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ITGS Terminology

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ITGS Terminology

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Javier Ramirez Carbajal

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You are on page 1/ 103

ITGS Glossary

from

www.itgstextbook.com
This ITGS glossary belongs to

_________________________________________________

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1-Hardware

1-Hardware – page 3
1-1 Processing technologies 

Clock speed Speed of a processor, in ticks per second. 

Hardware responsible for processing all instructions the 
Central Processing Unit computer runs.

CPU See Central Processing Unit. 

Data throughput Rate at which data is processed and output by a system. 
Dual core A multi-core system with two processor cores. 
GHz See gigahertz. 
Unit of measurement for a processor's clock speed. 
Gigahertz 1000 MHz.

Hardware Physical parts of a computer system. 

Megahertz Unit of measurement for a processor's clock speed. 
MHz See megahertz. 
Microprocessor See Central Processing Unit. 
MIPS See Millions of Instructions Per Second 
The circuit board to which the internal computer components 
Motherboard connect: the CPU, the RAM, the ROM, and the secondary
storage devices
Processor with more than one processor core, to increase its 
Multi-core performance.
A system with more than one processor, to increase its 
Multiprocessing performance.
A single processor running multiple tasks by switching rapidly 
Multitasking between them.

Processor See Central Processing Unit. 

Quad-core A multi-core system with four processor cores. 
Software The instructions and programs which are run by the CPU. 
Reducing a processor's clock speed to save power when not 
Speed throttling in use.

Terahertz See Terahertz 

Unit of measurement for a processor's clock speed. 1000 
THz GHz.

1-Hardware – page 4
1-2 Input devices 

Bar code scanners Input device that uses a laser to read a bar code. 
Keyboard with keys that perform programmable, customised 
Concept keyboard functions.

Digital cameras Camera that saves images digitally, often in JPEG format. 
Digital video cameras Camera that saves digital video 
Digitize To convert data from analog to digital form. 
Dvorak keyboards Alternative keyboard layout to improve typing speed. 
Game controllers Input device with buttons used for games playing. 
Joystick Input device used for games playing and flight simulators. 
Keyboards Input device that lets the user enter text and numeric data. 
Magnetic Ink Character Input device that reads text written in special magnetic ink. 
Recognition Often used at the bottom of cheques.

Input device that reads the magnetic stripe on cards like ATM 
Magnetic stripe readers cards and bank cards.

MICR See Magnetic Ink Character Recognition 

Microphone Input device for sound data 
Input device able to recognise touches and gestures made 
Multi-touch with multiple fingers.
Keyboard with buttons to perform common tasks such as 
Multimedia keyboard program launching.

OCR See Optical Character Recognition. 

OMR See Optical Mark Recognition. 
Optical Character Input device that reads printed text, scans it, and converts it to 
Recognition text that can be edited in a word processor.

Input devices that reads simple multiple-choice style answers 

Optical Mark Recognition by looking for marks on the paper.
Input device used to digitise photographs and paper copies of 
Scanner data.
Input devices used to measure physical traits, such as sound, 
Sensors heat, or light.

Smart card readers Device to read a smart card. 

Keyboard which is displayed on screen and controlled by 
Soft keyboard clicking on buttons with the mouse or a touch screen.

Stylus Input device used in conjunction with touch screens. 

1-Hardware – page 5
Touch pad Input device commonly found on laptops instead of a mouse. 
Input device that lets the user touch areas of the display to 
Touch screen perform tasks.

Trackball Input device that uses a rotating ball to control the cursor. 
UPC See Universal Product Code 
Universal Product Code A type of barcode. 
Virtual keyboard See soft keyboard 
Voice control Use of spoken commands to control a computer. 
Voice recognition Use of software to convert spoken words into text. 
Input device used to record video, often found in laptop 
Webcam computers.

1-3 Output devices 

CRT monitor Output device. Older type of monitor, now almost obsolete. 
Hard copy A printed paper copy of data. 
Printer that works by spraying ink through nozzles at a sheet 
Inkjet printer of paper.
Device that uses a projector for output and touch inputs, using 
Interactive whiteboard a special pen.

Laser printer High speed printer. 

LCD screen Output device. The newer type of monitor which is flat. 
Resolution of an LCD display that produces the best display 
Native resolution quality.

Output Information which is produced by a computer system. 

Pages per minute Speed at which a printer produces output. 
Printers Output device which produces paper copies. 
Projectors Output device for displaying content on large screens. 
Speakers Output device for sound. 

1-Hardware – page 6
1-4 Storage 

A single binary digit (a 1 or a 0). The smallest unit of storage 

Bit inside a computer.

BluRay Optical secondary storage device capable of storing 16GB+. 

Storage unit: 8 bits. Enough to store a single ASCII text 
Byte character.
Optical secondary storage device capable of holding 650- 
CD-ROM 700MB of data.

CompactFlash Solid state storage device usually used in digital cameras. 

Exchanging data between a computer and a portable device 
Data synchronisation such as a smart phone.

Disk wiping Securing deleting files from a disk, beyond recovery. 

Optical secondary storage device capable of storing up to 
DVD 8GB.

eSATA A modern type of connector for attaching external hard disks 

EB See Exabyte 
Exabyte Storage unit: 1024 petabytes. 
External hard disk Portable storage device often used for backups. 
Interface for attaching external hard disks and digital video 
Firewire cameras.

Flash memory/flash drive See solid state storage. 

GB See Gigabyte. 
Gigabyte Storage unit: 1024 megabytes. 
Magnetic secondary storage device found in most desktop 
Hard disk and laptop computers.

IDE Interface for attaching internal hard disks. 

Input Data or information that is entered into the computer. 
KB See kilobyte. 
Kilobyte Storage unit: 1024 bytes 
Type of secondary storage that users magnets to read and 
Magnetic storage store data. Examples include floppy disks and hard disks.

MB See megabyte. 
Megabyte Storage unit: 1024 kilobytes 
Solid state secondary storage device, often used for digital 
MMC cameras.

1-Hardware – page 7
Mouse Input device used to control a cursor or pointer. 
Storage which does not lose its contents when the power is 
Non-volatile storage removed.
Storage devices which use lasers to store and read data. 
Optical storage Examples include CDs and DVDs.

PB See petabyte. 
Petabyte Storage unit: 1024 terabytes 
Storage systems which are found inside the computer and are 
Primary storage electronic. RAM and ROM are examples.

Redundant Array of System where multiple hard disks contain duplicate data, to 
Inexpensive Disks be used in the event of one failing.

System which will take over the role of a primary system if it 

Redundant system fails.
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks. A way of having two 
RAID (or more) hard disks in a computer and having the exact
same data written to each of them automatically. If one of the
disks fails, the computer can switch to the other disk and
continue running normally (since the second disk is an exact
copy).

ROM See Read Only Memory. 

RAM See Random Access Memory. 
Primary storage which is fast, relatively expensive, and 
Random Access Memory volatile.
Primary storage whose contents are written at manufacture 
Read Only Memory and cannot be altered later.

SATA Interface for connecting storage devices like hard disks. 

Storage systems which are connected externally to the 
Secondary storage computer's motherboard.

Secure deletion See disk wiping. 

A type of secondary storage device that uses electronic 
Solid state storage circuits to read and store data. The advantage of this is that is
has no moving parts, making it faster and less likely to be
damaged if dropped. Also called flash memory. (Compare
magnetic storage with optical storage and solid state storage)

TB See terabyte 
Terabyte Storage unit: 1024 gigabytes 
Common interface for connecting peripheral devices including 
Universal Serial Bus mice, printers, and digital cameras.
Common interface for connecting peripheral devices including 
USB mice, printers, and digital cameras.

Volatile storage Storage which loses its contents when the power is removed. 
YB See Yottabyte. 

1-Hardware – page 8
ZB See Zettabyte 
Yottabyte Storage unit: 1024 zettabyes 
Zettabyte Storage unit: 1024 exabytes 

1-5 Miscellaneous 

ASCII See American Standard Code for Information Interchange. 

American Standard Code for Encoding system to store text, where one byte is used for 
Information Interchange each character. Compare Unicode.

Idea that one device performs the same functions as many 

Convergence separate devices.

Failover system See Redundant system. 

System of satellites which can pinpoint a user’s location on 
Global Positioning System the Earth.

GPS See Global Positioning System 

RFID See Radio Frequency Identification. 
Special lock for securing portable devices to immovable 
Kensington lock objects to prevent theft.

Plain text Text file which contains no formatting data 

Radio Frequency System of tags which contain data that can be read from a 
Identification distance using radio waves.

Tags which broadcast their position over a large distance 

Radio tag using radio waves.

RFID reader See Radio Frequency Identification. 

RFID tag See Radio Frequency Identification. 
RTF See Rich Text Format. 
Standard file format that can store documents that include 
Rich Text Format formatting data.
Encoding system to store text, with support for multiple 
Unicode languages and alphabets, and thousands of characters.
Compare ASCII.

UPS See Uninterruptible Power Supply. 

Measure of how long a computer system has been operating 
Uptime without restarting.

Uninterruptible Power Backup power system which powers a computer if the mains 
Supply electricity fails.

1-Hardware – page 9
Voice over Internet Protocol System that lets users make telephone calls over the Internet. 
VoIP See Voice over Internet Protocol. 

1-6 Types of computers 

Typical computer system with a separate screen and system 

Desktop computer unit.
Computer system hidden inside another device, such as a car 
Embedded systems engine management system.
Computer with multimedia capabilities designed specifically 
HTPC for watching television and films.
Computer with multimedia capabilities designed specifically 
Home Theatre PC for watching television and films.

Laptop Portable computers that come in many shapes and sizes. 

High end computer system that achieves very high data 
Mainframe throughput.

Netbook Lightweight laptop computer designed for portability. 

PDA See Personal Digital Assistant. 
Mobile device bigger than a phone but smaller than a laptop. 
Personal Digital Assistant Probably has a keyboard or at least a stylus (pen) and a
touch-screen.
Mobile phone with capabilities including Internet access and a 
Smartphones camera.
Fastest computers available, capable of performing trillions of 
Supercomputers calculations per second.

1-7 Accessibility 

Braille keyboard Special keyboard designed for users with eyesight problems. 
Braille printer Special printer that can produce Braille text. 
Accessibility software that tracks where a user is looking on 
Eye tracking software the screen.
Accessibility software that tracks a user’s head movements to 
Head control systems allow them to input data.
Accessibility hardware that lets a user input using a wand 
Head wand connected to their head.

High contrast mode Accessibility setting for users with eyesight problems. 
Accessibility hardware that lets a user input data by pressing 
Input switches a simple on-off switch.
1-Hardware – page 10
Screen magnification Accessibility setting for users with eyesight problems. 
Sip and puff Accessibility hardware for users with very limited mobility 
Sticky keys Accessibility setting for users with movement problems. 
Accessibility feature for users with eyesight problems, reads 
Text-to-speech text from the computer out loud.

