Needs Analysis for

Mountain Search
and Rescue
Michelle Conolly, MSc, CSCS,1 Craig Elder, PhD, ATC, CSCS, CSPS,2 and
Jay Dawes, PhD, CSCS*D, NSCA-CPT*D, FNSCA2
1
University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO; and 2Department of Health Sciences, University of Colorado,
Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/nsca-scj by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AWnYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC1y0abggQZXdtwnfKZBYtws= on 04/28/2022

Colorado Springs, CO

ABSTRACT In order to save lives from incidents in overhead capacity, which refers to peo-
the backcountry, Mountain Search ple who work on a mission, but in
INDIVIDUALS BELONGING TO
and Rescue (MSAR) teams consist of a nonfielding capacity such as com-
MOUNTAIN SEARCH AND RESCUE
occupational athletes required to dem- mand positions or radio operations.
TEAMS ARE REQUIRED TO DEM- onstrate proficiencies in diverse wilder- Moderate duties are characterized by
ONSTRATE PROFICIENCY IN ness environments including technical lengthy weight load carriage and mate-
TECHNICAL ROCK RESCUE, WIL- rock and snow/ice. Very few studies rial handling, usually between 11 and
DERNESS SEARCH, AND SNOW/ address the physical demands for moun- 22 kg, where the individual sets the
ICE OPERATIONS TO SAVE LIVES tain rescue (MR) scenarios. Conse- pace. In contrast, arduous duties
FROM INCIDENTS IN THE BACK- quently, to develop a scientific- and require material handling of more than
COUNTRY. IN MOST CASES, A evidence-based training program for 22 kg in poor environmental condi-
HIGH LEVEL OF FITNESS IS MSAR, group data must be extrapolated tions, where the pace of activity is
REQUIRED TO SUCCESSFULLY from other groups of tactical athletes strenuous because of an emergency sit-
PERFORM THESE TASKS. THE with similar job tasks. An occupational uation (38). MR work has several
PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO analysis was conducted (Table) to iden- defining characteristics. Ground evac-
PROVIDE THE READER WITH tify individual fitness measures. Many of uations from mountainous areas are
INFORMATION REGARDING THE these fitness measures possess common- often strenuous and prolonged (6).
ESSENTIAL JOB TASKS, AS WELL alities with other tactical athletes; for These operations require a great deal
AS THE FITNESS AND PERFOR- instance, army dismounted combat of muscular and cardiovascular endur-
MANCE NEEDS FOR THIS GROUP trades, wildland firefighters, and inter- ance. Injured subjects are typically
OF OCCUPATIONAL ATHLETES. agency hotshot crew (IHC) firefighters removed by way of a litter, which is
are comparable because of the occupa- balanced and manipulated on a wheel
tional requirement of sustained weight or on belay with support from other
load carriage in wilderness terrain. In MSAR members (Figure). Litter loads
INTRODUCTION addition to drawing inferences from can exceed 100 kg (1). These tasks
he ultimate goal of any search

T
the literature, personal observations require muscular strength, balance,
and rescue (SAR) operation is related to the specific biomechanics and agility to maneuver and manipu-
the preservation of human life. and physiological demands requisite to late a load while traversing across
The exact structure and organization be successful in a given task are also unstable and uneven terrain. If on belay
of SAR units varies internationally. essential for developing programs to or rappel, the suspended individual
Many ground SAR teams, including enhance occupational performance. must maintain an upright posture in
those in the United States, Canada, a 1/2 to 3/4 squat position while wear-
and England, are composed entirely ing a pack weighing on average 17% of
of volunteers. Although there are sim- PHYSICAL DEMANDS
ilarities between international ground As defined by the National Park KEY WORDS:
SAR teams, each team requires spe- Service (NPS), SAR positions fall into tactical athlete; search and rescue;
cialized training and equipment that a light, moderate, or arduous physical altitude; occupational fitness; occupa-
may be largely dictated by the environ- fitness category (38). The light tional strength and conditioning
ment and geography. category best describes work in an

Copyright Ó National Strength and Conditioning Association Strength and Conditioning Journal | www.nsca-scj.com 35
Needs Analysis for Mountain Search and Rescue

