all the available steel design codes that are available in etabs programme.

Fig.6.1.2d List of Steel Design Code

In model initialization window select user built in settings we get a list of all design steel codes
that are available in etabs to understand better see the below figure.

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 61

 Fig.6.1.2e Model Initialization- Steel Section Database

6.1.3 Unit System:

In model initialization window there are 3 options
• Use Saved User Default Settings
• Use Settings from a model file
• Use Built-in Settings with.
Unit system is available in use built-in settings with option.
Under Display Units we get 3 option-
• US Customary
• Metric SI
• Metric MKS
If we hover on (i) option we come to know all the units that are to be used in etabs programme.

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 62

 Fig.6.1.3 Display units

6.1.4 Grid Spacing:

After finalizing the options new model quick template will open. There are two types of grid
Dimensions (plan).
• Uniform Grid Spacing
• Custom Grid Spacing
On the right we will able to see the options
• Simple Story Data
• Custom Story Data
Uniform Grid Spacing:
Uniform Grid Spacing indicates that grids Drawn in etabs programme will have equal spacing
between all the grids this type of scenario will be although very uncommon in real building

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 63

modelling where distance between all grids are not usually same. If spacing between X-direction
& Y-direction is same uniform grid spacing can be used. On the right simple story data used in
this case (story height of all grids is same).

Fig.6.1.4 New Model Quick template

Custom Grid Spacing:

Custom Grid Spacing means distance between two grids either same or different where story
height can be any number all the story heights can be same.
Click on edit grid data we get this following window

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 64

 Fig.6.1.4b. Grid System Data.
Whenever entering data in grids “Click on Display Grid Data as Spacing” after entering the data
left click on Grid only option and click on ok a new will open showing X & Y axis’s plan view
on left and 3-D view on right.

Fig.6.1.4c GUI interface window

6.1.5 Defining Material Properties as Per IS CODE:
All the materials can be defined in etabs programme as per the code once the Dimensions of the
structural members are ready user can define accordingly different types of material such RCC
Material, Structural Steel Material, Rebar/Reinforcement Material.

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 65

EXAMPLE: Defining RCC Material
Go to Define → Material Properties → Add New Material
A New will open in this window select region as India Material type, we get options to select
various options such as steel, concrete, aluminum, cold formed, Rebar, Tendon etc. Depending
upon the type of work select the required option Etabs will design accordingly also select
standard as Indian and Grade depending upon designer what type of structure he is designing.

Reinforcing Section Properties:

Go to Define→ Section Properties→ Reinforcing Bar Sizes…
These are the bars as per the Indian Standards left click on Ok and Save the options.

Fig.6.1.5a Reinforcing Bar Sizes

6.1.6 Define Frame Materials:
Go to Define → Section Properties → Frame Sections
concrete frame property data window will open. In this there are some materials available by
default with properties that are always available in etabs programme.

Once we click on Add new property following window opens:

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 66

 Fig.6.1.6a Frame Property Shape Type
The following types of cross sections for Concrete Members can be designed. For Beams
Prismatic (Rectangular & Square), T-Shape for Column Prismatic (Rectangular, Circular &
Square) also I-Sections. Similarly, steel sections, Special sections, and Steel Composite Sections
can be designed by the designer.
Design Parameters:
The program Contains a number of parameters that are needed to perform design as per
IS:13920. It accepts all parameters that are needed to perform design as per IS:456-2000 over
and above it has some other parameters that are required only when design is performed as per
IS:13920. Default parameter values have been selected such that they are frequently used
numbers for conventional design requirements. These values may be changed to suit the
particular design being performed by these manual calculations contains a complete list of the
available parameters and their default values.
Supports:
Supports are specified as PINNED, FIXED or FIXED with different releases (known as FIXED
BUT). A pinned support has restraints against all translational movement and none against
rotational movement. In other words, a pinned support will have reactions for all forces but will
resist no moments. A fixed support has restraints against all directions of movement.
Translational and rotational springs can also be specified. The springs are represented in terms of
their spring constants. A translational spring constant is defined as the force to displace a support

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 67

joint one length unit in the specified global direction. Similarly, a rotational spring constant is
defined as the force to rotate the support joint one degree around the specified global direction.

