Reviewer Micro

Tourism means travelling or visiting

“Tourisme” – French word.
“Tornos” – latin word which means turner’s wheel or a
tool describing a circle.
“Tour” – travelling to some places to know or find out
any new facts about them.

What is Tourism?
When we think of tourism, we think mainly of people
who are visiting a specific place for exploration, visiting
friends and relatives, taking a holiday, and having a
good time.

Four Different Perspectives of Tourism

1. The Tourist.
2. The businesses providing tourist goods and
services.
3. The government of the host community or area.
4. The host community.

UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism

Organization)
“Tourism compromises the activities of persons
traveling to and staying in places outside their usual Motivational Factors for Travel
environment for not more than consecutive year for •Wonder lust – describe the desire to exchange the
leisure, business, and other purposes.” known for the unknown, to discover new places, people
and cultures. The strong force to travel of this category
1. International Tourism – is curiosity.
a. Inbound Tourism –visits to a country by •Sun lust – denotes the kind of travel to enjoy more
nonresidents; facilities or attractions not present on one’s own
b. Outbound Tourism –visits by country. Sun lust lovers generally prefer adventure
residents of a country to another country activities.
2. Internal Tourism – visits by residents and
nonresidents of the country of reference 4 Basic Travel Motivators as mentioned by R.W
3. Domestic Tourism – visits by residents of a country to Macintosh
their own 1. Physical Motivators – This travel is made for physical
4. National Tourism – Internal tourism plus outbound relaxation and rest, sports and special ,medical
tourism treatment or health care etc.
2. Cultural Motivators- increasing number of people are
Traveler Terminology for International visiting different land having cultural importance and
Tourism curiosity have been major resource for people to travel
1. Same-day visitors – visitors who do not 3. Interpersonal Motivators- people travel with the
spend the night in a collective or private purpose of meeting relatives or friends or to escape
accommodation in the country visited. from one’s family workmates or neighbors for some
2. Tourists – visitors who stay in the country time or to meet new people and make new friends or
visited for at least one night. simply to escape from the monotonous everyday life.
4. Status and Prestige Motivators- travel is made for
personal development upgrading social status earning
respect and honor.
 9. Ethnic Tourism. This type of tourism is concerned
Sub headings: with the selling and organizing
A. Pleasure tours to visit indigenous society.
B. Relaxation, rest and recreation 10. Cultural Tourism. It is related to the tours to the
C. Health culturally rich sites.
D. Participation in sports 11. Historical Tourism. It is the tourism activities in
E. Curiosity and culture which tourist can get different
F. Ethnic and family information and knowledge visiting historically
G. Spiritual and religious importance places.
H. Status and prestige 12. Domestic and International Tourism. Domestic
I. Professional and business focuses within the country.
International is concerned with foreign national and it
Tourism Industry generates foreign currency,
 Adventure Tourism which is need of developing countries.
 Medical Tourism
 Eco tourism Nature of Tourism
 Sport Tourism 1. Service Nature
 Cultural Tourism a. Perishability: Services are perishable and cannot be
 Gambling Tourism stored.
b. Heterogeneity: It is difficult to achieve
Types of Tourism standardization of output services.
1. Mass Tourism. It is a group travel to destination for c. Intangible: Services are essentially intangible and it is
purpose of leisure. It is the most often not possible to taste, feel, see, hear or smell
popular form of tourism as it is often the cheapest way services before they are purchased.
to holiday and often sold as a d. Inseparability: It is used in marketing to describe a
package tour. key quality of services that
2. Adventure Tourism. A type of tourism involving distinguishes them from goods.
exploration or travel with perceived risk
and potentially requiring specialized skills and physical 2. Here an there: creates time and space gap. Point of
exertion. (Land base, water base and sale and point of delivery are located
air base). different place.
3. Eco-tourism. It is responsible travel to natural areas
that conserves the environment and 3. Synchronized effort (joint effort): Government
improves the well-being of local people. service agencies and local must be unified
4. Sustainable Tourism. It is the concept of visiting a to deliver tourism service.
place as a tourist and trying to make only
positive impaction the environment, society and Characteristic of Tourism Product
economy. o Intangible non-material product-Tourism is
5. Recreational Tourism. An activity of leisure, leisure related to service facility, pleasure and leisure,
being discretionary time. They need to which is not possible to visualize .
do something for recreation which is essential element o Tourism is a combination of economic and
of human biology and psychology. non-economic factors – Visitor’s arrival in a
6. Health/ Medical Tourism. Is the travel of people to country, use of train , plane, bus, hotels, bed
another country for the purpose and income can be major but pleasure,
of obtaining medical treatment in that country. comfort , recreation they acquired cannot be
7. Convention Tourism. It is a gathering of individuals major.
who meet at an arranged place o Ownership of tourism product is non-
and time in order to discuss or engaged in some transferrable- In, tourism , buy and sell of a
common interest. product doesn’t mean to buy as property as a
8. Village and urban Tourism. It is tourism activities in tangible product. It is an agreement to buy or
which village resources are fully sell of a service
utilized for the maximum satisfaction of their o Tourism is an assemble product- Tourism
customers. industry is the combination of many
 organizations each component of tourism
industry is highly specialized and together make
final product.
o Tourism products are not storable- Service
production is typically fixed to time and space.
o Tourism is a parasite industry- Tourism is not
free and independent industry What is Travel Agency?
o Tourism business has unlimited possibilities-
A travel agency is a middle man
tourism is the creation of knowledge or idea,
but there is no limitation of ideas (intermediaries or brokers) – a
business person selling the travel industry’s
individual parts or a combination of the
parts to
the