Braille keyboard Special keyboard designed for users with eyesight problems. 

1-8 Networking technologies 

Short range, low bandwidth wireless technology often used 

Bluetooth for mobile phone headsets or earphones.
Short range, low bandwidth, line-of-sight wireless 
IrDA communication technology.

Notes

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1-Hardware – page 11
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1-Hardware – page 13
2-Software

2-Software – page 14
2 Software 

Accounting software Application software for managing finances. 

Software which allows users to produce work, such as 
Application software documents and presentations.
Collection of application programs that perform related tasks, 
Application suite sold together.

Assistant See wizard. 

Application software for creating, recording, and editing 
Audio software sound.
Spreadsheet feature that updates results when cells are 
Automatic recalculation changed.

Backup Spare copy of data to be used in the event of an emergency. 

Browser Software used to view web pages. 
Business Software Alliance Organisation that works to reduce illegal copying of software. 
Bug Error or mistake in a program. 
Closed source Software whose source code is not publicly available. 
System whereby application software and data are stored on 
Cloud computing a remote Internet server.

Command line interface System the user controls by typing in commands. 

Commercial software Software which is sold for profit. 
Idea that two systems work together and can share hardware, 
Compatibility software, or data.
Software licence that allows a specific number of copies to be 
Concurrent licence used at one time.
Law protecting intellectual property from unauthorised 
Copyright copying.
Hardware or software that works on multiple operating 
Cross-platform systems.
Application software for creating, recording, and finding large 
Database software collections of data.

Defragmentation Process of reducing disk fragmentation. 

Application software used to lay out pages for printed 
Desktop publishing software publications.
Utility software used by the operating system to communicate 
Device drivers with peripheral devices.

DTP See desktop publishing software. 

EULA See end user licence agreement 

2-Software – page 15
Licence agreement for software that sets out the users rights 
End user licence agreement and responsibilities.

Federation Against Software 

Organisation that works to reduce illegal copying of software.
Theft
Firewall Hardware or software that controls access to a network. 
Problem that occurs as files are saved on non-contiguous 
Fragmentation sectors on a disk.

Free and open source Software whose source code is freely available and can be 
software changed and distributed.

Freeware Software which is distributed for no cost. 

List of questions and answers often found in manuals and 
Frequently asked questions help screens.

Full backup Backup that copies all data from a system. 

System the user controls using a mouse to click on icons, 
Graphical User Interface buttons, and windows.

Graphics software Application software for creating and editing images. 

GUI See Graphical User Interface. 
Backup that copies only the changed data since the last 
Incremental backup backup.
Automatically customising a standard letter with individual 
Mail merge names and addresses.

MDI See Menu Driven Interface 

Interface that presents a series of pre-defined options to the 
Menu Driven Interface user.
Software licence that allows a specific number of copies to be 
Multi-user licence used at one time.
Application software for creating and editing presentations, 
Multimedia software animations, and video.

Open source See free and open source. 

Software that manages the computer system and controls the 
Operating systems hardware.
Refers to a particular combination of hardware and operating 
Platform system.
Application software for creating slides used for lectures, 
Presentation software presentations, and lessons.
Process of registering software online before it can be used, 
Product activation to reduce illegal copies.

Productivity software See application software. 

Public domain Software to which the author has waived all rights. 
Help file containing latest updates and information about 
Read me file using a system.

2-Software – page 16
Restore (a backup) Copying data from a backup copy back to the main system. 
Safety critical system System whose failure could result in injury or loss of life. 
Registration number needed during software installation, used 
Serial number to reduce illegal copies.
Software which is free to use initially, but which must be pay 
Shareware for if use continues.
Software licence that allows the use of only a single copy on a 
Single-user licence single computer.
Software licence that allows an organisation to use software 
Site licence on an unlimited number of computers.
Instructions that make up the software, entered by the 
Source code programmer using a programming language.
Application software for performing numerical calculations 
Spreadsheet software and analysis.

Tutorials Step by step help on using a system. 

User interface Method used to communicate with a computer system. 
Software used to perform maintenance jobs such as 
Utility software defragmenting disks.

Video editing software Application software for creating and editing video. 
Voice controlled interface Ability to operate a computer by issuing spoken commands. 
Web development software Application software for creating HTML pages for web sites. 
Web-based software See cloud computing.

Wizard Step by step help system to guide a user through a task.

Application software for creating written documents such as

Word processing software letters or essays.

Notes

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2-Software – page 18
3-Networks

3-Networks – page 19
3 Networks 

System to allow Internet access using mobile phone 

3G networks.
System to allow Internet access using mobile phone 
4G networks.
Computer that stores application software for clients on a 
Application server network.
Data transfer method in which the sender and receiver are not 
Asynchronous synchronised.
Record of all changes and actions performed with a system, 
Audit trails for security purposes.
Computer that checks usernames and passwords when a 
Authentication server user tries to log in.

Authorised access User who has permission to use a system. 

Backbone High speed connections that connect main Internet sites. 
Bandwidth Measure of a network's speed. 
Unit for measuring the speed of data transfer over a network 
Bits per second connection.
Web page where entries are stored chronologically, like a 
Blog diary or journal.
Short range, low bandwidth wireless technology often used 
Bluetooth for mobile phone headsets or earphones.
Unit for measuring the speed of data transfer over a network 
bps connection.
Storage area for frequently used information, to speed up 
Cache access.
Computer on a network that uses services provided by a 
Client computer server.
Network system that uses servers to store data centrally and 
Client-server client computers to access them.
Computer on a network that stores data for other users to 
Database server access.
System that automatically assigns IP addresses to computers 
DHCP on a network.
Internet access that connects using a telephone line and a 
Dialup MODEM.

DNS System for translating domain names into IP addresses. 

Domain Name System System for translating domain names into IP addresses. 
Human readable names given to web sites, such as 
Domain names www.itgstextbook.com

Download To transfer data from a server to a client computer. 

DSL / cable Common type of broadband Internet connection. 
3-Networks – page 20
Dynamic Host Control System that automatically assigns IP addresses to computers 
Protocol on a network.

Computer on a network that stores email for other users to 

Email server access.

Ethernet Type of wired network connection commonly used on LANs. 

Types of network connection that offers extremely high speed 
Fibre optic transfers.
Computer on a network that stores files for other users to 
File server access.
System for transferring files over the Internet, often used for 
File Transfer Protocol uploading web sites.
Software or hardware used to control data entering and 
Firewall leaving a network.
System for transferring files over the Internet, often used for 
FTP uploading web sites.
Computer which acts as a bridge between a local area 
Gateway network and the Internet.

Gbps Gigabits per second. Measure of network bandwidth. 

Hardware address Unique address embedded in network connected devices. 
Home network Small local computer network used in homes. 
Computer on a network that provides services or performs 
Host work for others.
HyperText Transfer Protocol. The standard protocol of the 
HTTP world wide web.
Secure version of HTTP which offers encrypted 
HTTPS communication.
Hardware device for connecting several computers on a 
Hub network.
Standard protocol used on many LANs and on the Internet. 
Internet Protocol See TCP.
Company that provides Internet access to homes and 
Internet Service Provider businesses.

IP address Unique address assigned to every computer on a network. 

Company that provides Internet access to homes and 
ISP businesses.

Kbps Kilobits per second. Measure of network bandwidth. 

LAN Computer network in a small area such as an office building. 
Local Area Network Computer network in a small area such as an office building. 
Chronological record of events, used for reporting purposes 
Log file and audit trails.
Process of authenticating oneself before using a computer 
Login system.
Unique address embedded in network connected devices. 
MAC address
3-Networks – page 21
MAN Computer network over a large area such as a city. 
Mbps Megabits per second. Measure of network bandwidth. 
Metropolitan Area Network. Computer network over a large area such as a city. 
Microblog Blog-like system which limited post length, such as Twitter. 
Device for connecting a computer to a telephone line, used in 
MODEM dialup connections.

Narrowband Low speed network connection. 

Network administrator Individual responsible for maintaining and running a network.

Network in which all computers are equal and there are no 

P2P centralised servers.
Short range network between a computer and a mobile phone 
PAN or similar portable device.
Network in which all computers are equal and there are no 
Peer to peer centralised servers.
Short range network between a computer and a mobile phone 
Personal Area Network or similar portable device.
Software application that controls network access to and from 
Personal firewall a single computer.
Number used to determine the type of service required when 
Port a computer connects to another.
Computer on a network that receives and processes print 
Print server requests.
A standard set of rules for performing tasks, such as 
Protocols communication.
Computer on a network which acts on behalf of another, or 
Proxy server through which all Internet data must pass.
System which notifies users of changes to web pages without 
Push technology them having to visit the page.
Refers to web pages which allow user interaction and 
Read / write web collaboration.
Ability to connect to a computer, over a network, as though 
Remote access you were physically present at the keyboard.

Router Hardware device used to connect two separate networks. 

RSS Really Simple Syndicate. A push technology. 
Network dedicated to providing disk storage to other 
SAN computers on the network.
Computer on a network that provides services or performs 
Server work for others.
Web site that lets users store and manage their favourite 
Social bookmarking links, and share them with others.
Web site that lets users create personal profile pages and 
Social network share them with friends.

3-Networks – page 22
Network dedicated to providing disk storage to other 
Storage Area Network computers on the network.
Hardware device for connecting several computers on a 
Switch network.
Data transfer method in which the sender and receiver are 
Synchronous synchronised, allowing higher speed transfer.
Adding key words to an item such as a photo to describe its 
Tagging content.
Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. Common 
TCP/IP protocol for LANs and the Internet.
Networking system whereby client computers rely on servers 
Thin client to perform their processing tasks.

Top-level domain Suffix at the end of a URL, such as .com or .org. 

Upload To transfer data from a client to a server computer. 
Universal Resource Locator. Describes the location of an 
URL item, such as a web page, on the Internet.
Network form by several LANs which are in separate 
Virtual LAN geographical locations.
Allows a secure private connection over a public network, 
Virtual Private Network using an encrypted 'tunnel'. For example, a remote computer
can securely connect to a LAN, as though it were physically
connected.
Network form by several LANs which are in separate 
VLAN geographical locations.
Allows a secure private connection over a public network, 
VPN using an encrypted 'tunnel'. For example, a remote computer
can securely connect to a LAN, as though it were physically
connected.
Computer network over a large area, such as a country or 
WAN several countries.
Refers to web pages which allow user interaction and 
Web 2.0 collaboration.

Web 3.0 Proposed evolution of the world wide web. 

Web server Computer on a network that stores web pages. 
Computer network over a large area, such as a country or 
Wide Area Network several countries.

WiFi Most common type of wireless connection. 

Wiki Type of web page that any visitor can edit. 
WiMax Long range wireless network technology. 
The area around a WiFi router where wireless access is 
Wireless hotspot available.

WLAN Wireless LAN. A LAN what allows WiFi connections. 

World Wide Web – a series of interlinked multimedia pages 
WWW stored on the Internet.