Fig.6.1.6b Joint Restraints

6.1.7 Load Cases and Definitions:
Loads in a structure can be specified as joint load, member load, temperature load and fixed end
member load. ETABS can also generate the self-weight of the structure and use it as uniformly
distributed member loads in analysis. Any fraction of this self-weight can also be applied in any
desired direction.

Joint loads:

Joint loads, both forces and moments, may be applied to any free joint of a structure. These loads
act in the global coordinate system of the structure. Positive forces act in the positive coordinate
directions. Any number of loads may be applied on a single joint, in which case the loads will be
additive on that joint.

Member load:

Three types of member loads may be applied directly to a member of a structure. These loads are
uniformly distributed loads, concentrated loads, and linearly varying loads (including
trapezoidal). Uniform loads act on the full or partial length of a member. Concentrated loads act
at any intermediate, specified point. Linearly varying loads act over the full length of a member.
Trapezoidal linearly varying loads act over the full or partial length of a member. Trapezoidal

Department of Civil Engineering.CMRCET Page 68

loads are converted into a uniform load and several concentrated loads. Any number of loads
may be specified to act upon a member in any independent loading condition. Member loads can
be specified in the member coordinate system or the global coordinate system. Uniformly
distributed member loads provided in the global coordinate system may be specified to act along
the full or projected member length.

Area/floor load:

Many times, a floor (bound by X-Z plane) is subjected to a uniformly distributed load. It could
require a lot of work to calculate the member load for individual members in that floor.
However, with the AREA or FLOOR LOAD command, the user can specify the area loads (unit
load per unit square area) for members. The program will calculate the tributary area for these
members and provide the proper member loads. The Area Load is used for one-way distributions
and the Floor Load is used for two-way distributions.

Fig.6.1.7. Seismic Load Pattern

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Fixed end member load:

Load effects on a member may also be specified in terms of its fixed end loads. These loads are
given in terms of the member coordinate system and the directions are opposite to the actual load
on the member. Each end of a member can have six forces: axial; shear y; shear z; torsion;
moment y, and moment z.

Load Generator - Moving load, Wind & Seismic:

Load generation is the process of taking a load causing unit such as wind pressure, ground
movement or a truck on a bridge, and converting it to a form such as member load or a joint load
which can be then be used in the analysis.

Moving Load Generator:

This feature enables the user to generate moving loads on members of a structure. Moving load
system(s) consisting of concentrated loads at fixed specified distances in both directions on a
plane can be defined by the user. A user specified number of primary load cases will be
subsequently generated by the program and taken into consideration in analysis

Seismic Load Generator: [as per IS :1893-2016]

The ETABS seismic load generator follows the procedure of equivalent lateral load analysis. It is
assumed that the lateral loads will be exerted in X and Z directions and Y will be the direction of
the gravity loads. Thus, for a building model, Y axis will be perpendicular to the floors and point
upward (all Y joint coordinates positive). For load generation per the codes, the user is required
to provide seismic zone coefficients, importance factors, and soil characteristic parameters.
Instead of using the approximate code-based formulas to estimate the building period in a certain
direction, the program calculates the period using Raleigh quotient technique. This period is then
utilized to calculate seismic coefficient C. After the base shear is calculated from the appropriate
equation, it is distributed among the various levels and roof per the specifications. The
distributed base shears are subsequently applied as lateral loads on the structure. These loads
may then be utilized as normal load cases for analysis and design.

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Wind Load Generator: [as per IS:875(PART 3) -1987].