Type of experience
1. Backpacking tourism
2. Volunteer tourism
3. Educational travel/study abroad
4. Eco-tourism/nature based tourism
5. Extreme sports
6. Yoga travel
7. Cultural and creative tourism
8. Spiritual, retreat and religious tourism
9. Rural and farm tourism
10. Wellness and health tourism
11. Another factor of tourism as a
transformational agent is seen in the multiplier effect of
Tourism

consumer.
 Loughborough in 1841.
In marketing terms, travel agent is an agent
middleman, acting on behalf of the client, •Travel Innovations – Thomas Cook
making arrangements with suppliers of introduced Hotel Coupons in 1868 to help
travel (airlines, hotels, tour operators) and customers check in hotels without
receiving a commission from the suppliers any hassles.
and/or a fee from client.
Oldest Travel Agencies in the Philippines
PTTA Fiesta Tours and Travel – May 18, 1982
The Philippine Travel Agencies Association Kirschner Travel Manila – 1980’s
(PTAA) is an organization born out of a
union of the national Modern Era
associations of outbound travel agencies The contributions made by Thomas Cook in
and inbound tour operators in 1979. It was terms of hotel coupon and service voucher
founded to foster unity in the travel are very remarkable features for travel
industry and to promote the welfare of trade
its members and the traveling public.
Types of Agencies
History of Travel Agency and Tour Consolidators
Operators They are travel agencies that sell airline
Origin of Travel Agency Business tickets at sizable discounts. They specialize
• Cox & Kings – in the second half and 18th in this area and have contracts with
century became pioneer in providing travel one or more airlines to distribute discount
logistics to British Army stationed at various tickets.
locations in the world. It claims to be the Some consolidators act strictly as
oldest travel agency in the world. wholesalers, selling their tickets only
• Thomas Cooks and Its Origin – He is through other travel agencies.
known to have aroused interests to help
people in England undertake travel within Types of Travelers Served by Travel
the country or neighboring. Agencies
• Leisure travelers – travel in which the
primary motivation is to take a
vacation from everyday life.
• International Travelers –
a. inbound tourism-refers to tourists of
Origin of Travel Agency Business outside origin entering a particular country;
•First Excursion – the history of b. outbound tourism-refers to traveling
professional travel agency from the country of their origin to another
business started with a day-long excursion country.
tour for his 570 • Businessmen – business travel is a
friends in the Temperance Society from journey specifically taken for work
Leicester to
purposes and doesn’t include daily product – destinations, modes of travel,
commutes, leisure trips or holidays climate,accommodation and other areas of
the service sector. He acts
Tour Operators on the behalf of the product
A tour operator packages all or most of the providers/principals and in
components of an offered trip and then return get a commission.
sells them to the traveler. These packages
can also be sold through retail outlets or 2. Tour operator is an organization, firm or
travel agencies company who buys individual travel
components, separately from their
Types of Tour Operators suppliers and combines them into a
• Inbound Tour Operators – incoming tour package tour, which is sold with their own
operators price tag to the public directly of through
• Outbound Tour Operators – who middlemen.
promotes tours for foreign destinations
• Domestic Tour Operators – are those who 3. Tour operators are like wholesalers and
assemble, combine tourist components into travel agents are the
inclusive tours and sell it to the domestic retailers.
travelers.
• Ground Operators/Destination 4. A tour operator makes the package
Management Companies – holidays up and the travel
handling agencies agents sell them on.