Table
MSAR occupational analysis and individual fitness measures

Task Requirements Individual fitness measure

Prolonged hiking with loaded backpack Muscular strength, muscular endurance, trunk stability, Weight load carriage
(30–50 lbs), helmet, and harness in cardiovascular endurance, excellent to superior
mountainous terrain V̇O2max, high AT threshold Cardiovascular fitness
Sustainable fitness
Perform high-intensity work at high Excellent to superior V̇O2max Cardiovascular fitness
altitude
Occasional fast-paced movement where Excellent to superior V̇O2max, high AT threshold Cardiovascular fitness
tempo is set by emergency situation
Perform under adverse environmental Mental resilience Mental resilience
conditions
Navigate obstacles Trunk stability, balance, agility, muscular strength, Navigate obstacles
muscular endurance, muscular power, excellent to
superior V̇O2max Cardiovascular fitness

Traverse unstable and uneven terrain Trunk stability, balance, agility, muscular power Weight load carriage
Navigate obstacles
Litter carry Trunk stability, balance, agility, muscular strength, Weight load carriage
muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance,
isometric muscular strength Navigate obstacles
Cardiovascular fitness
Material handling
MSAR-specific movement
Scree evacuation Maintain posture, isometric muscular strength, muscular MSAR-specific movement
endurance, trunk stability, balance
High angle litter team Maintain posture, isometric muscular strength, muscular MSAR-specific movement
strength and endurance, trunk stability, balance
Material handling
Tag line—haul team Muscular strength, muscular endurance, trunk stability, Weight load carriage
excellent to superior V̇O2max, high AT threshold
Cardiovascular fitness
MSAR-specific movement
Tag line—brake Muscular strength, muscular endurance, trunk stability, Weight load carriage
excellent to superior V̇O2max, high AT threshold,
agility, dynamic balance Navigate obstacles
Cardiovascular fitness
MSAR-specific movement
Rappel/belay with pack Maintain posture, isometric muscular strength, trunk MSAR-specific movement
stability, balance, agility
Tying and dressing knots Grip strength Grip strength
Providing medical and building systems Muscular strength, muscular endurance, trunk stability, MSAR-specific movement
with/without pack on uneven terrain dynamic balance
Lift 11–22 kg Muscular strength Material handling
Hand carrying equipment (i.e., O2 bottle) Muscular endurance Material handling

