LESSON PLAN

COURSE : Fire Basic Recruit Course (FBRC)

MODULE : IV – Basic Firefighting Training

SUBJECT : Fire Hose Evolution and Nozzles

METHODOLOGY : Lecture/Discussion/Demonstration

NUMBER OF HOURS : Ten (10) Hrs

LEARNING OBJECTIVES : At the end of the lesson, the trainees should be able to:

1. review the history of fire hose correctly.

2. discuss the characteristics of a good hose concisely .

3. demonstrate the different type of hose drill practices

and proper hose throw correctly.

4. identify the types of nozzle and stream correctly;

5. internalize proper care for hose and nozzle with full

understanding and appreciation.

6. appreciate the importance of hose and nozzle in the

fire service with pride.

LEARNING AIDS : LCD Projector, Screen, Portable Computer, Hose & Nozzle

REFERENCES : Hall, Richard et. al. IFSTA Essentials of firefighting

(4th edition). Oklahoma, USA. 2001

Module on Aviation Basic Firefighting

NFPA.org

Page 1 of 22
 I. INTRODUCTION

Preparatory Activities

 Opening Prayer
 Introduce the instructor
 Checking of attendance thru class marcher of the day
 Administrative announcement

Developmental activities: The students will be asked:

 What is the most commonly used; damaged, dilapidated, worn-out and exhausted
equipment in the fire station? It is considered as the most commonly abused tool.
Why?

II. PRESENTATION

 Introduce and discuss the following topics

- History of Fire hose
- Characteristics of a good hose
- Hose drill practices

 Emphasis on the following key points

- Causes of fire hose damage

- Couplings
- Parts and kinds of nozzle
- Fire stream

 Summarize the Lesson/Important Points Discussed

- Fire hose plays an important role during fire operation. Proper handling and
care should be observed.
- Straight roll is commonly seen on fire station but there are also others like,
double donut, parallel, twin donut & loads that have its specific purpose.
- Fire appliances help ease the operation processes.

III. APPLICATION: (Demonstration)

Trainees will practice hose throwing, coupling connections and hose rolls.

IV. TEST

Trainees will be evaluated according to proper hose throw, coupling connections and
hose rolls. Attached is the evaluation sheet for the activity.

Page 2 of 22
 LESSON TIMETABLE

MODULE : IV – Basic Firefighting Training

SUBJECT : Fire Hose Evolution and Nozzles

METHODOLOGY : Lecture/Discussion/Demonstration

DURATION : Ten (10) Hrs

STRATEGY / REFERENCE EVALUATION

DURATION CONTENT / TOPIC
ACTVITY / TOOLS / OUTPUT
10 mins. Introduction
- Opening Prayer
- What is the most Discussion
abused tool in the fire
station?
Manual/
2 Hrs & Fire hose(history, parts, Discussion / Books/
50 mins. types, rools, coupling Lecture/ Internet/
connections) Demonstration Pamplet/
Fire Nozzle (parts & Hose &
stream) Nozzle
Caring for Hose and nozzle

15 mins. Break
1 Hr. & Practice on hose throwing, Demonstration /  Trainees
45 mins. coupling connections and Practical Hose and should be
Hose rolls. Nozzle able to throw
hose,
connect
coupling and
roll hose.

1 Hr. Lunch Break

2 Hrs. Evaluation on Hose throw, Demonstration /  Hose and Trainees
roll and coupling Practical Nozzle should be
connections. able to throw
hose,
connect
coupling and
roll hose.
15 mins. Break

Page 3 of 22
 FIRE NATIONAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

FIRE EDUCATION AND PROTECTION UNIT

Camp Vicente Lim, Brgy. Mayapa, Calamba City

FIRE HOSE AND NOZZLE SKILLS INVENTORY SHEET

NAME: __________________________________ DATE: _______

COMPANY: _____________________________

EVENTS REQUIREMENTS PASSED FAILED REMARKS

1. Hose Make two (2) straight throw (3

Throwing hoses will be thrown)
2. Coupling Perform on the ground (foot-tilt-
Connection method) coupling connection
Perform free hand coupling
connection
Perform between-the-knee
coupling connection
Male coupling should be inside the
3. Straight
roll when completed; Edges must
Roll
be properly aligned.
Male coupling should be at least 1
4. Double
to 2 feet shorter than the female
Donut Roll
coupling when the roll s completed.
5. Double Male coupling should be at least 1
Donut Roll to 2 feet shorter than the female
(parallel) coupling when the roll s completed.
Both coupling must be aligned and
6. Twin
placed on top of the roll when
Donut Roll
completed.
Vertical long-short-long method
7. Flat Load
must be observed.
Long-short-long method must be
8. Accordion observed; every bend must be
Load approximately two (2) inches
shorter/ longer than the other.
Observed proper direction of travel
and cross over shoulder method;
9. Street Drag
drag hose around the marker and
Page 4 of 22return to initial position.
 Hose line must be looped evenly
11. Shoulder
on the shoulder; loop must be
Loop
about shoulder level.
On alternate motion, observe
12. Figure of adequate arm extension, place
Eight the male coupling out when fold
is completed.
13. Tire
Dragging
14. Nozzle Observe proper nozzle handling
Handling and connect the nozzle properly.