Functions of Tour Operators 5. A tour operator has the responsibilities to

A tour operator is an organization, firms or look after the finer
a person who is responsible for the actual details of a vacation or tour such as hotel,
arrangement of transport and accommodation,
accommodation facilities in any tour or meals, conveyance etc.
vacations. They are also responsible for
operating and providing vacation through 6. The wholesale travel agencies may offer
contracting, booking and packaging or operate the
together of the various components of the package tours or may specialize in
tour such as hotel, transportation, meals, developing tours for inbound
guides, optional tours and sometimes as well as outbound travelers.
flights.

Difference between Travel Agent and Tour

Operator
1. A travel agent is a person who has a full Types of packets:
knowledge of tourist • Basic packet – which compromises goods
and services without which
consumption would be incomplete or PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION
impossible, such as accommodation,
transportation or meals, Problems seem to be needing the urgent
• Extended packet – which compromises attention of policy makers:
additional services and goods 1. Congestion
increasing the attractiveness of the offer; a 2. Safety and Security
customer may or may not take 3. Environment
advantage of the latter, usually not without 4. Seasonal
financial consequences,
• Facultative packet – compromising Transportation Structure
supplementary elements which the Main Highways in the Philippines
tourist-customer may select at an additional
extra charge.
1. The Pan-Philippine Highway
The Pan-Philippine Highway, also known as
Structure of Tourist Product
the Maharlika Highway (Tagalog: Daang
•Main product
Maharlika; Cebuano: Dalang Halangdon), is
•Real product
a network of roads, expressways, bridges,
•Expected product
and ferry services that connect the islands
•Improved product
of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao in
•Psychological product
the Philippines, serving as the country's
principal transport backbone. Measuring
Types of Tourist Guides
3,379.73 kilometers (2,100.07 mi) long
•On-site guides- docents, interpreters,
excluding sea routes, it is the longest
personal or private guards – On –site
highway in the
guides conduct tours for specific duration
Philippines that forms the country's north–
(an hour or more) at a specific setting such
south backbone component of National
as building, limited area or an attraction.
Route 1 (N1) of the Philippine highway
•Urban guides- are those who take
network. The entire highway is designated
pleasure in telling the story of a city or
as Asian Highway 26 (AH26) of the Asian
region.
Highway Network.
•Driver guides –will act as your driver and
tour guid in one person.
2. MacArthur Highway
•Business or Industry Guides- Several
The MacArthur Highway, officially the
corporations , large or small, hire guides to
Manila North Road (MNR or MaNor), is
conduct tours of their facilities to educate
a 684.855-kilometer (425.549 mi), two-to-
visitors, promote their business or industry
six lane, national primary highway and
and uplift the image of their company.
tertiary highway in Luzon, Philippines,
•Adventure tour guides- Tour guides leads
connecting Caloocan in Metro
tourist to various outdoor activites such as
Manila to Aparri in Cagayan. It is the second
skiing, rafting, backpacking and climbing.
longest road in the Philippines,
Chapter 3
after Maharlika Highway. It is primarily known for being the second most important
known as MacArthur Highway in segments transportation corridor