3-Networks – page 23
Notes

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3-Networks – page 24
3-Networks – page 25
4-Security

4-Security – page 26
4 Security 

Settings that determine who can access an item and what 

Access levels they can do with it (read, write, delete). Applies to files, folders
and databases among other things.

Anti-virus Software to detect and remove viruses and other malware. 

Encryption system in which two keys are used: a public key 
Asymmetric key encryption used only to encrypt data, and a private key used only to
decrypt it.

Authentication Establishing a user's identity. 

Method of bypassing security in a system, built in by the 
Backdoor system designers.
Process of registering a user for a biometric system by taking 
Biometric enrolment an initial sample.

Biometric template Measurements taken from a biometric sample. 

Use of fingerprints, retina scans, or other body features as an 
Biometrics authentication mechanism.

Botnet Group of zombie computers under the control of a criminal. 

Attempt to break a password by trying all possible 
Brute force attack combinations of letters, numbers, and symbols.
“Scribble text” displayed as an image, which the user must 
CAPTCHA type in to verify that they are a person.
Organisation that issues digital certificates to individuals and 
Certificate Authority companies.

Ciphertext Result of encrypting plaintext. 

UK law governing criminal offences committed using a 
Computer Misuse Act computer.

Cracking Gaining illegal access to a computer system 

Denial of service attack committed using dozens of 
DDoS computers, usually zombies on a botnet.
Flooding a computer system with data so that it cannot 
Denial of service attack respond to genuine users.

Dictionary attack Attempt to break a password by trying all possible words. 

Technique used to authenticate remote users, such as online 
Digital signatures shopping businesses.

Distributed Denial of Service Denial of service attack committed using dozens of 

attack computers, usually zombies on a botnet.

Technique used by criminals to alter DNS records and drive 

DNS poisoning users to fake sites, to committing phishing.
Flooding a computer system with data so that it cannot 
DoS respond to genuine users.
Program which automatically downloads when a user visits a 
Drive-by download web page, usually without their knowledge or consent.
4-Security – page 27
System of encoding plaintext so that it cannot be understood 
Encryption with access to an encryption key.

Encryption key Used to encrypt and decrypt data. 

Extended Validation SSL. Digital certificate validation 
EV SSL technique used on the world wide web.
When a system incorrectly rejects an action instead of 
False negative accepting it.
When a system incorrectly accepts an action instead of 
False positive rejecting it.
System that encrypts all data saved to a hard disk 
Full disk encryption automatically and transparently.

Hacking Gaining illegal access to a computer system 

Home directory Directory that contains a user’s personal files. 
HTTPS Protocol used to send web pages securely over the Internet. 
Identity theft Stealing personal data in order to impersonate a person. 
Idea of having encryption keys stored by a third party 
Key escrow company so the government can access them if needed.
Software or hardware which records all key strokes on a 
Key logger computer system.
A public key and private key that work together in a public 
Key pair encryption system.
Virus that takes advantage of the macro programming 
Macro virus languages built into some software.

Malware Generic name for malicious software 

Use of several authentication techniques together, such as 
Multi-factor authentication passwords and security tokens.
Password generated by a security token, which expires as 
One time password soon as it is used.
Software or hardware used to collect data travelling over a 
Packet sniffer network.

Passphrase Word or phrase used to authenticate a user. 

Password Word or phrase used to authenticate a user. 
Technique used by criminals to alter DNS records and drive 
Pharming users to fake sites, to committing phishing.
Use of fake emails and web sites to trick users into revealing 
Phishing sensitive data.
Locks, alarms, and other techniques used to securely a 
Physical security building or computer room.

Plaintext Message before it is encrypted, or after it has been decrypted. 

Private key Key used for decryption in a public key encryption system. 
Public key Key used for encryption in a public key encryption system. 

4-Security – page 28
Encryption system in which two keys are used: a public key 
Public key encryption used only to encrypt data, and a private key used only to
decrypt it.

Root user User will full control over a computer system. 

Type of malware which infiltrates the operating system and 
Rootkit attempts to hide itself from view.
Encryption system in which a single key is used for both 
Secret key encryption encryption and decryption.

Secure Socket Layer System used to encrypt https web traffic. 

Hardware device that must be present during login to 
Security token authenticate a user.
Software update to fix a security problem discovered in 
Security update software.

Smishing Phishing attacks committed using text messages (SMS). 

Tricking a user into revealing their password or other sensitive 
Social engineering data.

Spam Unwanted, bulk email. 

Program that scans web pages for email address, in order to 
Spam bot send spam.
Program designed to identify and block spam messages while 
Spam filters letting genuine messages through.
Malware which covertly records a user's actions, such as their 
Spyware key presses.

SSL System used to encrypt https web traffic. 

Encryption system in which a single key is used for both 
Symmetric key encryption encryption and decryption.
Personal in overall charge of a computer system in an 
System administrator organisation.

TLS System used to encrypt https web traffic. 

Transport Layer Security System used to encrypt https web traffic. 
Malware which pretends to be a genuinely useful program to 
Trojan horse trick the user into using it.

Unauthorised access Gaining illegal access to a computer system 

Computer program which damages files and data spreads 
Virus when infected programs are copied.

Virus definition file Used by anti-virus programs to recognise known viruses. 

Phishing attacks committed using telephone calls or VoIP 
Vishing systems.

Vulnerability scanner Software to scan a system for potential security problems. 

Technique used by spammers to detect if an email address is 
Web bug valid or not.
Wired Equivalence Protocol. Wireless network encryption 
WEP system.
4-Security – page 29
Malicious software which replicates itself and spreads 
Worm between computer systems and over networks.
Wireless Protected Access. Wireless network encryption 
WPA system.
Wireless Protected Access 2. Wireless network encryption 
WPA2 system.
Computer which has been compromised by malware and is 
zombie part of a botnet.

Notes

..............................................................................................................................................................................

4-Security – page 30
..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

4-Security – page 31
5-Multimedia

5-Multimedia – page 32
5 Multimedia 

AAC Lossy file format for audio. 

Tools to control placement of objects in presentation or DTP 
Alignment software.

AVI Lossy file format for video. 

Bit depth Refers to the number of colours in an image. 
Amount of data used to represent a single sample in a video 
Bit rate or audio file.

Bitmap graphics Graphics composed of rectangular grids of pixels. 

Technique used to replace part of a video image matching a 
Blue screen certain colour with computer graphics.

BMP Lossless file format for audio. 

Temporary storage area used to store video or audio data 
Buffer ready for playing.
Technical graphics software used to design products for 
CAD manufacture.
Graphics created entirely on a computer, using 2D or 3D 
CGI graphics software.

Citation Acknowledge to a piece of work used as a source. 

Graphics technique which copies one part of an image to 
Cloning another, often to remove something from the image.
Graphics filtering for altering the tones and intensities of 
Colour balance colours in an image.

Colour depth Refers to the number of colours in an image. 

Graphics filtering for altering the tones and intensities of 
Colour levels colours in an image.
Ensuring printed output colours accurately match those on the 
Colour management screen.
Used as part of colour synchronisation to specify how a 
Colour profile device represents colour.
Ensuring printed output colours accurately match those on the 
Colour synchronisation screen.

Composite image Image which was created from several separate images. 
Compression Reduction in the amount of data used to store a file. 
Technical graphics software used to design products for 
Computer Aided Design manufacture.

Computer Generated Graphics created entirely on a computer, using 2D or 3D 

Imagery graphics software.

Legal concept which protects intellectual property from 

Copyright authorised copying, alteration, or use.
5-Multimedia – page 33
Licensing system for authors who wish to distribute their work 
Creative Commons freely.

Cropping Taking a small part (subset) of an image. 

Software used for laying out text and images on pages. 
Desktop publishing software Commonly used for books, magazines, and brochures.
General name for operations performed on an image using 
Digital effects graphics software.
Software which restricts the actions a user can perform with a 
Digital Rights Management file, such as copying or printing.
The process of converting analog data into digital computer 
Digitisation data.

DOC File format for documents, used by Microsoft Office. 

Also known as printer resolution. The number of dots of 
Dots per inch colour a printer is capable of producing in a certain amount of
space.
Also known as printer resolution. The number of dots of 
DPI colour a printer is capable of producing in a certain amount of
space.
Software which restricts the actions a user can perform with a 
DRM file, such as copying or printing.
Software used for laying out text and images on pages. 
DTP Commonly used for books, magazines, and brochures.
Exceptions to copyright law that allow copying in certain 
Fair use limited circumstances.
General name for operations performed on an image using 
Filters graphics software.

FLAC Lossless file format for audio. 

Flipping Image effect found in most graphics software. 
Footer Area of a document which appears the same on every page. 
GIF Lossless file format for images. 
GNU Free Documentation Licensing system for authors who wish to distribute their work 
License freely.

Technique used to replace part of a video image matching a 

Green screen certain colour with computer graphics.

Header Area of a document which appears the same on every page. 

Image editor Software used to create or edit bitmap graphics. 
Refers to creations of the mind – non-physical property such 
Intellectual property as photographs, music, stories, and films.

JPG Lossy file format for images. 

Technique used in graphics software to place digital images 
Layer or effects on top of each other to build up a final image.
Compression technique in which the original file is completely 
Lossless compression recoverable, with no loss of quality. Compare lossy
5-Multimedia – page 34
compression.
Compression technique in which some file data is sacrificed in 
Lossy compression order to reduce file size.
A template page which is used to include standard features 
Master page (such as page numbers or a header) on each page of a
document in a consistent manner.
Unit used to measure the resolution of digital cameras. Refers 
Megapixel to 1 million pixels.
Musical Instrument Digital Interface. System for 
MIDI communication between musical hardware and software
applications.
Effect that transforms one image into another over a series of 
Morphing frames.
A system used to capture human movement into a computer 
Motion capture by attaching sensors to an actor and tracking their location.

MOV Lossy file format for video. 

MP3 Lossy file format for audio. 
MP4 Lossy file format for video. 
MPEG Lossy file format for video. 
Graphics which are stored as a series of mathematical 
Object oriented graphics shapes and properties that can be independently manipulated
at any time.

ODT File format for documents, used by LibreOffice. 

Common file format for the exchange of documents, which 
PDF appears on screen exactly as it will appear on the printer.

Pixel Individual dots which make up bitmap graphics. 

Pixels per inch Number of pixels displayed in each inch of screen output. 
File format that stores characters using ASCII or Unicode 
Plain text file encoding.

PNG Lossless file format for images. 

Common file format for the exchange of documents, which 
Portable Document Format appears on screen exactly as it will appear on the printer.

PPI Number of pixels displayed in each inch of screen output. 

Raster graphics Graphics composed of rectangular grids of pixels. 
Resolution Refers to the number of pixels in an image. 
File format for documents, which can store text and some 
Rich Text Format basic formatting information.

Rotating Image effect found in most graphics software. 

File format for documents, which can store text and some 
RTF basic formatting information.

5-Multimedia – page 35
Number of samples taken each second when recording 
Sample rate sound.