36 VOLUME 37 | NUMBER 4 | AUGUST 2015

 Wildland Fire Pack Test or tests for
NPS law enforcement, dive program,
and open water lifeguard. Subse-
quently, it is the authors’ opinion that
selection criteria for SAR may include
the use of general fitness assessments,
demonstrating the ability to perform
certain occupational tasks, physical
ability tests (PATs) and courses, or
a combination of these methods.
The Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) recommends that
wilderness search and/or rescue tech-
nicians meet minimum baseline
physical fitness standards as chosen
by the agency having authority,
such as the Mountain Rescue Associa-
tion, National Wildfire Coordinating
Figure. Mountain rescue scenario with litter on belay. Group (NWCG), or National Incident
Management System (NIMS) stand-
ards, to participate in the NIMS Inte-
body mass (1). These tasks require indi- COMMON INJURIES gration Center’s National Emergency
viduals on MSAR teams to possess In a 30-year longitudinal study by Responder Credentialing System (35).
a great deal of muscular endurance in Iserson (5), it was discovered that the Mountain Rescue Association person-
the trunk and extremities to perform most common injuries among MSAR nel guidelines policy 105.1 states that
effectively during an extended operation. personnel were acute musculoskeletal member teams maintain some type of
injuries, such as sprains and strains to recurring physical fitness requirement
Callender et al. (1) examined the car-
the lower body. Many rescuers suffer but not a specific test (21). The NWCG
diovascular demands of MSAR work
from significant mental and emotional requires personal performing duties
through laboratory testing and a simu-
stress, especially those that have been that require above average endurance
lated mission. The volunteers were all
involved in multiple stressful events to successfully complete the “Arduous”
MR team members recruited from
(6). Consequently, MSAR personnel level Work Capacity Test (Pack Test).
2 teams in England. The average
tend to experience a high risk of burn- To pass this test, candidates must hike
V̇ O2max of the male MSAR volunteers
out (6). Not only is this a significant a distance of 4.8 km while carrying
(average age: 46 years) was 53
issue for the rescuer but also the organi- a 20-kg pack within 45 minutes (25).
mL$kg$21min21. The simulated mis-
zation that has spent significant time The NIMS resource typing requires
sion was a call-out with litter carry
and resources training these individuals. type IV MSAR workers demonstrate
(2.96 km 1 way, elevation gain 457.2
the ability to maneuver mountainous
m starting from 74 m above sea level),
terrain, and backpack personal equip-
where 82% of the 56-minute ascent SEARCH AND RESCUE FITNESS
ment, plus 1 rope, at least 4 miles with
was performed above the respiratory STANDARDS
an elevation gain of at least 609 m (36).
compensation point. Descent with The physical demands of MSAR, as
the stretcher took 58 minutes with only well as the risk of injury, indicate that The Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office
6% above the respiratory compensa- fielding personnel should strive to Mountain Rescue/Central AZ Moun-
tion point. Therefore, the greatest car- maintain a high level of physical tain Rescue Association (MCSOMR/
diovascular demand during MSAR fitness. As with many physically CAMRA) requires applicants and team
missions occurs while ascending with demanding occupations, MSAR team members to perform a special MR-
a pack. This indicates a need to train members are generally required to pass specific PAT. This PAT consists of first
for and maintain superior cardiorespi- a fitness test, or battery of tests, to carrying a rescue pack (minimum 15 kg
ratory fitness, load carriage capability, demonstrate occupational readiness. plus 2.96 L of water) a nonspecified pre-
and ability for prolonged uphill hiking The NPS states that “medical and fit- determined distance followed by a sim-
to reduce the time required to reach ness standards have not been estab- ulated litter carry while wearing a pack
and evacuate injured subjects. The high lished or validated for SAR positions” (litter weight, approximately 19 kg) cov-
physical demand over extended peri- (38) but that good fitness levels are ering a distance of 152.4 m without
ods of time as compared with other required. Acceptable tests for the dropping the weight, with both tasks
tactical athletes is also noteworthy. interim include the Federal Interagency completed within 90 minutes (19).