from Caloocan to Urdaneta, Pangasinan, after Circumferential Road 4. The route is
[2] although it is also applied up to Ilocos not yet complete to date, because of
Sur, [3] and likewise called as Manila North certain controversies regarding right of way,
Road for the entire length but portions of the route are already
open for public use.[citation needed]
3. Epifanio De los Santos Avenue (EDSA) On July 23, 2019, the two segments of the
Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, commonly route has been connected together with the
referred to by its acronym EDSA, is a completion of the C-5 Southlink
limited-access circumferential highway Expressway, through a 2.2-kilometer (1.4
around Manila, the capital city of the mi) flyover over the Skyway and the SLEX in
Philippines. It passes through 6 of Metro 2019
Manila's 17 local government units or cities,
namely, from north to south, Caloocan, 5. The Aguinaldo Highway (Cavite-
Quezon City, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Batangas Road Manila West Road)
Makati, and Pasay. The Emilio Aguinaldo Highway,
Named after academic Epifanio de los [1] (often shortened as Aguinaldo
Santos, the road links the North Luzon Highway), alternatively known as Cavite–
Expressway at the Balintawak Interchange Batangas Road and Cavite-Manila South
in the north to the South Luzon Road, is a four-to-six lane, 41.4-kilometer
Expressway at the Magallanes Interchange (25.7 mi), network of primary and
in the south, as well as the major secondary highways passing through the
financial districts of Makati Central Business busiest towns and cities of Cavite,
District, Ortigas Center, and Araneta City. It Philippines.[
is the longest and the most congested It is the busiest and most
highway in the metropolis, stretching some congested of the three major highways
23.8 kilometers (14.8 mi). located in the province, the others
are Governor's Drive and Antero Soriano
4. The Circumferential Road (C-5 Road or C- Highway
5)
Circumferential Road 5 (C-5), informally 6. Commonwealth Avenue
known as the C-5 Road, is a Commonwealth Avenue, formerly known as
network of roads and bridges that all Don Mariano Marcos Avenue, is a 12.4-
together form the fifth beltway of Metro kilometer (7.7 mi) highway located
Manila in the Philippines. Spanning some in Quezon City, Philippines, which spans
32.5 kilometers (20.2 mi), it connects the from six to eighteen lanes
cities of Las Piñas, Makati, Parañaque, and is the widest in the Philippines. It is one
Pasay, Pasig, Quezon City, Taguig, of the major roads
and Valenzuela. in Metro Manila and is designated as part of
It runs parallel to the four other beltways Radial Road 7 (R-7) of the older Manila
around Metro Manila, and is also arterial road system and National Route
170 (N170) of the Philippine highway ▪ One type of airplane to reduce fleet
network. maintenance costs
▪ Using secondary airports
Notable Highways and Bridges in the ▪ Quick airport turnarounds
Philippines ▪ Point-to-point service
1. Longest Bridge: San Juanico Bridge ▪ Unreserved seating
2. Tallest Bridge: Atugan Bridge ▪ Employees working in multiple roles
3. Widest Bridge: Nagtahan Bridge ▪ Internet booking
4. Longest Highway: Pan-Philippine Highway ▪ No frills, just low fares
and Philippine Nautical Highway System
5. Longest viaduct: Candaba Viaduct Mass Transit
6. Widest Highway: Commonwealth Taxi
Avenue, QC Mini buses
7. Busiest Highway: EDSA Tricycle
8. Longest Expressway: Subic-Clark-Tarlac Kuliglig
Expressway Kalesa
9. Highest Altitude Highway: Halsema Pedicab/ sidecar
Highway Jeep/jeepney