Scaling Changing the size of an image. 

Tools in graphics software for selecting only a subset of an 
Selection tools image.

Streaming media Video or audio data that is played while it is downloading. 

SVG Standard file format for vector image data. 
A page which is used to include standard features (such as 
Template page numbers or a header) on each page of a document in a
consistent manner.
File format that stores characters using ASCII or Unicode 
Text file encoding.

TIF Lossless file format for images. 

True colour Image with 24 bit colour depth. 
File format that stores characters using ASCII or Unicode 
TXT encoding.
The proficient use of fonts, font sizes, and font properties 
Typography such as leading and kerning to display text in an appropriate
manner.
Graphics which are stored as a series of mathematical 
Vector graphics shapes and properties that can be independently manipulated
at any time.

Video CODECs (coder- Software required to view certain compressed video and 
decoders) audio formats.

Animated characters used in films, created entirely using 

Virtual actors computer graphics software.

Vorbis Lossy file format for audio. 

The process of adding an author name or logo into an image 
Watermarking to identify its owner and prevent intellectual property theft.

WAV Lossless file format for audio. 

WMA Lossy file format for video. 
What You See Is What You Get. Refers to programs that 
WYSIWYG present their output onscreen exactly as it will appear when
printed.

Zip file Compressed file format for general data. 

5-Multimedia – page 36
Notes

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5-Multimedia – page 37
6-Databases

6-Databases – page 38
6 Databases 

Alternative key Field by which a database is often searched. 

Recording database transactions made by users (e.g. all 
Auditing edits, reads) for security purposes.

Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT operators used in a query. 

Character check Ensuring a field contains only the specified character types. 
Way of checking mathematically if an item of data has been 
Check digit correctly entered.
File format for transferring data, which stores fields and 
Comma Separated Values records in a plain text file, separated by commas. See also
TSV (Tab Separated Values).

Composite key Primary key which consists of more than one field. 
Combining several databases to build up more information 
Computer matching about a person or set of people.
Validation check in which two fields' values are mutually 
Consistency check dependent.
File format for transferring data, which stores fields and 
CSV records in a plain text file, separated by commas. See also
TSV (Tab Separated Values).

Data entry form Screen used to input data into a database. 

Data integrity Ensuring data is correct, consistent, and update to date. 
Combining several databases to build up more information 
Data matching about a person or set of people.

Data mining Searching collections of data for hidden patterns. 

Data Protection Act UK law that governs the collection and use of personal data. 
Data redundancy Data in a database which is needlessly duplicated. 
Data types Format of data in a field, such as text, number, or date. 
Data warehouses Vast databases containing many gigabytes of data. 
Database Management Software used to create, enter, edit, and retrieve data in a 
System database.

Software used to create, enter, edit, and retrieve data in a 

DBMS database.

Field Single item of data about a single record in a database. 

Validation technique. Number of characters that can be stored 
Field size in a field.

Flat file database Database which consists of just one table. 

Database field whose sole purpose is to form part of a 
Foreign key
6-Databases – page 39
relationship with another table.

Forms Screen used to input data into a database. 

Index Field by which a database is often searched. 
Validation technique. Ensures only the specified characters 
Input mask can be entered into a field.
Field which contains a different value for every record in that 
Key field table.

Knowledge discovery Searching collections of data for hidden patterns. 

Validation technique. Number of characters that can be stored 
Length check in a field.
Using a list of values to limit what can be entered into a field. 
Lookup For example, for the 'Gender' field, the values are limited to
'male' and 'female'
Process of converting a database from a flat file database to a 
Normalization relational database.
Web site containing a large number of articles for research 
Online encyclopaedias purposes.

Opt-in System in which users must explicitly decide to participate. 

System in which users must explicitly decide not to 
Opt-out participate.
Database query whose criteria are decided by the user at run- 
Parameter query time.
Data which could identify a user, or lead to social impacts 
Personal data such as identity theft.
Data which could identify a user, or lead to social impacts 
Personally identifiable data such as identity theft.

Presence check Validation technique. Requires a field to be completed. 

Field which contains a different value for every record in that 
Primary key table.
Policy governing what data a company or web site will collect 
Privacy policy about you and how it will be used.
Method of extracting data from a database that matches 
Queries specific criteria
Validation technique. Ensures a field is between a certain 
Range check range of values.

RDBMS Relational DBMS. See Database Management System. 

Collection of fields that represent a single entity, such as a 
Record person.

Redundancy Data in a database which is needlessly duplicated. 

Redundant data Data in a database which is needlessly duplicated. 
Database containing multiple related tables and no redundant 
Relational database data.

6-Databases – page 40
Method of extracting data from a database that matches 
Searching specific criteria

Secondary key Field by which a database is often searched. 

Using data for a purpose other than the one for which it was 
Secondary use collected.
Data such as medical records which, if shared, could cause 
Sensitive data serious negative impacts on the data subject.

Sorting Ordering records based on a field (e.g. alphabetically). 

SQL Language for managing databases by typing commands. 
Structured Query Language Language for managing databases by typing commands. 
File format for transferring data, which stores fields and 
Tab Separated Values records in a plain text file, with fields separated by a tab
character. See also CSV.
File format for transferring data, which stores fields and 
Tab-delimited text files records in a plain text file, with fields separated by a tab
character. See also CSV.
In databases, a collection of records representing a type of 
Table item.

Trans-border data flow Transfer of data between countries. 

File format for transferring data, which stores fields and 
TSV records in a plain text file, with fields separated by a tab
character. See also CSV.

Validation Checks to ensure whether data is in the correct format. 

Checking whether data is correct – i.e. is the value entered in 
Verification a field the actual value?

Web databases 

Notes

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6-Databases – page 41
..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

6-Databases – page 42
7-Models & Simulations

7-Models & Simulations – page 43

7 Models and simulations 

In a spreadsheet, a cell reference which does not change 

Absolute cell reference when moved.
Often made during the construction of a computer model, as 
Assumptions part of the simplification process.

Car crash model Used to predict the results of car crashes. 

In spreadsheets, the properties of a cell such as its colour, 
Cell format font, and cell type.

Cell range In spreadsheets, reference to a range of continuous cells. 

In spreadsheets, a combination of row number and column 
Cell reference letter to refer to a single cell (e.g. A2).

Centralized processing Single computer with multiple processors working on a task. 

Computational Fluid Dynamics. A technique used to model 
CFD airflow in computer models.
Computer model used to predict possible future climate 
Climate model change.
Mathematical representation of the real world using computer 
Computer model software.
Based on computer models, gives users experience of events 
Computer simulation such as flying a plane.
Use of models or expert systems to aid (business) decision 
Decision Support System making processes.
Use of multiple separate computers working together on a 
Distributed processing common task.
Comparing the results of a computer model to actual (real life) 
Feedback loop results, and using the differences to improve the model for the
future.

Flight simulator Simulator hardware and software used to train pilots. 

In spreadsheets, a combination of cell references and 
Formula mathematical operations.
Hardware device which can move in many directions to 
Full motion platform increase the realism of simulators.
Built in features of spreadsheets for performing common 
Function calculations.
Computer model used to predict possible future climate 
Global Climate Model change.
Spreadsheet tool used to determine the required values to 
Goal seek meet a certain goal.
Use of multiple separate computers working together on a 
Grid computing common task.

High performance 
High speed computing using multiple processors
computing
Parallel processing High speed computing using multiple processors 
7-Models & Simulations – page 44
Prediction Output of a computer model. 
In a spreadsheet, a cell reference which updates when 
Relative cell reference moved.
Difference between a computer model's representation of a 
Simplification process, and the real life process.
Application software for performing numerical calculations 
Spreadsheet and analysis.
Fastest computers available, capable of performing trillions of 
Supercomputer calculations per second.
Components of a computer model which can be altered to 
Variables vary the output.
Graphical or animated output from a computer model or 
Visualisation simulation.
Use of a computer model to test the results of different 
What-if scenario situations and scenarios.

Notes

..............................................................................................................................................................................

7-Models & Simulations – page 45

..............................................................................................................................................................................

8-Business (traditional) – page 47

8 Business (traditional) 

Policy that sets out what users are and are not allowed to do 
Acceptable use policy with IT systems.
Systems designed to reduce credit card fraud by requiring the 
Chip and pin user to authenticate themselves at the point of sale.
Application software to let users work together on projects 
Collaborative software even if they are geographically remote.

Deskilling Reduction in the skill needed to do a job, due to technology 

Transfer of money from one account to another using 
EFT computer systems and networks.
Transfer of money from one account to another using 
Electronic Funds Transfer computer systems and networks.
Technology to monitor emails sent and received, usually by 
Email monitoring employees.
Technology used to monitor the work of employees using a 
Employee monitoring computer system.
Content on a LAN which is available to authorised third 
Extranet parties.
Process of preventing access to some resources, usually web 
Filtering pages.
System of moving working to different offices around the 
Follow-the-sun working globe as the day progresses, ending work in each location as
the end of the day approaches, and moving it to a new office
elsewhere where the day is just beginning.
Technology to monitor Internet data sent and received, 
Internet monitoring usually by employees.
Content on a LAN which is only available to members of an 
Intranet organisation.
Software or hardware which records all key strokes on a 
Key logger computer system.
Software or hardware which records all key strokes on a 
Keystroke monitoring computer system.
Card used to identify repeat customers, to allow them to 
Loyalty card accumulate reward points, and to gather data about their
shopping habits for marketing purposes
In application software, a set of actions which are recorded so 
Macro they can be played back later.
Virus that takes advantage of the macro programming 
Macro viruses languages built into some software.
The process of automatically customising a standard letter 
Mail merge with individual names and addresses from a database.
Use of the Internet to perform tasks such as bill payment, 
Online banking money transfers and other banking tasks.
Checkout system in a shop, usually connected to a store 
Point of Sale database and EFT system.
Checkout system in a shop, usually connected to a store 
POS database and EFT system.

8-Business (traditional) – page 48

When a de-skilled user retrains, often in a technology related 
Re-skilling discipline.
Ability to connect to a computer, over a network, as though 
Remote desktop you were physically present at the keyboard.
Card used to identify repeat customers, to allow them to 
Reward card accumulate reward points, and to gather data about their
shopping habits for marketing purposes
System of tags which contain data that can be read from a 
RFID distance using radio waves.
Supermarket technology that lets users scan and pay for their 
Self checkout own goods without staff assistance.
Shopping trolley with RFID technology to offer enhanced 
Smart shopping trolley functionality.
Use of data about customers to determine which adverts they 
Targeted advertising are most likely to find useful.
Working away from an organisation's main office or base, 
Telecommuting using portable computers.
Working away from an organisation's main office or base, 
Teleworking using portable computers.

Notes

..............................................................................................................................................................................

8-Business (traditional) – page 49

..............................................................................................................................................................................

9-Business (on line) – page 51

9 Business (on line) 

Absolute link HTML link to a fully specified URL. 

