CHAPTER ONE

Wind load analysis and Design

1.1 Wind Forces

Wind forces are variable loads which act directly on the internal and external
surface of structures. The intensity of wind load on a structure is related to the
square of the wind velocity and the dimensions of the members that are resisting
the wind (frontal area). Wind velocity is dependent on geographical location, the
height of the structure, the topography of the area and the roughness of the
surrounding terrain.

 The building is located in Adama, terrain category 4.

 Our building is it’s a hipped roof

Wind direction 90o

Wind direction 0o

Figure 2.1 Roof wind direction

 Reference wind velocity

The reference wind velocity for a locality is defined as the mean wind velocity at
10m above farmland averaged over a period of 10 minutes with a return period of
50 years. It is calculated using.

Vref =VDIR * CTEM * CALT * Vref

 CALT:- Altitude factor to be taken as 1

  CTEM:- Temporary (seasonal) factor to be taken as 1

 VDIR:- the direction factor to be taken as 1

Vref= 1*1*1*22m/s=22m2/sec

 Reference wind pressure qref

Qref=0.5*air density*V2ref
-Adama located 1712m above sea level
By using interpolation the air density will be:-
1500= 1
1712 = x
2000= 0.94

2000-1500 = 0.94-1
1712-1500 = X-1
=0.97 air density

Qref =0.5*0.97*222

=234.74 N/m2 =0.235KN/m2

 External wind pressure (we) = Qref*ce(ze)*cpe

2.2 Coefficient calculation

 Exposure coefficient Ce(ze)
The exposure coefficient takes account of the variation from the reference wind
velocity due to the roughness around the structure, the local topography and the
height of the structure above ground level.

 Ct=1, the building falls under flat area

 Cr (z) (roughness coefficient) =
Since our roof height Z=17m, Z>Zmin we take 17m
Cr (17) = 0.24 ln(17/1)
= 0.679

Ce (17) = 0.6792 x 12 x (1+7*0.24/0.679*1)