Strength and Conditioning Journal | www.nsca-scj.com 37

Needs Analysis for Mountain Search and Rescue

The fitness standard for IHC Opera- may be one of the best predictors of to a greater extent than women. On
tions (37) is a minimum of 1 hour of 3.2-km load carriage time at training average, highly active men experienced
fitness training, 5 days per week with loads of 14, 27, and 41 kg. Therefore, a decrease of 20 mL$kg21$min21 in
a focus on stretching, aerobic fitness, attaining and maintaining cardiovascular V̇ O2max in a simulated transition from
and strength building. To be an IHC fitness is essential for MSAR personal. 1499 to 4465 m (30). Many MR tasks
member, you must pass the work Sustainable fitness is a term commonly are considered to be strenuous physical
capacity test to the standard of the found in texts and studies examining work. For example, Narahara et al. (23)
appropriate individual sponsoring wildland fire and refers to the ability discovered that ratings of perceived
agency. The operations manual (37) to perform arduous work for periods exertion were significantly higher when
also recommends IHCs be able to longer than 8 hours. Continuous work performing CPR at altitude. Conse-
complete a 2.4-km run in 10:35 or less, is performed at the first lactate thresh- quently, a higher V̇ O2max may help off-
40 sit-ups in 60 seconds or less, 25 old (LT1), which is approximately 50% set the deleterious effects of altitude in
push-ups in 60 seconds or less, and of V̇ O2max. Training can improve both such situations.
a certain number of chin-ups according V̇ O2max (which will plateau) and the Tactical athletes often perform large
to individual body weight (.77 kg 5 4, amounts of running and are tested in
LT1 (which can continually improve).
61–76 kg 5 5, 49–60 kg 5 6, ,49 kg 5 aerobic capability by a maximum run
Improving LT1 reduces lactic acid
7) (24). of several kilometers. However, recent
accumulation resulting in a greater
As outlined in the Table, many MSAR work rate at the same level of fatigue. research has found that lower volumes
occupational tasks have individual fit- This fitness measure is often used to of continuous running (twice a week)
ness measures in common with other determine work output in physically supplemented with interval training,
tactical trades. These measures directly demanding occupations, such as wild- and movement drills can result in
relate to cardiovascular and sustainable land fire (34). Lankford et al. (17) found similar maximal effort run times as pro-
fitness, weight load carriage, obstacle that an individual’s sustainable fitness grams with twice the running volume.
navigation, material handling, grip level had a significant impact on self- These lower volume programs revealed
strength, and mental resilience. Because selected work rates during 9 days of a lower incidence of lower-body muscu-
the amount of research on MSAR is arduous wildland firefighting where loskeletal injury when compared with
limited at this time, we must draw in- work performed was strongly related continuous running programs (11).
ferences based on similar physically to ventilatory threshold (r 5 0.94). Rudzki also found that a load carriage
demanding occupations. Results from Gaskil et al. (2) reported IHC fire- training plan improved V̇ O2max at a sim-
research conducted on dismounted fighters with greater sustainable fitness, ilar rate as unloaded run training in young
combat trades, wildland firefighters, as measured by ventilatory threshold, male recruits when the load was progres-
IHC firefighters, and recreational back- performed more relative and absolute sively increased from 21.2 to 29 kg and
packers were carefully applied with con- work on a daily basis, and recovered walking speed was increased from 5 to 7.5
sideration of confounders (such as faster after multiple days of wildland km/h (33). This form of training may be
running volume, distance and total fire work. Ruby et al. (32) discovered more task specific and also potentially
amount of load carried, issued footwear, strong correlations between V̇ O2 peak reduce the risk of repetitive injuries.
and 1-sided repetitive movements). and faster load carriage and unloaded
hiking speed in wildland firefighters. WEIGHT LOAD CARRIAGE
CARDIOVASCULAR AND
SUSTAINABLE FITNESS Hendrickson et al. (3) found that Weight load carriage specifically re-
Cardiovascular and sustainable fitness
improved 3.2-km load carriage time quires excellent to superior V̇ O2max,
was correlated (r 5 0.50) with im- muscular strength, muscular endurance,
specifically requires excellent to supe-
provements in V̇ O2peak. and trunk stability (Table), whereas
rior V̇ O2max, a high anaerobic threshold
and cardiovascular endurance. Callender A major consideration for MSAR teams mobility may be negatively impacted
et al. (1) have reported the need for is the reduction in V̇ O2max at high alti- by carrying an external load (26).
MSAR personnel to operate for long tudes because of reduced availability of Pandorf et al. (28) indicated that transit
periods of time at a high cardiovascular oxygen. MSAR members may experi- time for female soldiers carrying a 27-kg
intensity. Typically, a greater V̇ O2max ence rapid environmental changes load resulted in 19% slower times than
is related to improved endurance perfor- when moving from lower to higher al- when carrying a 14-kg load. It has also
mance (1). Moreover, hiking uphill titudes. Once at altitude, these individ- been noted that military personnel
with a pack is classified as extremely uals are often required to perform tend to demonstrate significantly less
heavy physical work based on energy intense physical labor for extended du- postural control while wearing a back-
expenditure (.2.0 L per minute of rations. Thus, acute hypoxia is a major pack that is detrimental for balance (20).
oxygen) by the U.S. Department of concern for MSAR members. Peak V̇ O2 Terrain grade, load weight, and move-
Labor (34). In a study by Pandorf et al. decreases linearly with acute exposure ment speed increase the energy cost of
(28), it was discovered that V̇ O2max to increasing altitude, with men affected weight load marching (12). Furthermore,