Technology used to create dynamic web pages, designed by 
Active Server Pages Microsoft.

Active Server Pages Technology used to create dynamic web pages, designed by 
Extended Microsoft.

Ad blockers Software to block adverts in web pages. 

ALT attribute HTML attribute that provides a text description of images. 
Anchor HTML link which points to a different part of the same page. 
Apache Well known web server software. 
Applet Java program which runs inside a web page. 
Technology used to create dynamic web pages, designed by 
ASP Microsoft.
Technology used to create dynamic web pages, designed by 
ASPX Microsoft.
E-commerce conducted between two businesses, such as a 
B2B business and their suppliers.
E-commerce conducted between a business and their 
B2C customers, for example, online shopping.

Back-end Database which stores web site content 'behind the scenes'. 
Graphical adverts that are typically displayed across the top 
Banner ads of a web page.
Percentage of users who visit a web site but immediately 
Bounce rate leave it.
Feature of a web site to help user navigation by showing the 
Breadcrumb trails current page name and the names of pages which led to it, in
order.
An essential check to ensure that a web page appears the 
Browser compatibility same way on all web browsers.
Email sent to large numbers of users at once. May be 
Bulk email considered spam by some users.
E-commerce conducted between two businesses, such as a 
Business-to-Business business and their suppliers.
E-commerce conducted between a business and their 
Business-to-Consumer customers, for example, online shopping.
E-commerce where customers deal directly with each other, 
C2C such as in online auction.
Technology to specify styling and formatting information for 
Cascading Style Sheets web pages.

Click Through Rate Percentage of users who click on an advert after seeing it. 

9-Business (on line) – page 52

E-commerce where customers deal directly with each other, 
Consumer-to-Consumer such as in online auction.
Percentage of visitors who visit a site and then make a 
Conversion rate purchase.
Small text file text by some web sites to recognise the user 
Cookies when they return.
Amount paid to the advertising company when a user clicks 
Cost Per Click on an advert.
Amount paid to the advertising company when a user clicks 
CPC on an advert.
Technology to specify styling and formatting information for 
CSS web pages.

CTR Percentage of users who click on an advert after seeing it. 

Data mining Searching collections of data for hidden patterns. 
A web site whose pages are generated at view-time, from 
Data-driven web sites data stored in a database. For example, when a user
performs a search in a shop, all matching products are
extracted from the database and a web page is generated to
display them.
Technique used to authenticate remote users, such as online 
Digital certificates shopping businesses.

Direct payment E-commerce payment using a debit or credit card. 

Initiative designed to stop tracking cookies from recording 
Do not track user's web activity.
Human readable names given to web sites, such as 
Domain name www.itgstextbook.com

Domain Name System System for translating domain names into IP addresses. 
A web site whose pages are generated at view-time, from 
Dynamic web site data stored in a database. For example, when a user
performs a search in a shop, all matching products are
extracted from the database and a web page is generated to
display them.

E-commerce The techniques used to sell products online. 

E-marketing The techniques used to market produces online. 
A name for a web page which lets the user browse and 
E-store purchase items.
Feature of e-commerce sites which contains items for later 
Electronic shopping cart purchase.

Enterprise information System that allows an organisation to collect, manage, and 

analyse large amounts of information about its products, its
system processes, and its customers.

External link HTML link which points to a separate, external web site. 
System for transferring files over the Internet, often used for 
File Transfer Protocol uploading web sites.
Software which blocks some Internet content, based on a 
Filtering series of rules or lists of content.

9-Business (on line) – page 53

First party cookie Cookie left by a web site the user directly visited. 
Flash Technology often used to create interactive web pages. 
HyperText Markup Language. The standard language for 
HTML creating web pages.

HTTPS Protocol used to send web pages securely over the Internet. 
Area of a web page – text or an image – which when clicked 
Hyperlinks takes the user to another web page.

Internal link HTML link which points to a different part of the same page. 
Company that provides Internet access to homes and 
Internet Service Provider businesses.
Company that provides Internet access to homes and 
ISP businesses.
Programming language often used to create interactive web 
Java pages.
Scripting language often used to create interactive web 
JavaScript pages.

Keyword density Frequently with which key words appear in a web page. 
Keyword prominence Locations within a web page that key words appear. 
Overuse of key words in a web page in an attempt to increase 
Keyword spamming search engine ranking.
Service that links many pages to each other in an attempt to 
Link farm increase search engine ranking.
Web page which alters the information it displays based on 
Location based service the user's geographical location.

M-commerce The use of mobile phones to conduct online purchases. 

HTML tags to add additional information about a web page 
Meta tags and its content.

Mobile commerce The use of mobile phones to conduct online purchases. 

MySQL Database system often used by data driven web sites. 
Newsletter 
Online advertising 
Methods used to measure the “trust” and “reliability” of people 
Online reputation in an online network, especially when performing e-commerce
or writing reviews.
A trusted third party who is used to receive and process 
Payment gateway payments in an online transaction.

PHP Technology used to create dynamic web pages. 

Plugins Software added to web browsers to extend their functionality. 
A type of advertisement which opens a new browser window 
Pop-ups to display adverts.

9-Business (on line) – page 54

Process performed by search engines to determine the order 
Ranking of sites of results for a given search.
A small piece of information sent to sites you visit, telling the 
Referrer site which site you just came from.

Relative link HTML link to a file, with no path specified. 

Accessibility feature for users with eyesight problems, which 
Screen reader reads text aloud.
Simple programming that can be included in web pages to 
Scripting make them more interactive or dynamic.
Techniques used to increase a web page's search engine 
Search Engine Optimisation rankings.
Essential for all online transactions, often achieved using SSL 
Secure online payment or TLS encryption.
Techniques used to increase a web page's search engine 
SEO rankings.

Silverlight Technology often used to create interactive web pages. 

Sitemap Overview of a web site and all the links and pages within it. 
Networks such as Facebook, Google, and Twitter, which are 
Social media often used for advertising.

Spam Unwanted, bulk email. 

Links show by search engines because the link owners paid a 
Sponsored links fee.

SQL Language for managing databases by typing commands. 

Styles 
Stylesheet File which contains CSS information to format a web page. 
Tags (HTML) Keywords in HTML which are used to mark up a web page. 
The use of data about an individual to determine the types of 
Targeted advertising advertising which is most likely to interest them.
Cookie left by a web site the user did not directly visit (usually 
Third party cookie by advert companies).
Use of a separate, specialist company to store and manage a 
Third party hosting web site.

Third party payment service See payment gateway. 

Title attribute HTML attribute that provides a text description of links. 
Top Level Domain The final part of a domain name, such as .com .net or .sv 
A number given to users when they order an item online, 
Tracking number allowing them to see its progress from the retailer to their
door.

Unique identification 
Used by cookies to help recognise return visitors to web sites.
number
To transfer data from a client to a server computer. 
Uploading
9-Business (on line) – page 55
Measure of how long a computer system has been operating 
Uptime without restarting.
Advertising on social media networks which spreads rapidly 
Viral advertising from user to user.
3D environment in which character select an avatar and then 
Virtual world explore. Sometimes used by companies for marketing
purposes.

W3C Organisation that manages standards on the world wide web. 

Software to measure and display statistics about a web site's 
Web analytics visitors, such as pages visited, durations of visits, and web
browsers used.
Software which allows management of a web site without web 
Web Content Management design skills. Content is stored in a database and published in
System different ways, such as on a web site, in a printed booklet, or
in different languages. Sometimes called a WebCMS.
Software which scans web pages looking for key words, so 
Web crawler search engines can index them.
The process of housing or storing a web site, making it 
Web hosting available to the public, and managing the servers on which it
runs.
Computer which houses web pages and serves them to 
Web server computers that request them.
Software which scans web pages looking for key words, so 
Web spider search engines can index them.
Software to measure and display statistics about a web site's 
Web traffic analysis visitors, such as pages visited, durations of visits, and web
browsers used.
Software which allows management of a web site without web 
WebCMS design skills. Content is stored in a database and published in
different ways, such as on a web site, in a printed booklet, or
in different languages. Sometimes called a WebCMS.

World Wide Web 

Organisation that manages standards on the world wide web.
Consortium
What You See Is What You Get. Refers to programs that 
WYSIWYG present their output onscreen exactly as it will appear when
printed.
A markup language used to describe data, storing the 
XML information as plain text files.

Notes

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9-Business (on line) – page 57

10-Business
(transportation)

10-Business (transportation) – page 58

10 Business (transportation) 

Software to track and manage fleets of vehicles, including 

Fleet management route planning and data analysis functions.
Software to display the location of vehicles, such as trucks or 
Fleet tracking taxis.
Security system used at airports to produce a digital image of 
Full body scanners passengers 'without clothes'.
System of satellites that allows a user to determine their 
GPS position on Earth using a special receiver.

Intelligent cars Cars incorporating IT to improve driver safety and comfort. 

Use of RFID and a web site to show customers the location of 
Package tracking packages awaiting delivery.
Sites which aggregate price data from a variety of sources to 
Price comparison sites offer customers the best deal.
Data logging systems which report data as soon as it is 
Real-time data collection collected.
Ability to disable a vehicle over a computer network if it has 
Remote vehicle disabling been stolen
System of tags which contain data that can be read from a 
RFID distance using radio waves.

Route planning Software to plan the optimum route between two points. 
Input devices used to measure physical traits, such as sound, 
Sensors heat, or light.

Smart cars Cars incorporating IT to improve driver safety and comfort. 

Notes

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10-Business (transportation) – page 59

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10-Business (transportation) – page 60

11-Education

11-Education – page 61
11 Education 

1-1 Programme Scheme in which every student is given their own laptop. 
Policy that sets out what users are and are not allowed to do 
Acceptable use policy with IT systems.
Hardware and software features to help disabled users 
Accessibility operate computer systems.
Software to detect plagiarised work by searching the Internet 
Anti-plagiarism software and previous work samples.
In a tele-learning environment, learning which does not 
Asynchronous learning require the teacher and student to be online at the same time.

Black list List of banned web sites in a filtering system. 

Mix of traditional teaching techniques and e-learning 
Blended learning techniques.

Children's Internet US law requiring Internet filtering in US most schools and 

Protection Act libraries.

US law requiring Internet filtering in US most schools and 

CIPA libraries.
Use of IT such as social networks to harass or bully 
Cyber-bullying individuals.

Dictation software Use of software to convert spoken words into text. 

An electronic book, presented as a document on a computer 
e-Book or an e-book reader.

e-Book reader Portable device used to download and read e-books. 

e-Learning Electronic learning. The use of IT to teach and learn. 
Process of transferring data between systems in a standard 
EDI format that both can understand.
Entertainment software designed to have an educational 
Edutainment aspect.
Process of transferring data between systems in a standard 
Electronic Data Interchange format that both can understand.
E-books designed to replace traditional paper textbooks for 
Electronic textbooks teaching and learning
The use of technology to ensure that everybody is able to 
Equality of access access resources, regardless of problems such as physical
disabilities.
When a system incorrectly rejects an action instead of 
False negative accepting it.
When a system incorrectly accepts an action instead of 
False positive rejecting it.
Use of IT to connect classrooms with other classrooms 
Flat classrooms around the world

Forums Online areas where users can post messages to each other. 