= 1.601

emin b = 23.8 m

2h = 2*17=34 m

Take e = 23.8

α =tan−1 ( 25 )
α =21.80

2m

5m

Area calculation for 00

ZONE F G H I J K L M

AREA 12.138 28.32 74.08 61.01 13.78 39.69 19.45 21.04

Table 2.1 Roof Area

Cpe = Cpe1 + (Cpe10-Cpe1) logA10

1m2<A<10m2

For A>10m2

Cpe=Cp10

Since all areas are >10m2 ,cpe=cpe 10

From table A.5 External pressure coefficients for hipped roofs of buildings

AF=12.14>10,cpe=cpe10 =By interpolation

15=-0.9 15=0.2

21.8=x x=-0.265 21.8=x x=0.34

30=0.5 30=0.5

AG=28.32>10, cpe=cpe10=-0.66

15=-0.8 15=0.2

21.8=x x=-0.66 21.8=x x=0.43

30=-0.5 30=0.5

AH=74.08>10, cpe=cpe10=0.29

15=-0.3 15=0.2

21.8=x x=-0.25 21.8=x x=0.29

30=-0.2 30=0.4

AI=61.01>10, cpe=cpe10=-0.45

15=-0.5

21.8=x x=-0.45

30=-0.4

AJ=13.78>10, cpe=cpe10=-0.86

15=-1

21.8=x x=-0.86
30=-0.7

Ak=36.69>10, cpe=cpe10=-0.88

15=-1.2

21.8=x x=-0.88

30=-0.5

AL=19.45>10, cpe=cpe10=-1.4

15=-1.4

21.8=x x=-1.4

30=-1.4

AM=21.04>10, cpe=cpe10=-0.69

15=-0.6

21.8=x x=-0.69

30=-0.8

Case ii. Area calculation for α=900

emin b = 13.3 m

2h = 2*17=34 m

Take e=13.3

Zone F G H I J L M N

AREA 3.19 8.84 16.38 18.19 8 10.86 14.15 100

Cpe = Cpe1 + (Cpe10-Cpe1) logA10

1m2<A<10m2

For A>10m2

Cpe=Cp10

From table A.5 External pressure coefficients for hipped roofs of buildings

AF1=3.19<10, Cpei = Cpe1 + (Cpe10-Cpe1) logA10

=-1.77+(-0.265+1.77)log 10 3.19

=-1.01

Cpeii=0.336+(0.34-0.336) log 10 3.19

=0.338

AG=8.84<10, cpei= Cpe1 + (Cpe10-Cpe1) logA10

=0.14+(-0.66-0.14)log 10 8.84

=-0.62

cpeii= Cpe1 + (Cpe10-Cpe1) logA10

=0.426+(0.43-0.426)log 10 8.84

=0.43

AH=16.38>10 For A>10m2: Cpe=Cp10

Cpe=-0.25 and 0.29

AI=18.19>10 For A>10m2: Cpe=Cp10

=-0.45

AJ=8<10, cpei= Cpe1 + (Cpe10-Cpe1) logA10

=-1.364+(-0.86+1.364)log 10 8

=-0.91

AL=10.86>10 For A>10m2: Cpe=Cp10

=-1.4

AM=14.15>10 For A>10m2: Cpe=Cp10

=-0.69

AN=100>10 For A>10m2: Cpe=Cp10

-0.25

Internal and External Wind Pressure

Internal pressure arises due to openings, such as windows, doors and vents in the
cladding.

For closed building with internal partitions & openings

CPi = 0.8 or -0.5

Net Pressure = Wnet = We-Wi

= qref Ce(z) (Cpe – Cpi)

=0.235*1.601 (Cpe – Cpi)

=0.376 (Cpe – Cpi)

Table 2.3 Net wind Pressure over the area for wind direction α=0

Zone F G H I J K L M

Cpe -0.27 0.34 - 0.43 - 0.2 0.45 -0.86 -0.88 -1.4 -0.69
0.6 0.25 9
6

Cpi 0.8 -0.5 0.8 -0.5 0.8 -0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Cpe- -1.07 0.84 - 0.93 - 0.7 -0.35 -1.66 -1.68 -2.2 -1.49
cpi 1.4 1.05 9
6

Net p -0.4 0.32 - 0.35 - 0.2 -0.13 -0.62 -0.63 -0.83 -0.23
0.5
 5 0.39 9

Net wind Pressure over the area for wind direction α=90

Zone F G H I J L M N

Cpe - 0.34 - 0.43 - 0.29 -0.45 -0.91 -1.4 -0.69 -0.25

1.0 0.62 0.2
1 5

Cpi 0.8 -0.5 0.8 -0.5 0.8 -0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Cpe- - 0.84 - 0.93 - 0.79 -1.25 -1.71 -2.2 -1.49 -1.05

cpi 1.8 1.42 1.0
1 5

Net p - 0.32 - 0.35 - 0.29 -0.47 -0.64 -0.83 -0.56 -0.39

0.6 0.53 0.3
8 9

Maximum suction pressure& positive pressure will be taken for design.

Wnet (-ve) = -0.83 KN/m2 And critical positive wind pressure is found to be when
the wind is at =0o

Wnet (+ve) = 0.35KN/m2

Wind load on Sides of the building

Exposure coefficient

 Ct=1, the building falls under flat area

 Cr (z) (roughness coefficient) =
Roughness coefficient
 Reference height , h=17m,
b=23.8m, h < b

The building is divided in to one part.

Using Table 3.2 for Urban area ( category IV), kt =0.24, Z0=1m, Zmin =16m
h=17m, Z >Zmin , Cr (17) = 0.24 ln(17/1)
= 0.679

Ce (17) = 0.6792 x 12 x (1+7*0.24/0.679*1)

= 1.601

Topographic Coefficient, For <0.05 , CT=1

1.Wind direction parallel to shorter direction

External Pressure coefficient

emin b = 23.8 m e=23.8m, d=13.3m, therefore d<e

2h = 2*17=34 m

Area calculation
AD = 23.8*17= 404.6m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10
AE = 23.8*17 = 404.6m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10
AA = 23.8*2.66 = 63.31m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10
AB* = 23.8*10.64 = 253.23m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10

From Table A.1 for d/h= 13.3/17 = 0.78<1

Cpe (D) = +0.8, Cpe (E) = -0.3, Cpe (A) = -1.0, Cpe (B) = -0.8

External Wind Pressure

We= qref* Ce(Z)*Cpe

We(D) = 0.235*1.601*0.8=0.3 kN/m2

We(E) = 0.235*1.601*(-0.3)=-0.127 kN/m2
We(A) = 0.235*1.601*(-1.0)=-0.423 kN/m2
We(B*) = 0.235*1.601*(-0.8)=-0.3 kN/m2

2. Wind direction parallel to longer direction

External Pressure coefficient

Reference height , h=17m,

b=13.3m, b <h<2b
Therefor building divided in to two parts

emin b = 13.3 m e=13.3m, d=23.8m, therefore d>e.