The Etabs Wind Load generator is capable of calculating wind loads on joints of a structure from
user specified wind intensities and exposure factors. Different wind intensities may be specified
for different height zones of the structure. Openings in the structure may be modeled using
exposure factors. An exposure factor is associated with each joint of the structure and is defined
as the fraction of the influence area on which the wind load acts. Built-in algorithms
automatically calculate the exposed area based on the areas bounded by members (plates and
solids are not considered), then calculates the wind loads from the intensity and exposure input
and distributes the loads as lateral joint loads.

6.1.8 Assigning Objects (Beams/Columns/Slabs):

Once the members are defined it is the responsibility of the user to draw the structural members
by going into Go to Draw option → Draw Beam/Column/brace objects → Quick draw (p,
ele.,3d).

Once the frame model is ready, we can apply frame loads.

Assigning Frame Loads (Point, Distributed, Trapezoidal Loads):

There are three types of frame loads that can be assigned to the modelled structured frame in
etabs programme to check behavior stability and other parameters.

Go to Assign → Frame Loads → Point load, Distributed load, Temperature Load.

Fig.6.1.8a Temperature load

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Joint Loads:

Joint Loads both forces and moments, may be applied to any free joint of a structure. These loads
act in global coordinate system of the structure. Positive forces act in the positive coordinate
directions. Any number of loads may be applied on a single joint, in which case the loads will be
additive on that joint.

Fig.6.1.8b Group Displacement tool

Checking Model:
Etabs has an option we can analyze and check the model, after the complete process of defining
materials, load definitions & combinations.
Go to Analyze → Check Model

Fig.6.1.8c Check Model

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Here etabs program check for Stability Requirements in which slenderness ratios are checked
Deflection as a criterion in the CODE CHECK and Member selection process, Earthquake
Collapse check as per the DESIGN CODE IS:1893-2016. If there is any instability it will be very
tedious to remove.

Run Analysis & Report:

Before running Analysis, the complete model should be assigned with P-Delta analysis and also
followed by meshing to Frames and Shells as per the requirements modelled by the designer.
• Go to Assign → Frame → Frame auto mesh options...
• Go to Assign → Frame → Frame floor meshing options
• Go to Assign → Shell → Floor auto mesh options
• Go to Assign → Shell → Wall auto mesh options
After assigning all the meshing options Check the Model again if no Instability error occurs
Later Run the Analysis.
Go to Analyze → Run Analysis

Fig.6.1.8d. Run Analysis

6.2 Brief Description of Project:
6.2.1 Physical Parameters of Building:
Before we Design and model any kind of Structural building It is very much necessary to
Study the set of all Architectural, & Structural drawings. We are usually provided with Plans &
Elevations to model check and analyze the behavior of structure in office.

Type of the project = Structural Analysis & Design of Commercial Building

Building Type = Commercial Building-Shopping Mall
Location = Hyderabad, Telangana(assumed)

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 Type of Slab = Two-way slab
Total Built-up Area = 1050 sq.-m. (assumed 42m x 25m)
Method of Analysis = Static Analysis (Linear)
Design Concept = Limit State Design

Material Properties of the structure:

Beam Sizes = 300mm x 500mm
Column Size = 300mm x 500mm
Slab Thickness = 225 mm
Number of stories = G+3
Height = 20m
Live Load = 5 kN/m² & 1.5 kN/m² (as per IS 875 part II-1987)
Dead Load = Self -weight of members (as per IS 875 part I-1987)
Seismic Load = Calculated as per IS 1893(part I) - 2016
Grade of Concrete and Steel:
Used M30 and Fe-415Steel

6.2.2 Proposed Plan View:

Fig 6.2.2a Proposed Sample Plan

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 Fig 6.2.2b Auto Cad Building Plan

6.3 Defining Structural Members:

Concrete Beams & Columns:
For defining Beam and Column members as per the IS CODE:456-2000
Go to Define → Material Properties → add new material
Select the following options Region – India
Material-Concrete
Standard – Indian
Grade – M30