11-Education – page 62
Refers to creations of the mind – non-physical property such 
Intellectual property as photographs, music, stories, and films.
A computer input and output device often used in classrooms. 
Interactive whiteboard Displays computer graphics as output and allows input using
special pens or a finger.

m-Learning Mobile learning. Use of mobile devices to teach and learn. 

Input devices which are moved through the air to control a 
Motion controllers computer system.

Multimedia Use of images, audio, text, and video data together. 

Keyboard which is displayed on screen and controlled by 
Onscreen keyboard clicking on buttons with the mouse or a touch screen.
Educational material which is released for free use and 
Open courseware distribution.
Textbooks whose content is freely available online for 
Open textbooks reading, copying, and often editing.
Use of another user's work without proper credit or citation 
Plagiarism being given.
Sound files recorded and uploaded to a web server, usually in 
Podcast episodic format.
System that predicts the word being typed based on the 
Predictive text letters already typed.
Settings in social networks and other systems to control how 
Profile privacy settings a user's data is shared with others.
Output device used to display computer graphics on a wall or 
Projector board.
Electronic encyclopedia software containing articles, images, 
Reference software videos, and other reference items.
Database system for storing and managing information about 
School information system a school, its students, and staff.

Serious games Games designed to teach players about an issue. 

Accessibility feature for users with eyesight problems, reads 
Speech synthesis text from the computer out loud.
In a tele-learning environment, learning which does requires 
Synchronous learning the teacher and student to be online at the same time.
Learning that occurs when the teacher and students are in 
Tele-learning separate geographical locations.
Input devices which allows a screen to be controlled with 
Touch sensitive input fingers rather than using a mouse or a keyboard.
Use of video cameras and microphones to conduct a 
Video conferencing conversation over a network.
A content management system (CMS) which allows teachers 
VLE to upload lessons, worksheets, quizzes, and other class
material, to be displayed on a web page.
Refers to web pages which allow user interaction and 
Web 2.0 collaboration.

Virtual Learning A content management system (CMS) which allows teachers 

to upload lessons, worksheets, quizzes, and other class
Environment material, to be displayed on a web page.

11-Education – page 63
Notes

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11-Education – page 64
11-Education – page 65
12-Environment

12-Environment – page 66
12 Environment 

Device for sampling analog data and producing a digital 

ADC sample of it.
Continuous data which can be measured, such as the 
Analog data temperature in the room.
Device for sampling analog data and producing a digital 
Analog to digital converter sample of it.
Environmental campaign group that works to reduce the 
BAN problems caused by e-waste.
Environmental campaign group that works to reduce the 
Basel Action Network problems caused by e-waste.

Basel Convention, The Environmental agreement regarding e-waste. 

Server design which is modular, allowing systems to be 
Blade servers rapidly expanded and reducing power consumption.
Analog data which can be measured, such as the 
Continuous data temperature in the room.

CRT Old, large TV style computer monitors. 

Large warehouses of computers that host hundreds or 
Data centres thousands of gigabytes of data.
Layers of information added to a Geographical Information 
Data layers System.

Data logging Automatic recording of data using sensors. 

Digital data Discrete data which can be counted. 
Digital footprint An individual's effect on the environment due to e-waste. 
The idea that money, language, education, or infrastructure 
Digital divide creates a gap between those who have access to information
technologies and those who do not.
The process of converting analog data into digital computer 
Digitisation data.

Discrete data Discrete data which can be counted. 

Schemes used to find additional uses for obsolete computer 
Donation schemes equipment to extend it's useful life.
Discarded electronic equipment that is either broken or 
e-Waste obsolete.
Discarded electronic equipment that is either broken or 
Electronic waste obsolete.

Geographical Information A system which allows layers of data to be placed on map 

data to visualise and analyse it. For example, crime rate
System figures can be layered on a map of a city.
Adding tags to data (such as an image) to identify the location 
Geotagged in which it was created.
A system which allows layers of data to be placed on map 
GIS data to visualise and analyse it. For example, crime rate

12-Environment – page 67
figures can be layered on a map of a city.
System of satellites that allows a user to determine their 
Global Positioning System position on Earth using a special receiver.
System of satellites that allows a user to determine their 
GPS position on Earth using a special receiver.
Part of the GPS system which calculates its distance from 
GPS receiver satellites in space.
Remote imaging method that users laser light, often used by 
Laser imaging satellites.

LCD Newer style “flat screen” monitors. 

Countries to which electronic waste is often shipped for 
LEDC unsafe recycling and disposal.

Less Economically Countries to which electronic waste is often shipped for 

Developed Country unsafe recycling and disposal.

Remote imaging method that users laser light, often used by 

Lidar satellites.
For computer hardware, the period of time from its 
Life cycle (hardware) manufacture, through its use, until its eventual disposal.
Any service (e.g. web page content) which varies according to 
Location based service the user's location.
Countries which are often a significant source of electronic 
MEDC waste.

More Economically Countries which are often a significant source of electronic 

Developed Country waste.

Idea that IT equipment is designed to have a short life 

Planned obsolescence expectancy before failing or becoming obsolete.
Operating systems to affect the power consumption of a 
Power settings computer.

Radar Remote imaging method used by satellites. 

The process of reclaiming valuable elements from waste 
Recycling electronic equipment, often done unsafely in developing
countries.
The 'R' concerned with preventing e-waste problems by 
Reduce producing less waste equipment and using fewer harmful
chemicals.
System which will take over the role of a primary system if it 
Redundant systems fails.

Remote sensing Techniques used by satellites to image the Earth. 

The 'R' concerned with finding additional uses for equipment 
Refurbish which is obsolete but not broken.
The 'R' concerned with finding additional uses for equipment 
Reuse which is obsolete but not broken.
A law which limits the harmful chemicals that manufacturers 
RoHS are allowed to put into their electronic equipment.
A law which limits the harmful chemicals that manufacturers 
Reduction of Harmful are allowed to put into their electronic equipment.

12-Environment – page 68
Substances
During digitisation, the number of bits used to represent each 
Sample precision sample.

Sample rate During digitisation, the number of samples taken per second. 
The process of converting analog data into digital computer 
Sampling data.

SAT NAV Portable GPS receiver device often used in vehicles. 

The use of sensors on satellites to measure or record 
Satellite imaging information, usually about the Earth.

Satellite navigation system Portable device that uses GPS to plot the user's position. 
Input devices used to measure physical traits, such as sound, 
Sensors heat, or light.

Sonar Remote imaging method used by satellites. 

Reducing a processor's clock speed to save power when not 
Speed throttling in use.
Scheme operated by IT manufacturers to accept customers' 
Take-back scheme old hardware for recycling at its end of life.
A 3D software map of the Earth, usually with layers of 
Virtual globe information added, similar to a GIS.
A software implementation of a computer system, allowing 
Virtual machines one physical computer to run several “virtual computers”,
each with their own independent operating system and
application software.
The process of using several virtual machines running on one 
Virtualisation computer to replace several separate physical computers.
Producing graphs or animations based on computer data, to 
Visualisation help understand and analyse it.
A European law which requires electronic equipment 
WEEE manufacturers to accept back their equipment for recycling at
its end of life.

Notes

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12-Environment – page 69
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12-Environment – page 70
13-Health

13-Health – page 71
13 Health 

Compulsive use of a computer system that can lead to 

Addiction negative effects, including health problems. A growing
problem!
A health problem causing pain in the wrist, often associated 
Carpel Tunnel Syndrome with overuse or incorrect of a computer system.
database in which all data in stored in one centralised 
Centralised database location.

Clinical decision support 

Expert system for medical diagnosis
system
Mathematical representation of the real world using computer 
Computer model software.
A health problem causing pain in the wrist, often associated 
CTS with overuse or incorrect of a computer system.

Cybernetics Integration of IT into the human body. 

e-Prescriptions Electronic prescriptions. 
Process of transferring data between systems in a standard 
EDI format that both can understand.
Computerised medical records, often stored on a centralised 
HER server.
Process of transferring data between systems in a standard 
Electronic Data Interchange format that both can understand.
Computerised medical records, often stored on a centralised 
Electronic Health Records server.
Computerised medical records, often stored on a centralised 
Electronic Medical Records server.
Computerised medical records, often stored on a centralised 
EMR server.

Ergonomics Meaning a system design for user comfort. 

An online project designed to centrally store information about 
Human Genome Project the human genome.

Medical expert system Expert system for medical diagnosis support. 

Myoelectric control Control of IT using electrical impulses from the body 
Neural control Control of IT using electrical impulses from the brain 
Opt-in System in which users must explicitly decide to participate. 
System in which users must explicitly decide not to 
Opt-out participate.
Electronic health records which are stored on the patient's 
Personal Health Record own computer system.
Electronic health records which are stored on the patient's 
PHR own computer system.

13-Health – page 72
Devices used to replace a user's arms or legs if they have 
Prosthetics been amputated. Increasing becoming computerised.
Use of IT to monitor the health of patients over a large 
Remote monitoring distance.
Injury caused by overuse or incorrect use of a computer, 
Repetitive Strain Injury which can affect the wrists, arms, back, or shoulders.
Injury caused by overuse or incorrect use of a computer, 
RSI which can affect the wrists, arms, back, or shoulders.
Credit card sized card containing a microchip for data storage 
Smart cards and processing.

Store-and-forward Telemedicine using techniques such as email, which do not 

telemedicine operate in real time.

Using IT to perform medical consultations when the doctor 

Telehealth and patient are in geographically separate locations.
Using IT to perform medical consultations when the doctor 
Telemedicine and patient are in geographically separate locations.
Using IT to perform surgery on a patient in a geographically 
Telesurgery separate location from the doctor.
A virtual world which the user views using a special headset, 
Virtual reality and may participate in using specialist input devices.
Allows a secure private connection over a public network, 
VPN using an encrypted 'tunnel'. For example, a remote computer
can securely connect to a LAN, as though it were physically
connected.

Notes

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13-Health – page 73
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13-Health – page 74
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13-Health – page 75
14-Home & Leisure

14-Home & Leisure – page 76

14 Home & Leisure 

Software often used in the digital restoration of historic sites 

3D modelling or artefacts.
Overlapping layers of computer data with images of the real 
Augmented reality world.

Avatar Representation of a person in a virtual environment. 

Use of fingerprints, retina scans, or other body features as an 
Biometrics authentication mechanism.
Form of virtual reality which projects images on the walls 
CAVE surrounding a user.

Cave Automated Virtual Form of virtual reality which projects images on the walls 
Environment surrounding a user.

News reporting by everyday citizens using mobile technology, 

Citizen journalism rather than traditional media.

Copyright infringement Illegally copying or distributing copyrighted material. 