38 VOLUME 37 | NUMBER 4 | AUGUST 2015

oxygen consumption and heart rate successfully decreased ruck time in trunk stability. Occupational tasks such
increase with increased weight load untrained or recreationally trained as a 1RM box lift (box with handles lifted
(31). V̇ O2max seems to be the most fre- men and women in comparison to from the floor to a 1.32-m platform) and
quent limiting factor in endurance weight resistance or aerobic training prob- a repetitive box lift (20.45-kg box lifted
carrying performance (4), although other lems with weight load carriage (10). from the floor to 1.32-m platform as
fitness aspects such as increased glyco- Additionally, when training to many times as possible in 10 minutes)
lytic energy production, poor muscular improve load carriage performance require strength and stamina in the
strength, or muscular endurance may and aerobic capacity, higher intensity upper-body musculature. Upper-body
have a negative impact (32). sessions may produce greater overall resistance training programs alone had
Upper-body strength may also be essen- improvements in V̇ O2max compared similar improvements to total body pro-
tial for maintaining postural control and with more frequent training sessions grams for occupational tasks as measured
movement efficiency during loaded and those of longer duration (27). by 1RM box lift and repetitive box lifts,
tasks (11,15). Although a well-designed High-intensity ruck marching pro- both to a height of 1.32 m (14). Improve-
duced an 8.6% improvement in ments in the repetitive lift and carry
and fitted pack can transfer 30% of the
V̇ O2max in 4 weeks where low- (20.5-kg boxes onto a 1.55-m platform in
pack load to the hips (16), the upper-
intensity ruck marching for 6 weeks 5 minutes) were correlated with increases
body musculature carries the majority
did not significantly improve V̇ O2max in muscular strength as reflected in the
of the load (9). In fact, several studies
(33). These findings indicate that 1RM test for squat (r 5 0.38) and
claim that resistance training that im-
weekly/biweekly loaded marches bench press (r 5 0.45) (3). Material
proves upper-body strength and endur-
may be beneficial when included as handling is performed by MSAR
ance may be more important for
part of a progressive MSAR fitness personnel in tasks such as lifting a litter,
improving load carriage performance
program. or when hand carrying or moving gear.
than improving lower-body strength
These studies indicate a need for resis-
and endurance (10,14). Therefore,
NAVIGATE OBSTACLES tance training programs that target lower
upper-body muscular endurance, partic-
Navigating obstacles specifically re- body, upper body, and trunk stability.
ularly for the postural muscles, is very
quires good trunk stability, balance, Untrained women typically have
important for MSAR personnel.
agility, cardiovascular fitness, muscular approximately 55% of the upper body
Concurrent aerobic endurance and resis- strength, and power. The time and 72% of the lower-body strength as
tance training has demonstrated positive required to successfully cross an obsta- compared with men (8). These gender
results for improving ruck time when cle is negatively impacted when carry- differences can be reduced with
load carriage marches were not included ing a load. Pandorf et al. (28) found resistance training, particularly with
in the training plan (12,15). Conversely, women performing an obstacle course programs that address upper-body
performing resistance or aerobic endur- (hurdles, zigzag run, and straight training (14). Knapik (8) found a pro-
ance training alone resulted in less signif- sprint) were 12–24% slower when per- gressive cardiovascular and resistance
icant and more inconsistent results (10). forming tasks with 27-kg load than training program performed over 14
In a review of load carriage performance, with a 14-kg load. Park and associates weeks significantly improved the mate-
it was discovered that the greatest im- (29) postulate that increased load car- rial handling capabilities of female sol-
provements in weight load marching riage may also increase the risk of trip- diers while rate of perceived exertion
were when progressive load carriage ping or falling while stepping over remained unchanged.
training was conducted once a week in obstacles that were designed to chal-
combination with aerobic and resistance lenge balance. Because trunk stability is GRIP STRENGTH
training performed a minimum of 3 an important component of dynamic Grip strength is essential for MSAR
times per week (10). Knapik et al. (7) balance, programs designed for MSAR teams to tighten knots and maintain
found that soldiers who marched 2 or should incorporate training that a prolonged hold on ropes or the litter.
4 times a month, in addition to perform- focuses on this area to enhance perfor- Grip strength is not a limiting factor in
ing endurance, interval, and calisthenics mance and reduce injury risk. Improv- carrying tasks unless the load is greater
training for 9 weeks could carry a 46-kg ing aerobic capacity may also enhance than 25 kg on each hand. Fatigue of the
load significantly faster for 20 km than one’s ability to successfully negotiate flexor mass and reduction of grip
soldiers who did not march, or marched obstacles. For instance, improving strength is more likely because of buildup
only once a month, in addition to other V̇ O2max resulted in significant de- of lactic acid (4). This indicates that train-
training. No significant differences in creases in obstacle course times among ing lactate tolerance may be more impor-
time to completion between those who recreationally active women (3). tant than training grip strength.
performed 2 or 4 marches per month
were found. Field-based training con- MATERIAL HANDLING MENTAL RESILIENCE
ducted 3 times a week, in addition to Material handling requires muscular Mental resilience is the ability to remain
a progressive weekly march, also strength and endurance, as well as good focused in adverse conditions. Long