Fig 6.3a Material Property Design Data

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 Fig 6.3b Stress vs Strain graph of M30 grade Concrete

Defining Rebar as per IS code:

Go to → Material Properties → add new Material

Select Material – Rebar

Grade – HYSD 415

Fig 6.3c Design Data of Rebar

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 Structural Steel:
Go to Define → Material Properties → add new material

Select Material Type as STEEL & Grade – Fe250

Fig 6.3d Design data of Steel

6.4 Generation of Member Property:
Generation of Member Property Can be done in ETABS by using the window as shown below.
The member section is selected and the dimensions have been specified.
Beam Section details = 300mm X 500mm

Grade of Concrete = M30

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 Fig.6.4a Frame section property data
Column Details:

Column Section = 300 X 500 mm

Modification Factors must be applied to beams and columns as per IS code.

Fig 6.4b Column Section with Modification Factors

Slab Design:
Go to Define → Section Properties → Slab Sections → add new property
Wall material = M30
Thickness = 180mm

Wall Design:
Go to Define → Section Properties → Wall Section → add new Material
6.5 Drawing and Assigning of Frames:

After defining the property, we draw the Structural Components Using Command Menu Draw
line for Beam for Beam and create Columns in the region to Create columns by which Property
Similarly Go to Draw menu select walls and slabs such that assigning is completed for all the
structural elements.

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 Fig 6.5 Assigned 3D & Plan views

6.6 Supports:

To Assign Supports to the Foundation we first go to Foundation to the View Select all the
Joints.

Go to Assign → Joint → Restraint→ Fixed support. (right click on any joint

to verify joint constraints)

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 Fig 6.6 Supports Info. (fixed)

6.7. Defining Loads & Combinations:

In Etabs all the load considerations are first defined and then Assigned these loads are defined by
Using Static Load cases command in Define menu

Go to Define → Load Pattern.

Fig.6.7 Defining Load Pattern

Dead loads:

After defining all the loads Dead loads are assumed for External walls, internal walls in stadd but
as in case of Etabs automatically these types of loadings are taken care by Software.

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Live Loads:

Live loads are Assigned for Entire Structure including floor finish.

Wind Loads:

Wind Loads are assigned for entire as per IS: 875Part 3-1987. Since the building modelled is
G+3 Building having total height less than 12m no need to assign wind loads & earthquake
loads.

Seismic Loads:

Seismic Loads are assigned as per the Indian Standard 1893-2016 by verifying all the necessary
factors regarding the site such as ZONE, SOILTYPE, AND RESPONSE REDUCTION factor in
X & Y direction. since our structure is of 3 floors no need to assign seismic loads.

Refer IS CODE 1893-2016:

Types of soils = Table-1 Clause (6.3.6.2)

Zone Factor (z) = Table-3 Clause (6.4.2)

Importance Factor = Table-8 Clause (7.2.3)

I = 1.5 for critical lifeline of structure.

I = 1.2 for Business Continuity Structure.

I = 1.0 for rest of Building.

Response reduction Factor (R) = Sa/g (clause 6.4).

NOTE: - If the Structures are Designed for Greater Heights these Results are Mandatory to
follow

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Load Combinations:

Load Combinations are defined as per IS: 875 (Part2) as per limit state Design of RCC
Structures by Following load combinations had done based on the type of use of the structure.

The load assumed to be produced by the intended use of occupancy of structure Including the
weight of movable partitions, Distributed, Concentrated Loads, loads due to Impact and
vibration. The Principal Occupancy for which a Building or a part of Building i.e. used or
Intended to be used for the purpose of Classification of Building.

Refer IS: 875PART2

CLAUSE =2.2.1 to 2.2.8.