The process of using digital versions of historic works or 
Digital restoration places and software to “rebuild” them to their previous states.
Software which restricts the actions a user can perform with a 
Digital Rights Management file, such as copying or printing.
Upgraded version of radio signals which offers higher quality 
Digital radio than analog television.
Upgraded version of television signals which offers higher 
Digital television quality than analog television.
The process of converting analog data into digital computer 
Digitisation data.
Software which restricts the actions a user can perform with a 
DRM file, such as copying or printing.
An electronic book, presented as a document on a computer 
e-Book or an e-book reader.

Electronic ink Technology used in e-book readers to improve display quality. 

Entertainment Software Organisation that provides content ratings for computer 
Rating Board games.

Organisation that provides content ratings for computer 

ESRB games.
Specialist imaging hardware used to detect and visualise 
Ground penetrating radar objects buried underground.

HDTV Television images that have a resolution up to 1920 x 1080. 

High Definition Television Television images that have a resolution up to 1920 x 1080. 
Home which uses technology to improve its efficiency, 
Home automation security, and comfort, by automating many aspects.
Computer with multimedia capabilities designed specifically 
Home Theatre PC for watching television and films.
14-Home & Leisure – page 77
Computer with multimedia capabilities designed specifically 
HTPC for watching television and films.
Systems which allows television images and sound to be 
IPTV delivered over the Internet.
Technique used to build 3D computer models of real world 
Laser scanning locations.

Massively Multiplayer Games played by connecting to a central server and 

Online Game interacting with other players in a virtual world.

Massively Multiplayer Games played by connecting to a central server and 

Online Role Playing Game interacting with other players in a virtual world.

Games played by connecting to a central server and 

MMOG interacting with other players in a virtual world.
Games played by connecting to a central server and 
MMORPG interacting with other players in a virtual world.

Motion Picture Association Film industry group that works to reduce illegal copying of 
of America films.

Film industry group that works to reduce illegal copying of 

MPAA films.
Software which fetches news headlines from a variety of 
News aggregator sources for display in one location.
Network in which all computers are equal and there are no 
P2P centralised servers.

Pan European Game Organisation that provides content ratings for computer 
Information games in Europe.

System to prevent access to a web site's content unless the 

Paywall user pays a subscription fee.
Network in which all computers are equal and there are no 
Peer-to-Peer centralised servers.
Organisation that provides content ratings for computer 
PEGI games in Europe.
Term for the illegal copying or downloading of copyrighted 
Piracy material.

Recording Industry Music industry group that works to reduce illegal copying of 
Association of America music.

System of tags which contain data that can be read from a 

RFID distance using radio waves.
Music industry group that works to reduce illegal copying of 
RIAA music.
Home which uses technology to improve its efficiency, 
Smart home security, and comfort, by automating many aspects.
Systems which measure a household's consumption of water 
Smart meters or resources, producing statistics that can be used to improve
efficiency.

Social news News sites which rank news stories based on user ratings. 

14-Home & Leisure – page 78

'3D printer' that can produce actual objects from computer 
Stereolithography models.

Streaming media Video or audio data that is played while it is downloading. 

Television and films which can be streamed at any time from 
Video On Demand the Internet, rather than waiting for a TV broadcast.
3D environment in which character select an avatar and then 
Virtual worlds explore. Sometimes used by companies for marketing
purposes.
Television and films which can be streamed at any time from 
VOD the Internet, rather than waiting for a TV broadcast.

Notes

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14-Home & Leisure – page 79

14-Home & Leisure – page 80
15-Politics &
Government

15-Politics & Government – page 81

15 Politics & Government 

Software which processes video camera data to read vehicle 

ANPR number plates and compare it to those stored in a database.
Overlapping layers of computer data with images of the real 
Augmented reality world.

Automatic Number Plate Software which processes video camera data to read vehicle 
Recognition number plates and compare it to those stored in a database.

Large scale network gathering information from soldiers, 

Battlefield network vehicles, and maps to provide an overall view of the
battlefield.
Use of fingerprints, retina scans, or other body features as an 
Biometrics authentication mechanism.

Black boxes Closed system whose internal operation cannot be inspected. 

Black list List of banned web sites in a filtering system. 
Children Internet Protection US Law requiring schools to filter Internet content to protect 
Act (CIPA) children.

System whereby web site content is categorised so that filters 

Content rating can block it if necessary.
Using computer hacking techniques to commit acts of 
Cyber-terrorism terrorism.

Cyber-warfare Using computer hacking techniques to commit acts of war. 

Flooding a computer system with data so that it cannot 
Denial of Service attack respond to genuine users.

Digital Millennium Copyright Law designed to improve copyright protection for media 
companies, and make it illegal to bypass copy protection
Act systems such as DRM.
Voting machines where users cast votes by touching a 
Direct Recording Electronic screen.
Law designed to improve copyright protection for media 
DMCA companies, and make it illegal to bypass copy protection
systems such as DRM.
A database, often national, that contains DNA samples taken 
DNA database from people arrested by the police.

DNS System for translating domain names into IP addresses. 

Technique used by criminals to alter DNS records and drive 
DNS Poisoning users to fake sites, to committing phishing.
A type of electronic voting machine that allows the user to 
DRE voting machine vote by selecting the candidates name using a touchscreen.
An unmanned aerial vehicle often used by the military for 
Drone surveillance operations.
Passport with a microchip containing biometric features, and 
e-Passport RFID technology to transmit these to immigration control.
An online petition that can be signed by people supporting a 
e-Petition
15-Politics & Government – page 82
cause.

Electronic voting Any use of IT to count or cast votes in an election. 

When a system incorrectly rejects an action instead of 
False negative accepting it.
When a system incorrectly accepts an action instead of 
False positive rejecting it.
Software which blocks some Internet content, based on a 
Filter series of rules or lists of content.
Software or hardware used to control data entering and 
Firewall leaving a network.
Information technology designed to improve a soldier's 
Future warrior understanding of the battlefield around him.
System of satellites that allows a user to determine their 
GPS position on Earth using a special receiver.

Internet voting Systems which allows users to vote over the Internet. 
Organisation that works with British ISPs to block access to 
Internet Watch Foundation illegal content on the Internet.

IP address Unique address assigned to every computer on a network. 

Organisation that works with British ISPs to block access to 
IWF illegal content on the Internet.

Keyword filter Filter that blocks web pages containing specified key words. 
Online donations collected in small amounts, but which add 
Micro-payments up when contributed by thousands of users.
When the use of an IT system extends beyond its original 
Mission creep purpose.

Mixed reality Combination of virtual reality and real life training. 

Online voting Casting votes over the Internet. 
Use of IT to publish data about government operations, 
Open government improving transparency.

Optical scanning electronic 

Voting machines which count paper ballots cast by voters.
voting system
Voting machines where users cast votes over a network like 
PNDRE the Internet.
Weapons that use IT to improve their accuracy or 
Precision guided weapons effectiveness.

Public Network Direct Voting machines where users cast votes over a network like 
Recording Electronic the Internet.

System of tags which contain data that can be read from a 

RFID distance using radio waves.
Based on computer models, gives users experience of events 
Simulation such as flying a plane.
Weapons that use IT to improve their accuracy or 
Smart weapons effectiveness.

15-Politics & Government – page 83

The use of experts to examine the source code of a program 
Software verification to check that it works correctly.
Output from a computer system in the form of force, 
Tactile feedback movement, or resistance.
An unmanned aerial vehicle often used by the military for 
UAV surveillance operations.
An unmanned aerial vehicle often used by the military for 
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle surveillance operations.
Describes the location of an item, such as a web page, on the 
URL Internet.
A virtual world which the user views using a special headset, 
Virtual reality and may participate in using specialist input devices.

Virtual reality headset Primary output device used by a virtual reality system. 
Voter Verified Paper Audit An electronic voting system that produces a paper receipt of 
Trails the vote cast, allowing a recount if necessary.

An electronic voting system that produces a paper receipt of 

VVPAT the vote cast, allowing a recount if necessary.
A filter which considers the words in a page as well as the 
Weighted filter context in which they appear.

White list List of allowed web sites in a filtering system. 

Information technology designed to improve a soldier's 
Wired soldiers understanding of the battlefield around him.

Notes

..............................................................................................................................................................................

15-Politics & Government – page 84

..............................................................................................................................................................................

15-Politics & Government – page 85

16-IT Systems
in Organizations

16-IT Systems in Organizations – page 86

16-1 Development Personnel 

Information system (IS) Person responsible for all IT purchases, deployments, and 
managers systems within an organisation.

In project development, person who documents the current 

Analyst system, finding its problems and areas for improvement
The person in an organisation who is responsible for setting 
Database administrator up, maintaining, and monitoring the organisation's
database(s).
In project development, person who oversees programmers 
Development manager as they create the system specified in the design.
The person responsible for the installation, configuration, and 
Network manager monitoring of an organisation's network.
A person who writes computer programs by following a 
Programmer design document.
Staff who train users and help them with problems as they 
Support staff occur

16-2 Analysis Stage 

Analysis of the benefits and problems of a proposed IT 

Business case project.

Client Person or organisation who commissions an IT project. 

Constraints Limitations within which an IT system must work. 
Longest (slowest) path through a project's development, as 
CP determined by using a PERT chart.
Longest (slowest) path through a project's development, as 
Critical Path determined by using a PERT chart.
Used to find information about an existing system during the 
Data collection development of a new system.

End-user Person who will use an IT project one it is finished. 

Examination of a proposed system to see if its creation is 
Feasibility study possible.
Specific features and functions that a proposed IT system 
Functional requirements must have.
Used to chart the stages of a planned IT project and the 
Gantt chart people responsible for each stage.
Key points during project development, such as the 
Milestones completion of a stage.

Non-functional Conditions that a proposed IT system must meet, such as 

working on certain hardware or giving results within a certain
requirements time.

16-IT Systems in Organizations – page 87

Policies governing the appropriate use of IT, data integrity, 
Organisational IT policies security procedures, and other aspects of IT use with an
organisation.

PERT chart Charting system to show the inter-dependencies in projects. 

Project goals Clear statement of the intentions of a proposed IT project. 
Project management Systems and techniques designed to encourage successful 
methodology projects and avoid project failure.

Project management Software to help plan, manage, and guide the process of IT 
software project development.

Project manager Person with overall responsibility for an IT project. 

Clear definition of the goals, scope, and schedule of a 
Project plan proposed IT project.
Clear list of the functional and non-functional requirements for 
Requirements specification a proposed IT project.

Scope Clear definition of the boundaries of an IT project. 

Analysis method sometimes used when creating a business 
SWOT case.
Documentation intended for programmers and developers of 
Technical documentation an IT system.
Documentation intended for users of an IT system, helping 
User documentation them understand and use it.

16-3 Design Stage 

Attributes Component of an Entity Relationship Diagram. 