The Airline Industry

An airline can be defined as a company that Air Transportation Organizations
offers regular services for 1. International Air Transport Association
transporting passengers or goods via the The International Air Transport Association
air. These companies are said to (IATA) is the trade association for the
make up the airline industry, which is also world’s airlines, representing some 290
regarded as a sub-sector of the airlines or 83% of total air traffic. They
aviation sector and the wider travel support many areas of aviation activity and
industry. help formulate industry policy on critical
aviation issues.
A Low-Cost Carrier is an airline that does
not offer traditional services that are 2. International Civil Aviation Organization
normally included as part of the fare, The International Civil Aviation
thereby offering lower fares at the expense Organization (ICAO) is a specialized and
of fewer comforts. This usually means that funding agency of the United Nations. It
baggage is not provided, or the food and changes the principles and techniques of
drinks that are offered by other more international air navigation and fosters the
premium carriers. planning and development of international
air transport to ensure safe and
orderly growth. Its headquarters is located
Some typical business practices are: in the Quartier International of Montreal,
▪ One passenger class Quebec, Canada
The Rail Industry c. Metro Rail Transit
The rail industry varies considerably (MRT-3/Metrostar/Blue Line):
internationally: in many countries, rail MRT 3 is a rapid transit system composed of
operations are overseen by a government a single line that runs along North and
entity. Railway networks across the world South lanes of EDSA. The
are getting busier and busier; trains travel route is from North Avenue, Quezon City to
at higher speeds and carry more Taft Avenue, Pasay City.
passengers or heavier axle loads than ever
before. d. Philippine Railways (PNR/PhilRail/Metro
Rail is a highly consolidated industry. A Tren): PNR is a state-owned railway
cluster of seven large “Class I” freight company in the Philippines, operating a
railroads dominate the market, working single line of track in Luzon,
with smaller regional operators to integrate from Tayuman to Sorsogon, from Tayuman
transportation across regions to San Fernando, Pampanga and from
Tayuman to Batangas.
List of railways in the Philippines As of 2016, PNR operates one commuter
a. Light Rail Transit rail in Metro Manila and local services
(LRT-1/Metrorail/Yellow Line): between Sipocot, Naga City
LRT 1 is the first metro line of the Manila and Legazpi City in Bicol Region.
Light Rail Transit. Presently, the line
contains twenty stations AIR TRANSPORTATION Chapter 4
and runs on 19.65 km of fully elevated
route. It runs in a general North-South THE AIRLINE BUSINESS
direction from Baclaran to Monumento One of the enormous progresses in aviation
then it runs in an East-West direction technology was the development of the jet
from Monumento to North Avenue linking airliner after the WWII which led to the
the cities of Quezon City, Caloocan, Manila, development of commercial jets which can
Pasay and Paranaque service travelers. Throughout the years,
engine and aircrafts design were refined
b. Light Rail Transit improving efficiency and increasing carrying
(LRT-2/Megatren/Purple capacity for passengers which also resulted
Line): LRT 2 is a rapid transit line generally to reduced seat costs.
running in an East-West direction along
Radial Road 6 and a portion of the
Circumferential Road 1. It is actually
a heavy, rapid transit system owing to its
use of electric multiple units instead of the
light rail vehicles used in earlier lines and is
the only line utilizing such type of system in
the Philippines. WATER TRANSPORTATION
CHAPTER 5
CRUISE ROUTES B. Taxi Cab
• FLORIDA, THE CARIBBEAN, BERMUDA
AND THE BAHAMAS, INCLUDING COASTAL Four Distinct Forms:
TOWN OF a. Hackney carriages also known as public
NORTH, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA hire, hailed or street taxis,
licensed for hailing throughout
• THE WEST COAST OF MEXICO, THE USA communities.
AND CANADA, PLUS PANAMA CANAL b. Private hires vehicles, also known as
TRANSIT THE MEDITERRANEAN, DIVIDED minicabs or private hire taxis,
BETWEEN THE WESTERN AND EASTERN licensed for pre-booking only.
SECTORS c. Taxi buses, also known as jitneys,
operating on pre-set routes
• THE PACIFIC ISLANDS AND FAR EAST typified by multiple stops and multiple
• THE BALTIC SEA, NORTHERN EUROPEAN independent passengers.
CAPITAL AND THE WEST COAST OF d. Limousines, specialized vehicle licensed
NORWAY AS FAR NORTH CAPE. for operation by
pre-booking
• WEST AFRICA AND THE ATLANTIC ISLANDS
OF THE CANARIES, MADEIRA AND,
INCREASINGLY,
THE AZORES – OCASSIONALLY, THIS IS
EXTENDED TO THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS.