Clause = 3.2.1

Table = 1

6.8 Check model & Run Analysis:

After Completing the Step of Assigning, Defining, member Property, Frame properties,
Load Definitions, Load Combinations etc. check the model for any Instability Errors. If
there are any Errors it is quite Tedious to remove errors. Once the structure is from errors
RUN Analysis

Fig 6.8 Check Model for Instability Errors

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6.9 Views of Structure:

Plan Views:

Fig 6.9 a Proposed Plan Views

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Structural Frame View:

Fig 6.9b Isometric view & 3d Rendered View

Fig 6.9c Deformed View due to Dead Load

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 CHAPTER-7

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Analysis Results from Etabs:

After the completion of assigning, the model is then checked for any errors as stated above in
chapter 6.8. Then the analysis is to be run by clicking on ‘Run Analysis’.

Fig 7.1 Basic Stability Check

This check is the basic stability check for stability. After the completion of the analysis, this
analysis report log is shown

Fig 7.2 Analysis Complete report log

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Concrete Design/Check:

The concrete structural elements are then checked using the option of ‘Run Design/Check’.

Fig 7.3 Reinforcement check of concrete members

The figure above shows that all the concrete members in this model passed the design check
according to IS 456:2000.

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 Fig 7.4 Beam Reinforcement Details (Longitudinal)

Fig 7.5 Column & Beam Reinforcement Details (Longitudinal)

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Due to huge output results, a sample of a beam report and a column report are shown below:
Beam Result report:
ETABS 2016 Concrete Frame Design
IS 456:2000 Beam Section Design

Beam Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Lock Length (mm) LLRF
Story3 B56 207 BEAM 300 X 500 UDCon38 150 5000 1

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) bf (mm) ds (mm) dct (mm) dcb (mm)
300 500 300 0 35 35

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
27386.13 30 1 415 415

Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Factored Forces and Moments

Factored Factored Factored Factored
Mu3 Tu Vu2 Pu
kN-m kN-m kN kN
-62.2431 17.4751 55.204 0

Design Moments, Mu3 & Mt

Factored Factored Positive Negative
Moment Mt Moment Moment
kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
-62.2431 27.4119 0 -89.655

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 Design Moment and Flexural Reinforcement for Moment, M u3 & Tu
Design Design -Moment +Moment Minimum Required
-Moment +Moment Rebar Rebar Rebar Rebar
kN-m kN-m mm² mm² mm² mm²
Top (+2 Axis) -89.655 567 0 567 475
Bottom (-2 Axis) 0 283 0 0 283

Shear Force and Reinforcement for Shear, Vu2 & Tu

Shear Ve Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
90.2266 62.942 120.485 50.2362 718.01

Torsion Force and Torsion Reinforcement for Torsion, T u & VU2

Tu Vu Core b1 Core d1 Rebar Asvt /s
kN-m kN Mm mm mm²/m
17.4751 55.204 250 450 566.42

Column Result Report:

ETABS 2016 Concrete Frame Design

IS 456:2000 Column Section Design

Column Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
TOF C30 115 COLUMN 300 X 500 UDCon23 2500 3000 0.6

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) dc (mm) Cover (Torsion) (mm)
300 500 60 30

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
27386.13 30 1 415 415

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 Design Code Parameters
ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For Pu , Mu2 , Mu3

Design Pu Design Mu2 Design Mu3 Minimum M2 Minimum M3 Rebar Area Rebar %
kN kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m mm² %
1199.9203 1.775 -25.9983 23.9984 25.9983 1200 0.8

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Factors

K Factor Length Initial Moment Additional Moment Minimum Moment
Unitless mm kN-m kN-m kN-m
Major Bend(M3) 0.771768 2500 -1.035 0 25.9983
Minor Bend(M2) 1 2500 0.71 0 23.9984

Shear Design for Vu2 , Vu3

Shear Vu Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s

kN kN kN kN mm²/m
Major, Vu2 1.7746 101.9186 52.8002 70.1831 332.53
Minor, Vu3 1.252 96.1587 48.0004 63.0489 554.22