Cardinality Property of a relationship in an Entity Relationship Diagram. 
Shows processes in a system and the flows of data between 
Data Flow Diagram them.
The way the data within an IT system is organised and 
Data structure related.
Shows processes in a system and the flows of data between 
DFD them.

Entities Component of an Entity Relationship Diagram. 

Shows the items of data stored in a system and the 
Entity relationship diagram relationships between them.
Shows the items of data stored in a system and the 
ERD relationships between them.
During analysis, a list of the results that a system must 
Outputs produce.

16-IT Systems in Organizations – page 88

During analysis, a list of the procedures a system must 
Processes implement.
Early version of a user interface to get feedback about its 
Prototype interface effectiveness.

Relationships The links between separate items of data. 

System context diagram High level DFD of a system. 
User interface The part of a system that allows a user to interact with it. 

16-4 Implementation Stage 

Alpha testing Initial testing of an IT system. 

Errors in a computer program or system, hopefully found 
Bugs during testing.

Capability Maturity Model Quality assurance method that describes an organisation's 

Integration level of maturity.

Quality assurance method that describes an organisation's 

CMMI level of maturity.
A list of common problems that users experience, and their 
Frequently Asked Questions answers.
Stage in the SDLC where the system is created 
Implementation (programmed).
Testing of an IT system with the amount of work it can be 
Load testing expected to process in real world conditions.

Online lessons A form of training delivered online. 

An early version of a project, designed to get feedback from 
Prototypes the client and users.
In project development, used to ensure the whole 
Quality assurance methods development team are following standardised best practices.
Processes to ensure code produced by programmers 
Quality control processes followed accepted best practices.

Software testers People who perform alpha, beta, and acceptance testing. 
List of all tests and test data that should be tried with a 
Test plan system.

Training Ensuring that users will be able to work with a new IT system. 
A document which explains how to perform key tasks, step by 
Tutorial step.
A document which explains to users how to use a computer 
User manual system.

16-IT Systems in Organizations – page 89

16-5 Testing Stage 

Person who attempts to find bugs in software before it is 

Beta tester released to customers.
Testing of an IT system once all features have been added 
Beta testing and only bugs need to be worked out.

Bug tracking system Used to track and manage bugs in a piece of software. 
Point at which the developers of a system formally pass it to 
Handover the client.
Tests performed by a client before formally accepting an IT 
User acceptance testing system from the developers.

16-6 Installation Stage 

Changeover Moving from an old system to a new IT system. 

Delivery Installing a new IT system at the client's premises. 
Stage in the SDLC where the system is deployed at the 
Deployment client's site.
Immediate removal of an old system and complete 
Direct changeover replacement with a new IT system.

Installation Installing a new IT system at the client's premises. 

Parallel running Running the old system and the new system side by side. 
One part of an organisation switches to a new IT system to 
Phased changeover test it, while others remain using the old system.

16-7 Maintenance Stage 

Maintenance that changes software to make it work with a 

Adaptive maintenance new software environment.

Corrective maintenance Maintenance that fixes bugs in software. 

Moving a problem with an IT project to a higher level if it 
Incident escalation cannot be solved.

Incident management Used to keep track of problems and difficulties encountered in 

system an IT system.

Used to keep track of problems and difficulties encountered in 

Incident tracking system an IT system.

Internal support Support for an IT system provided within an organisation. 

16-IT Systems in Organizations – page 90
Alterations made to a system after it has been formally 
Maintenance handed over.
Maintenance that changes software to incorporate new user 
Perfective maintenance requirements (or changed requirements).

Phase out Gradually removing an old IT system from use. 

Maintenance that changes software to avoid possible future 
Preventative maintenance problems.
Testing to ensuring changes to an IT system did not break 
Regression testing any previously working functionality.
Staff who help users with problems they encounter while 
Support using an IT system.

16-8 Development Approach & Methodologies 

Testing performed by the client and users as part of the 

Acceptance testing handover process.
Development method that focuses on creating small, working 
Agile development parts of a project at regular intervals.
Project Management Body of Knowledge. A project 
PMBoK management methodology.
PRojects IN Controlled Environments 2. A project 
PRINCE2 management methodology.
The act of acquiring the necessary items (software, hardware, 
Procurement staff) to develop an IT system.
Document used in PRINCE2 to describe the key features of 
Project initiation document an IT project.
Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method. A project 
SSADM management methodology.
Testing performed by the client and users as part of the 
User acceptance testing handover process.
Development method that focuses on completing each stage 
Waterfall development of the SDLC for the entire project before moving onto the
next.

16-9 Miscellaneous 

Custom / bespoke software Software created specific for an individual or organisation. 

A computer program which simulates another type of 
Emulator computer, so that it can run programs designed for it.
Set of programs used by system developers to create IT 
IDE systems.
Set of programs used by system developers to create IT 
Integrated Development systems.

16-IT Systems in Organizations – page 91

Environment
An old, out of date IT system which is still used because it is 
Legacy system essential to an organisation.
Software which is widely available and can be bought by 
Off-the-shelf software anybody.
The stages in the life time of an IT system, from its first 
SDLC proposal, through its design and creation, to its eventual
phasing out.
Instructions that make up the software, entered by the 
Source code programmer using a programming language.

System development The stages in the life time of an IT system, from its first 
proposal, through its design and creation, to its eventual
lifecycle phasing out.
A software implementation of a computer system, allowing 
Virtual machine one physical computer to run several “virtual computers”,
each with their own independent operating system and
application software.

Notes

..............................................................................................................................................................................

16-IT Systems in Organizations – page 92

..............................................................................................................................................................................

16-IT Systems in Organizations – page 93

..............................................................................................................................................................................

16-IT Systems in Organizations – page 94

17-AI & Robotics

17-IA & Robotics – page 95

17-1 Artificial Intelligence 

Creating a system that produces results comparable to 

AI human intelligence.
Creating a system that produces results comparable to 
Artificial Intelligence human intelligence.
AI system that attempts to mimic the neurons and synapses 
Artificial Neural Network in the human brain.
Logic in which clauses can have one of two states – such as 
Boolean logic yes or no, true or false.
AI technique that considers all possible solutions, looking for 
Brute force searching the best.
System designed to create text that is unreadable to a 
CAPTCHA computer but understandable to a person, to reduce spam.

Chaining Use of logical statements to come to a conclusion. 

Chinese Room, the Thought experiment dealing with the idea of knowledge. 
Approach that tries to create systems that think and learn in 
Computational intelligence the same way humans do.
Level of certainty in an answer a pattern recognition system 
Confidence interval provides.

Expert system shell Software used to create expert systems. 

Software designed to make the same decisions that a human 
Expert systems expert would, in a given knowledge domain.
Use of previous answers (right or wrong) to improve the 
Feedback loop decision making process next time.

Fuzzy logic Logic in which items can have multiple values. Used in AI. 
System in which items can be partial or complete members of 
Fuzzy set theory a set. Used in AI.

Hand writing recognition System to recognise human writing and convert it to text. 
General rules for performing a task, used to improve the 
Heuristics perform of searching algorithms in AI applications.
Rule used by the inference engine in an expert system to 
IF-THEN rule describe the relationship between key concepts.
Part of an expert system which attempts to relate the users 
Inference engine input with knowledge stored in the knowledge base.
Rule used by the inference engine in an expert system to 
Inference rule describe the relationship between key concepts.
Area of an expert system where all facts about the knowledge 
Knowledge base domain are stored.

Knowledge domain Area of knowledge in which an expert system specialises. 

Programmer responsible for entering expert knowledge into 
Knowledge engineer an expert system.
Different techniques for representing concepts and their 
Knowledge representation relationships inside a computer system.

17-IA & Robotics – page 96

Rule used by the inference engine in an expert system to 
Logic describe the relationship between key concepts.
Technique for making a computer produce better results by 
Machine learning learning from past experiences.
Technique for automatically translating one human language 
Machine translation into another.
Techniques for processing human languages to enable a 
Natural language processing computer to understand their meaning.
AI technique that tries to simulate the human brain, using 
Neural networks neurons and synapses.
Computational Intelligence technique where computers are 
Pattern recognition trained on examples and learn to recognise similarities
between them.
AI technique that considers all possible solutions, looking for 
Searching the best.

Set theory Mathematical theory used in some AI techniques. 

Computer system that can process spoken language and 
Speech recognition understand its meaning.

Training data Example data used in a pattern recognition system. 

Turing test Proposed test to see if a computer is intelligent or not. 
Part of an expert system that accepts users inputs and 
User interface presents answers.

17-2 Robotics 

Robot designed to look like a human, with lifelike skin and 

Android other features.

Autonomous Robot which operates without human intervention. 

Camera Common input device in robotics. 
Clamps Common output device in robotics. 
Claws Common output device in robotics. 
Techniques to let computers and robots see and understand 
Computer vision the world around them.

Heat sensor Common input device in robotics. 

Robot designed generally like a human – bipedal, upright, and 
Humanoid arms, and a head.

Humidity sensor Common input device in robotics. 

Infrared sensor Common input device in robotics. 
Lasers Common input device in robotics. 

17-IA & Robotics – page 97

Light sensor Common input device in robotics. 
Lights Common output device in robotics. 
Magnetism sensor Common input device in robotics. 
Motors Common output device in robotics. 
pH sensor Common input device in robotics. 
Pressure sensor Common input device in robotics. 
Proximity sensor Common input device in robotics. 
Radar Common input device in robotics. 
Relays Common output device in robotics. 
Computerised device that performs manual or physical tasks, 
Robot either autonomously or under remote control.

Robotic arm Common output device in robotics. 

Robotic fingers Common output device in robotics. 
Input devices used to measure physical traits, such as sound, 
Sensors heat, or light.

Sirens Common output device in robotics. 

Sound sensor Common input device in robotics. 
Speakers Common output device in robotics. 
Tracks Common output device in robotics. 
Wheels Common output device in robotics.

Notes

..............................................................................................................................................................................

18-ITGS – page 99
18-1 Core 

Application areas 
Ethical issues 
Ethics 
Information technology 
Social and ethical 
considerations
Social impacts 
Stakeholders 

18-2 Strand 1 

Anonymity 
Authenticity 
Compatibility 
Cultural diversity 
Cultural impact 
Digital citizenship 
Economic impact 
Environmental impact 
Equality of access 
Ergonomic impact 
Globalization 
Health impact 
Integrity 
Intellectual property 
Legal impact 

18-ITGS – page 100

Policies 
Political impact 
Privacy 
Protocols 
Psychological impact 
Reliability 
Security 
Standards 
Surveillance 
The digital divide 
Unauthorised access 
Anonymity 
Authenticity 

18-3 Strand 2 

Business and employment 

Education and training 
Environment 
Health 
Home and leisure 
Politics and Government 

18-4 Strand 3 

Input 
Networking 
Output 
18-ITGS – page 101
Processing 
Storage 

18-5 General terms 

RSS feed 
RSS reader 

Notes

..............................................................................................................................................................................

18-ITGS – page 102

..............................................................................................................................................................................

18-ITGS – page 103

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