• ROUND THE WORLD

Railways and Motorcoaches 1. Middleman who sells travel industry

CHAPTER 6 products to the consumer.
 o TRAVEL AGENT o THOMAS COOK

2. Travel agencies that sell airline tickets at 11. It means delays that are a serious waste
sizable discounts. of time and energy.
o CONSOLIDATOR o CONGESTION
3. This refers to tourists of outside origin
entering a particular country. 12. Spanish-era form of transportation that
o INBOUND TOURISM uses horse to carry carriages.
4. He was the first travel agent who o KALESA
introduced hotel coupons, circular notes, o CALESA
credit cards and advance reservation as part 13. Airlines that offers budget-friendly
of its travel innovations. fares.
o THOMAS COOK o LCC
5. Oldest travel agencies in the Philippines. o LOW-COST CARRIER
Correct answers 14. The first metro line in the Philippines.
o FIESTA TOURS AND TRAVEL Correct answers
o KIRSCHNER TRAVEL MANILA o LRT-1
6. A travel in which the primary motivation o LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT
is to take a vacation from everyday life. o METRORAIL
o LEISURE TRAVEL o YELLOW LINE
o LEISURE 15. Busiest and most congested highway in
the Philippines.
7. Defined as any person visiting a country Correct answers
or another place for reasons of leisure or o EDSA
business. o EPIFANIO DE LOS SANTOS AVENUE
o TOURISTS 6. They also create and maintain a stable
pattern of international fares and rates.
8. These are commonly known as handling Correct answers
agencies and their function is to organize o IATA
tour arrangements for incoming tourists on o INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT
the behalf of overseas operators. ASSOCIATION
Correct answers 17. "King of the road", and evolved from the
o GROUND OPERATORS surplus of WWII used by the Americans.
o DESTINATION MANAGEMENT o JEEPNEY
COMPAIES 18. Longest bridge in the Philippines.
9. Leads tourist to various outdoor activities o SAN JUANICO BRIDGE
such as skiing, rafting, backpacking, and 19. The widest highway with up to 18 lanes
climbing. in the Philippines.
o ADVENTURE TOUR GUIDES o COMMONWEALTH AVENUE
o ABENIDA KOMONWELLT
10. First rail excursion agent.
20. These sectors represent a critical
segment of the tourism
phenomenon.
Correct answers
o TRANSPORTATION SECTORS
o TRANSPORTATION

AIR INDUSTRY: JARGONS

Commission – percentage of a ticket

price which airlines pay their agents

Blackout periods – specific days or

periods of time

APEX – advance purchase excursion

(fare). Usually, the cheapest tickets

Airport code – three-digit code which

is unique to a specific airport

Joint fare – arrangement between

carriers to charge special rates

Surface sector – distance between

departure airports

Direct flights – the passenger does

not need to change planes

Fare –

Contract of carriage – legal contract

that the passenger enters into with
the airline with the terms outlined
when the traveler receives the ticket

Charter – aircraft which is used by a

specific group