Joint Shear Check/Design

Joint Shear Shear Shear Shear Joint Shear

Force VTop Vu,Tot Vc Area Ratio
kN kN kN kN cm² Unitless

Major Shear, Vu2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Minor Shear, Vu3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

(1.1) Beam/Column Capacity Ratio

Major Ratio Minor Ratio
N/A N/A

Additional Moment Reduction Factor k (IS 39.7.1.1)

Ag Asc Puz Pb Pu k
cm² cm² kN kN kN Unitless
1500 14.3 2469.4913 944.9647 1199.9203 0.832764

Additional Moment (IS 39.7.1) (Part 1 of 2)

Consider Length Section KL/Depth KL/Depth KL/Depth
Ma Factor Depth (mm) Ratio Limit Exceeded
Major Bending (M3 ) Yes 0.833 500 3.859 12 No
Minor Bending (M2 ) Yes 0.833 300 8.333 12 No

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 Additional Moment (IS 39.7.1) (Part 2 of 2)
Ma
Moment (kN-m)
0
0

Notes:
N/A: Not Applicable
N/C: Not Calculated
N/N: Not Needed

We can see that the sample results almost match with the manual results.

SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS:

Shear Force Diagram:

Fig 7.6 Shear Force Diagram under condition UDCond1

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Bending Moment Diagram:

Fig 7.7 Bending Moment Diagram under condition UDCond1

Fig 7.8 Diagram for Beam B18

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 Fig 7.9 Diagram for Column C38

Therefore, the above results are obtained.

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 CHAPTER-8

CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER SCOPE OF STUDY

1) This project is mainly concentrated with the analysis and design of multi-storied
commercial building with all possible cases of the load combinations as per IS Code
using ETABS-2016 meeting the design challenges are described in conceptual way.
2) To understand the Basic principles of structures by Understanding the standard Indian
code. The scope of the study is to Produce good Structural work for performing Analysis
and Design for commercial structures.
3) This facilities for the implementations of more effective & professional engineering
software
4) Further in case of rectification it is simple to change the values at the place where error
occurred and the obtained results are generated in the output.
5) ETABS is an advanced software which provides us a fast, efficient, easy to use and
accurate platform for analyzing and designing structures
6) The structure is Designed based on the Etabs, and the theory of limit state method which
provides which provide adequate strength, Serviceability, and Durability besides
economy. If any beam fails the dimensions of beam and column should be changed and
reinforcement detailing can be produced.

Further Scope of Study:

1. Analysis and Design can be done for the same building by increasing the number of
stories.
2. The same building can further be modelled in Revit Architecture for Architectural
and Aesthetic looks.

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 REFERENCES

• IS: 875 (Part 1) – 1987 for Dead Loads, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design
Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures, Bureau of Indian
Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.
• IS: 875 (Part 2) – 1987 for Imposed Loads, Indian Standard Code of Practice for
Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures, Bureau of Indian
Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.
• IS: 875 (Part 3) – 2015 for Wind Loads, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design
Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures, Bureau of Indian
Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.
• IS: 875 (Part 5) – 1987 for Special Loads and Combinations, Indian Standard Code of
Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures, Bureau
of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.
• IS 1893 (Part 1)-2016, Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures, (Part 1-General Provisions and Buildings), Bureau of Indian Standards,
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.
• IS 456-2000, Indian standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (fourth
revision), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, July 2000.
• SP: 16-1980, Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS: 456, Bureau of Indian standards,
New Delhi, 1980.
• SP: 34-1987, Hand Book of Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, 1987.
• Pilli, S.U. And Menon. D, “Reinforced concrete design”, Second edition, Tata Mc Graw
Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2003.
• Jain, A.K. “Reinforced Concrete – Limit State Design”, Sixth edition, New Chand &
Bros, Roorkee, 2002.

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