2h = 2*17=34 m

Lower part, h=13.3m, Z<Zmin , Cr(Zmin) =KT ln( Zmin/zo= 0.24*ln(16/1)= 0.665

Upper part, h=17m, Zmin <Z<200 , Cr(Z) =KT ln( z/zo)= 0.24*ln(24/1)= 0.763

Exposure coefficient

for lower part

Ce (13.3) = 0.6652 x 12 x (1+7*0.24/0.665*1)=1.18

For upper part

Ce (17) = 0.7632 x 12 x (1+7*0.24/0.763*1)=1.28

AD = 13.3*17 = 226.1m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10

AE = 13.3*17 = 226.1m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10
AA = 2.66*17 = 45.22m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10
AB = 10.64*17 = 180.88m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10

AC = 10.5*17 = 178.5m2 >10m2, Cpe=Cpe10

From Table A.1 for d/h= 23.8/17 = 1.4>1<4

By interpolating between 1 and 4,

Cpe (D) = 0.77, Cpe (E) =-0.3, Cpe (A) =-1.0, Cpe (B) =-0.8, Cpe (c) =-0.5.

External Wind Pressure

We= qref* Ce(Z)*Cpe

Lower part

We(D) = 0.235*1.18*0.77=0.21kN/m2
We(E) = 0.235*1.18*(-0.3)=-0.083 kN/m2
We(A) = 0.235*1.18*(-1.0)=-0.277 kN/m2
We(B) = 0.235*1.18*(-0.8)=-0.22 kN/m2

We(C) = 0.235*1.18*(-0.8)=-0.22 kN/m2

Upper Part

We(D) = 0.235*1.28*0.77=0.23kN/m2
We(E) = 0.235*1.28*(-0.3)=-0.09 kN/m2
We(A) = 0.235*1.28*(-1.0)=-0.3 kN/m2
We(B) = 0.235*1.28*(-0.8)=-0.24 kN/m2

We(C) = 0.235*1.28*(-0.8)=-0.24 kN/m2

Internal pressure on the sides of the building

Internal pressure arises due to openings, such as windows, doors and vents in the
cladding.

For closed building with internal partitions & openings

CPi = 0.8 or -0.5

Wi=q ref Ce(z) Cpi

=0.235*1.601 * 0.8

=0.3KN/m2(+pressure),

0.235*1.601 * -0.5=0.188KN/m2(suction pressure)

Net Pressure = W net = We-Wi

Wind direction parallel to shorter direction

Zone We Wi Pnet

D 0.3 0.3 -0.188 0 0.488

E -0.127 0.3 -0.188 -0.427 0.061

A -0.423 0.3 -0.188 -0.723 -0.235

B -0.3 0.3 -0.188 -0.6 -0.112

Maximum suction pressure& positive pressure will be taken for design.

Wnet (-ve) = -0.723 KN/m2 And critical positive wind pressure is found to be
when the wind is at =0o

Wnet (+ve) = 0.488KN/m2

Wind direction parallel to longer direction

For lower part

Zone We Wi P net

D 0.21 0.3 -0.188 -0.09 0.4

E -0.083 0.3 -0.188 -0.38 0.105

A -0.277 0.3 -0.188 -0.58 -0.09

B -0.22 0.3 -0.188 -0.032 -0.032

C -0.22 0.3 -0.188 -0.032 -0.032

For upper part

Zone We Wi P net

D 0.23 0.3 -0.188 -0.07 0.42

E -0.09 0.3 -0.188 -0.39 0.098

A -0.3 0.3 -0.188 -0.6 -0.11

B -0.24 0.3 -0.188 -0.54 -0.052

C -0.24 0.3 -0.188 -0.54 -0.052

Maximum suction pressure& positive pressure will be taken for design.

 Wnet (-ve) = -0.6 KN/m2 And critical positive wind pressure is found to be when
the wind is at =90o

Wnet (+ve) = 0.42KN/m2

The final design is using the maximum wind pressure and maximum suction of all
the above values.

W(+pressure) = 0.488 kN/m2

W(suction) = 0.723 kN/m2