Strength and Conditioning Journal | www.nsca-scj.com 39

Needs Analysis for Mountain Search and Rescue

duration load carriages may assist in Trunk strengthening should be per- job tasks required for these individuals
developing mental stamina for endur- formed using flexion, extension, and the greater the transfer would be to
ance tasks (2). Mahoney et al. (18) dis- rotational movement patterns through MSAR situations. Additionally, training
covered soldiers carrying a 40-kg load a wide variety of planes of movement. programs that include materials handling
experienced significant reductions in Disassociation between the lower and tasks may yield greater improvements in
cognitive focus after 30 minutes of per- upper body should also be taught as occupational performance with less
forming this task. Increased load carriage this is common for many tasks that training volume; however, these im-
demands of approximately 30% of an require the upper body to handle an provements may be task specific (8).
individual’s total body weight have also object and move in a different direction, This may not only yield performance
been found to negatively affect balance such as rotating, whereas the lower improvements but also reduce the risk
control and cognitive test performance extremity is moving in a different direc- of repetitive training injuries.
and cause more errors in decision mak- tion/plane of motion. For example, dur- Conflicts of Interest and Source of Funding:
ing in young ROTC cadets (20). ing a litter carry, it is occasionally The authors report no conflicts of interest
necessary to turn the upper body to and no source of funding.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION counter gravitational forces (especially
Training priorities for MSAR are (1) if downhill from the litter). Training
cardiovascular fitness, (2) core strength, trunk, or core, strength may also Michelle
(3) total body muscular endurance, and decrease the risk of injury. As the dura- Conolly is a for-
(4) power, speed, and agility. To tion of a task increases, degradation of mer member of
enhance sustainable fitness, it is recom- posture due to trunk musculature the EL Paso
mended that MSAR members engage fatigue produces a sustained anterior County Search
in a minimum of 3 days of aerobic train- force on the lower back created by re- and Rescue team
ing/week with resistance training on sisting the gravitational toque of a back- and graduate of the Master of Sciences in
alternate days. Weekly aerobic training pack (16). Sports Medicine from the University of
programs should include a long To maximize the transfer of training Colorado Colorado Springs.
duration/low-intensity day (45–60 mi- effect, selected exercises should mimic
nutes at 55–65% of V̇ O2max), short those preformed in the field in terms of
duration/high-intensity day (15–20 mi- dynamic correspondence (22). Consider- Craig Elder is an
nutes at 80–90% of V̇ O2max), and ing this, strength-endurance training is associate profes-
a moderate duration at moderate- vital for sustained weight load carriage sor and the
intensity day (30–40 minutes at and material-handling tasks performed graduate coordi-
70–80% of V̇ O2max). Job-related cross by MSAR personnel. These movements nator for Health
training may also be performed 1–2 require controlled deceleration and rapid Sciences at the
d/wk (34). Continuous training modes responses to avoid obstacles and other University of
such as running, backpacking, and hik- environmental hazards. For these rea- Colorado Colora-
ing should be considered as priority sons, slow accentuated eccentric loading do Springs.
activities for maximum transference of followed by explosive concentric muscle
cardiovascular gains. Interval training actions may be beneficial for reducing
targeting both fast glycolysis and oxida- injury and enhancing job performance. Jay Dawes is an
tive energy systems should also be Super-slow training may also be incorpo- assistant profes-
included. rated as an adjunct to traditional resis- sor of Strength
 Monday: Resistance training with and Conditioning
tance training. This form of training can
intervals. be used to increase the time under ten- in Health Scien-
 Tuesday: Continuous long-duration ces Department
sion of a specific muscle group (13),
cardio at low intensity. Weight load which may improve muscular endurance. at the University
carriage at least every second week of Colorado
(45 minutes at 55–65% of V̇ O2max). Colorado Springs.
 Wednesday: Continuous short- SUMMARY
duration (15–20 minutes) cardio at Performance in occupational tasks may
high intensity (80–90% of V̇ O2max). be significantly improved through the
 Thursday: Resistance training with implementation of generalized fitness
intervals. programs, in combination with job-
 Friday: Continuous moderate-duration specific task/training for MSAR person- REFERENCES
cardio (30–45 minutes) at medium nel (3). However, it is likely the more 1. Callender N, Ellerton J, and MacDonald JH.
intensity (70–80% of V̇ O2max). mechanically and metabolically similar Physiological demands of mountain rescue
 Saturday: Job-related cross training. the exercises selected are to the specific work. Emerg Med J 29: 753–757, 2012.

