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PS08 3

This document outlines 5 problems related to foundations in quantum optics for a university physics problem set. The problems cover topics like polarization changers, reflections using a Mooney rhomb, x-ray mirrors, and deriving the thick lens formula using ray matrix methods. The document provides relevant equations, diagrams, and references to help understand and solve each problem.

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23 views

PS08 3

This document outlines 5 problems related to foundations in quantum optics for a university physics problem set. The problems cover topics like polarization changers, reflections using a Mooney rhomb, x-ray mirrors, and deriving the thick lens formula using ray matrix methods. The document provides relevant equations, diagrams, and references to help understand and solve each problem.

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Foundations in Quantum Optics – Modern Optics

PHY485/1485F
University of Toronto
Problem Set #3

4 November 2008 due: 18 November 2008

1. Polarization changers
a) Hecht Q 8.48
b) Hecht Q 8.65

2. Reflections
a) Hecht Q 4.55
b) Hecht Q 4.56
c) Hecht Q 4.61

3. Mooney rhomb
At right is a diagram of a Mooney rhomb, which is used to produce
circularly polarized light, following relative phase changes produced by
total internal reflection. Take an index of refraction n=1.65 for the glass of
this rhomb. Show that the apex angle A of should be designed to be about
60 degrees. You may find some interest (this is not a hint) in this paper:
http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1464-4258/6/4/020/joa4_4_020.pdf

4. X-ray mirrors— Certain kinds of microscope work in


the x-ray range by using grazing-incidence mirrors.
The figure at right shows a basic Kirkpatrick-Baez
microscope together with a variant that increases
collection efficiency.
These depend on the dielectric function of a metal:
ε (ω ) ω 2p
= 1− 2
ε0 ω + iω v
where ω is the frequency of light or x-rays, ωp is the plasma frequency:
N e e2
ωp =
m εo
and ν is the collision frequency of electrons in the metal. Ne is the electron density, e is the charge
of an electron, and m is the mass of an electron. Typical plasma frequencies in a metal are roughly
15 –1
10 s , around the frequency of visible and near-ultraviolet; typical collision frequencies are on
15 –1
the order of 10 s , about the same as infrared light.
The Fresnel formulae we derived in class still applies, although the index of refraction and
transmitted angles become complex-valued (Ref: Fowles § 6.6).
[question continues on next page…]

1
a) Show that for electromagnetic radiation above a certain frequency, it becomes possible to
produce something approximating total internal reflection on going from vacuum into a metal, i.e.,
that though the metal is more dense physically, it is less dense optically. Note that absorption
makes this imperfect (how imperfect?).
b) For x-rays of energy 10 keV, what angle of incidence is necessary to make a good reflector of
the type above?
c) At what angle should a flat metal mirror be set in order to reflect only extreme-ultraviolet
radiation of energy below 50eV? This can be used to make a sort of low-pass filter.
Formation of Optical Images by X-rays, Journal of the Optic Society of America, 38 (1948)
766, P. Kirkpatrick and A. V. Baez
[NB: be prepared to approximate equations appropriately, using series expansions, or to solve by
computer-plotting.]

5. Thick lens formula


In class, we determined the focal length of a very thin lens, assuming its thickness was essentially
zero. Show using ray matrix methods that the focal length of a lens of thickness d is:
1 ⎧1 1 ( n − 1) d ⎫
= ( n − 1) ⎨ − + ⎬
f ⎩ R1 R2 nR1 R2 ⎭
Show that the A, B, and D elements of the ray matrix are also not their ideal values of 1, 0, and 1.

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