UNIT-3

What is IoT Framework?

Normally, when large data is being generated and transmitted across a number of devices,
there has to be a specific point where everything is collected and combined.

This specific point is very essential in a network, as it combines all data, making it possible to
understand the data being generated.

However, the smooth transmission and generation of data don’t just happen. Rather, it is
usually made possible by the Internet of Things Framework, (IoT framework). So, just what
is IoT framework?

The Internet of Things (IoT) Framework can be described as being an ecosystem, comprising
of several connected devices that communicate with each other, over the Internet. These
connected devices usually work to transfer and sense data over the Internet, while requiring
very little human intervention.

The IoT framework is what makes it possible for the connected devices to have smooth
communication over the Internet. It is no wonder, then, that it is referred to as the ‘Internet of
Things’ framework, or in other words, the framework that facilitates the interaction of
‘Things’ (devices) over the Internet.

Top 10 Open Source IoT Frameworks

1) KAA IoT
This particular IoT framework open source is most popular for its efficiency and the ‘rich’
services it offers. The KAA IoT is a cloud platform that allows the users to materialize and
implement all the smart product concepts that they may be having.
2) MACCHINA.io

The MACCHINA.io open source can support a large number of different sensors, as well as
connection technologies. It also facilitates a JavaScript and C++ environment that is not only
web-enabled, but that is also extensible. Such an environment makes it easier to develop
different IoT gateway applications.

A good example of the application of the MACCHINA.io IoT framework open source is in
the building of smart homes and home automation systems. In the construction of smart
homes, this open-source is used for the development and deployment of device software for
smart sensors and other automotive telematics.

3) ZETTA

The ZETTA open source is more of a server-oriented platform. This means that its
construction is mainly developed around the REST, NodeJS, as well as the reactive
programming philosophy that is usually based on flow. This philosophy tends to be linked
with the Siren hypermedia APIs, which are later on abstracted as REST APIs.

4) GE PREDIX

The GE PREDIX open-source framework is mainly built around the concept of cloud
foundry. Despite the fact that this IoT framework open source was developed for the internal
operations of the GE, it has now become one of the most popular and successful IoT
platforms available.

The GE PREDIX open source allows for a user to efficiently manage assets, ensure the
security and real-time of connected devices, as well as facilitate the acquisition, storage and
access of large chunks of data.

5) ThingSpeak

ThingSpeak framework makes it possible for the users to not only analyze but also visualize
data in MATLAB. The fact that this particular open source IoT framework does this
eliminates any need for the user to buy a license for performing such services.
With the ThingSpeak open source, the collection and storage of sensor data is made possible,
even in private channels. Furthermore, this open-source allows for the sharing of sensor data
in public channels.

The most common uses for ThingSpeak open-source framework are providing alerts, tracking
specific locations and sensor logging.

6) DeviceHive

The DeviceHive is a free open source IoT framework. The package includes two deployment
options; Docker and Kubernetes. After downloading this open-source framework, the user
can use it with either a private or a public cloud. It can be changed very easily and is designed
with its main focus being the analysis of big data.

DeviceHive open source makes it possible for the user to run batch analysis, as well as
machine learning that exceeds the device’s information and data. It supports a variety of
libraries, with the most common libraries supported being Android and iOS. Some client
libraries are also supported by open-source, such as Python and Java.

7) Distributed Services Architecture

Like the name implies, the Distributed Services Architecture open-source functions to bring
together all the separate devices, applications and services, which are distributed in the given
data model. This open-source can be described as being a community library, which links the
translation of protocols and integration of data to the data sources of third parties.
The main advantage of the Distributed Services Architecture is that it is lightweight, which
makes it more flexible and easier to use. It also includes a hardware integration support built
into the system.

8) Arduino

Arduino is one of the most recommended IoT framework open source, especially if you
intend to own a computer that perceives and has strong control over the world.

The Arduino open source is a combination of both the hardware and software systems of IoT,
which makes it very simple and easy to use.

The operation of the Arduino open-source is facilitated by several hardware specifications,

that are usually applied by the interactive electronics.

9) Node-RED

The Node-Red open source works as a visual tool that functions to wire together all the
connected hardware devices, services, as well as APIs. This open-source IoT framework
usually does the wiring in new and unique ways than other open-source frameworks.
Node-Red open source is developed around Node.js. it can work on Raspberry Pi, as well as
on other 60,000 different modules.

10) Flutter

The Flutter open-source framework is a processor core, that can be easily programmed for
different electronic projects. The fact that this IoT framework open source is programmable
makes it very popular among students and engineers.
The board of the Flutter open source is based on Arduino and is designed with a very
powerful wireless transmitter. Since flutter boards make fast interactions with each other, this
eliminates the need for a router. This open-source is also very simple and easy to use, which
makes it very convenient.

Device integration
Integration means making independently designed applications and data work well together.
IoT integration means making the mix of new IoT devices, IoT data, IoT platforms and IoT
applications — combined with IT assets (business applications, legacy data, mobile, and
SaaS) — work well together in the context of implementing end-to-end IoT business
solutions. The IoT integration market is defined as the set of IoT integration capabilities that
IoT project implementers need to successfully integrate end-to-end IoT business solutions.
What is authentication and authorization?

Authentication is the process of device identification, while authorization provides

permissions. IoT devices use these processes to do role-based access control and ensure that
devices only have access and permission to do exactly what they need. Only authorized
devices can interact with other devices, applications, cloud accounts and gateways.

Understand 3 types of authentication and authorization models

Security falls into two main categories: distributed and centralized. In the distributed model,
devices store certificates and identities and validate authorization.

Distributed one-way authentication. Whenever two devices decide to connect, such as an

IoT sensor and gateway, the protocol dictates that only one device authenticates itself to the
other, and the second device is not authenticated. One device registers as valid with the
second device through a password hash or digital certificate. When the first device tries to
connect, the second device checks the password or certificate and compares it to the stored
information. If the information matches, the device authorizes the connection.

One-way authentication works best for devices that only connect to one other device. These
devices still need security mechanisms, but don't require constant monitoring.

Distributed two-way authentication. Also known as mutual authentication, this protocol is

used when both devices authenticate each other before they communicate. Each device must
have a unique digital identity stored for the other device and then compare identities. The
devices can only connect when the first device trusts the second device's digital certificate
and vice versa. The Transport Layer Security protocol exchanges and compares certifications.

Online e-commerce transactions and highly sensitive data transmissions typically use this
protocol.

Centralized three-way authentication. In this approach, an admin registers the devices with
a central authority or server and associates the devices with valid digital certificates. The
central authority facilitates the secure handshake between the two devices that wish to
communicate. In three-way authentication, the security certificates aren't stored on the
devices and can't be stolen by criminals, yet the devices still have strong security.

This approach works best for always-connected devices or ones with on-demand internet
access because it eliminates any authentication delay. A certificate and key lifecycle
management service can manage the certificates centrally and connect to any device on a
network that needs verification.