40 VOLUME 37 | NUMBER 4 | AUGUST 2015

 2. Gaskill SE, Ruby BC, Heil DP, Sharkey BJ, Training. Brown L, ed. Champaign, IL: 24. National Wildfire Coordinating Group.
Hansen K, and Lankford DE. Fitness, Human Kinetics, 2007. pp. 60–66. Fitness and Work Capacity, 2009 Edition,
workrates and fatigue during arduous 14. Kraemer WJ, Mazzetti SA, Nindl BC, PMS 304–2. Available at: http://www.
wildfire suppression. Med Sci Sports Exerc Gotshalk LA, Volek JS, Bush JA, Marx JO, nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/pms304-2.pdf.
34: S195, 2002. Dohi K, Gomez AL, Miles M, Fleck SJ, Accessed June 18, 2014.
3. Hendrickson NR, Sharp MA, Alemany JA, Newton RU, and Hakkinen K. Effect of 25. National Wildfire Coordinating Group.
Walker LA, Harman EA, Spiering BA, resistance training on women’s strength/ Work Capacity Test: Administrator’s
Hatfield DL, Yamamoto LM, Maresh CM, power and occupational performances. Guide, NFES 1109. Available at: http://
Kraemer WJ, and Nindl BC. Combined Med Sci Sports Exerc 33: 1011–1025, www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/PMS307.pdf.
resistance and endurance training 2000. Accessed December 18, 2013.
improves physical capacity and 26. Orr R. Load carriage for the tactical
15. Kraemer WJ, Vescovi JD, Volek JS,
performance on tactical occupational tasks. operator: Impacts and conditioning—A
Nindl BC, Newton RU, Patton JF,
Eur J Appl Physiol 109: 1197–1208, review. J Aust Strength Cond 20: 23–28,
Dziados JE, French DN, and Hakkinen K.
2010. 2012.
Effects of concurrent resistance and
4. Holviala J, Häkkinen A, Karavirta L, aerobic training on load-bearing 27. Orr RM, Pope R, Johnston V, and Coyle J.
Nyman K, Izquierdo M, Gorostiaga EM, performance and the army physical Load Carriage: Minimising soldier injuries
Avela J, Korhonen J, Knuutila V, Kraemer W, fitness test. Mil Med 169: 994–999, through physical conditioning—A narrative
and Hakkinen K. Effects of combined 2004. review. J Mil Veterans Health 18: 31–38,
strength and endurance training on 2012.
16. Lafiandra M and Harman E. The distribution
treadmill load carrying walking performance
of forces between the upper and lower 28. Pandorf CE, Harman E, Frykman PN,
in aging men. J Strength Cond Res 24:
back during load carriage. Med Sci Sports Patton JF, Mello RP, and Nindl BC.
1584–1595, 2010.
Exerc 36: 460–467, 2004. Correlates of load carriage and obstacle
5. Iserson K. Injuries to search and rescue performance among women. Work 18:
17. Lankford DE, Gaskill SE, Ruby BC,
volunteers a 30-year experience. West J 179–189, 2002.
Heil DP, and Sharkey BJ. Influence of
Med 151: 352–353, 1989.
submaximal vo2 at ventilatory threshold on 29. Park K, Hur P, Rosengren KS, Horn GP,
6. Johnson L. An introduction to mountain self-selected work rate during wildland and Hsiao-Wecksler ET. Effect of load
search and rescue. Emerg Med Clin North firefighting. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35: carriage on gait due to firefighting air bottle
Am 22: 511–524, 2004. S210, 2003. configuration. Ergonomics 53: 882–891,
7. Knapik J, Bahrke M, Staab J, Reynolds K, 18. Mahoney CR, Hirsch E, Hasselquis L, 2010.
and Vogel J. Frequency of Loaded Road Lesher LL, and Lieberman HR. The effects 30. Paterson DJ, Pinnington H, Pearce AR, and
March Training and Performance on of movement and physical exertion on Morton AR. Maximal exercise cardiorespiratory
a Loaded Road March. Natick, MA: U.S. soldier vigilance. Aviat Space Environ Med responses of men and women during acute
Army Research Institute of Environmental 78(5 Suppl): B51–B57, 2007. exposure to hypoxia. Aviat Space Environ
Medicine, 1990. Med 58: 243–247, 1986.
19. Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office Mountain
8. Knapik JJ. The influence of physical fitness Rescue, Central Arizona Mountain Rescue 31. Quesada PM, Mengelkoch LJ, Hale RC,
training on the manual material handling Association. Mountain rescue specific and Simon SR. Biomechanical and
capability of women. Appl Ergon 28: 339– physical ability test—Test standards. 2012. metabolic effects of varying backpack
345, 1997. loading on simulated marching.
20. May B, Tomporowski PD, and Ferrara M.
9. Knapik JJ, Harman E, and Reynolds K. Effects of backpack load on balance and Ergonomics 43: 293–309, 2000.
Load carriage using packs: A review of decisional processes. Mil Med 174: 32. Ruby BC, Leadbetter GW III, Armstrong D,
physiological, biomechanical and 1308–1312, 2009. and Gaskill SE. Wildland firefighter load
medical aspects. Appl Ergon 27: 207– carriage: Effects on transit time and
21. Mountain Rescue Association. Policy
216, 1996. physiological responses during simulated
105.1, Personnel Guidelines, The MRA
10. Knapik JJ, Harman EA, Stellman RA, and National Compliancy Guideline, 2006. escape to safety zone. Int J Wildland Fire
Graham BS. A systematic review of the Available at: http://www.mra.org/training/ 12: 111–116, 2003.
effects of physical training on load carriage mountain-rescue-training. Accessed 33. Rudzki SJ. Weight-load marching as
performance. J Strength Cond Res 26: December 18, 2013. a method of conditioning Australian
585–597, 2012. Army recruits. Mil Med 154: 201–205,
22. Myszka S. Hot Topic: Dynamic
11. Knapik JJ, Hauret KG, Arnold S, Canham- correspondence—The key to strength 1989.
Chervak M, Mansfield AJ, Hoedebecke EI, training transfer. Available at: http://www. 34. Sharkey BJ and Davis PO. Hard
and McMillian D. Injury and fitness nsca.com/Education/Articles/Hot-Topic- Work Defining Physical Work
outcomes during implementation of Dynamic-Correspondence/. Accessed July Performance Requirements. Champaign,
physical readiness training. Int J Sports 7, 2014. IL: Human Kinetics 126: 124–127,
Med 24: 372–381, 2003. 2008.
23. Narahara H, Kimura M, Suto T, Saito H,
12. Knapik JJ, Reynolds KL, and Harman EH. Tobe M, Aso C, Nishihara F, and Saito S. 35. United States Department of Homeland
Soldier load carriage: Historical, Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation at Security Federal Emergency Management
physiological, biomechanical, and medical high altitudes on the physical condition of Agency. Designing a national emergency
aspects. Mil Med 169: 45–56, 2004. untrained and acclimatized rescuers. responder credentialing system search and
13. Kraemer WJ, Hatfield DL, and Fleck SJ. Wilderness Environ Med 23: 161–164, Rescue (SAR) working group. Available at:
Types of muscle training. In: Strength 2012. http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/

Strength and Conditioning Journal | www.nsca-scj.com 41

Needs Analysis for Mountain Search and Rescue

nims/sar_jobtitle_111806.pdf. Accessed rescue_resources.pdf. Accessed hotshot_standards/IHC_Standards.pdf.

December 18, 2013. December 18, 2013. Accessed December 18, 2013.
36. United States Department of Homeland 37. United States Department of the Interior, 38. United States Department of the Interior,
Security Federal Emergency Management National Park Service. National Park
Department of Agriculture, National
Agency. Typed resource definitions— service search and rescue reference
Interagency Fire Center. Standards for
Search and Rescue resources, FEMA manual, RM-59. Available at: http://www.
508–8. Available at: http://www.fema.gov/ interagency hotshot crew operations. Available nps.gov/policy/DOrders/RM-59.pdf.
pdf/emergency/nims/508-8_search_and_ at: http://www.nifc.gov/PUBLICATIONS/ Accessed December 18, 2013.

42 VOLUME 37 | NUMBER 4 | AUGUST 2015