Evaluator (name and signature)

Page 5 of 22
 LESSON MANUSCRIPT
(FIRE HOSE EVOLUTION AND NOZZLES)

INTRODUCTION

During the early days of firefighting, the process of conveying water to a fire and
applying it for extinguishment was a major problem. The first known hose used was the large
intestines of animals and the most known was of the yak. Over the years of civilization, crude
types of fire hose were developed, yet, there is no standard and satisfactory material produced
until the 19th century. Until that time, the most famous of transporting water to a fire was passing
of buckets of water down a line of organized fire brigades and citizens called “bucket brigades”.
Through the years of rapidly changing needs for public safety, firefighting continues to
deal with the current trends in combating destructive fires. Water, as one of the basic elements
to support life and also the cheapest and the most effective fire extinguishing agent continues to
serve the fire department and also the people to prevent the spread of this destructive
phenomenon. Firefighters worldwide still put the fire out by moving water through a fire hose
and directing its cooling effect to extinguish the fire. A fire hose is absolutely essential in
accomplishing our primary mission; to save savable lives and properties from the damage or
total loss caused by fires.

FIRE HOSE

Fire hose is defined as a specially constructed line woven-jacketed hose designed to

withstand the hazards of the fire scene. It is a type of flexible tube used by firefighters to carry
water under pressure to a point where it is discharged; it must be water tight, flexible and must
have a durable covering or hose jacket. It is the most commonly abused item in the fire service.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HOSE

1. Flexible – for ease of handling and making up into a smooth roll whether wet or dry.

2. Durable – the durability and wearing qualities must be as high as possible. The materials
used in the warp must have high resistance to abrasion, being able to
withstand rough usage. It must also be easily repairable.

3. Resistance to rot – where natural fibers are used these must be given rot-proofing
treatment.

4. Change in length in diameter – Increase in diameter or length of hose when under

pressure indicates that the materials are stretching. Unlimited stretch would
tend to weaken the hose, and burst, particularly of the weft would occur.

5. Frictional loss –rough internal surface increases the resistance to the flow of water
through hose. The surface should, therefore be smooth as possible.

6. Weight – is important both from handling and storage point of view. Hose should be light
as possible without sacrificing durability.

Page 6 of 22
Hose Drill Practices

1. Hose Caries

a. Armpit carry
b. Shoulder carry
c. Arm carry

2. Hose Rolls

a. Single donut roll

- Straight roll

b. Double donut roll

- Parallel method
- Center-of-center

c. Twin donut roll

- Twin donut roll
- Butterfly method shoulder carry
- Butterfly method backpack carry

3. Hose Loads

a. Accordion load
b. Flat load
c. Horse-shoe load

4. Hose Folds

a. Shoulder fold
b. Shoulder loop

5. Figure of Eight

6. Hose Drag

a. Street drag 1
b. Street drag 2

7. Hose coupling/ uncoupling connections

One person
a. Foot tilt method
b. In between the knees
c. freehand

Two persons

a. Stiff-arm method
b. Spanner wrench method

Page 7 of 22
Causes of fire hose damage

1. Mechanical - worn places, rips, and abrasions

a. Avoid laying or pulling hose over sharp or rough corners

b. Prevent vehicles from running over hose
c. Open and close nozzles, valves, and hydrants slowly to prevent water
hammer
d. Change position of bends when loading
e. Provide chafing blocks to prevent abrasions
f. Avoid excessive pump pressures

2. Thermal damage

a. Excessive heat can:

(1) Melt or weaken fabric coverings

(2) Dry the rubber lining

b. Protect from excessive heat when possible

c. Do not leave in heated area after hose is dry
d. Keep woven jacket dry when not in use
e. Run water through hose that has not been used for some time to keep the liner
soft
f. Do not dry hose by laying it on hot pavement
g. Keep away from vehicle exhaust
h. Shield from sun with hose bed covers
i. Roll dry hose in a straight roll for storage to keep the liner from drying out

3. Organic damage: mold and mildew

a. Causes decay and deterioration of woven-jacket hose

b. Rubber-jacket hose is not subject to mold and mildew damage
c. Remove all wet hose from apparatus and replace with dry hose
d. Remove, inspect, sweep and reload hose which has not been unloaded from
apparatus or used for six months

4. Chemical contact

a. Chemicals and petroleum products can damage the outer jacket and rubber lining and
weaken hose
b. If hose has contacted an acid, wash it with a solution of water and baking soda
c. Test hose for possible damage that may have occurred
d. Avoid laying hose in gutters or where vehicles have parked - oils and battery acids
e. Dispose of hose contaminated by hazardous materials

Page 8 of 22
 COUPLINGS

i) All delivery hose is fitted at one end with a 2½" (65mm) standard
instantaneous male coupling which is a single metal casting, with a tail for
tying into the hose, and an annular lip which engages with the plunger in
the female coupling.

ii) The other end of the hose is fitted with a standard 2½" (65mm)
instantaneous female coupling which is a metal casting with a similar tail
to the male and two hollow lugs in diametrically opposite positions on
either side of the castings.
Each lug is fitted with a spring-loaded plunger who has a cam shaped
tooth for gripping the lip of the male casting. The top of the plunger is
threaded to take a stop nut, which holds a dust cap in position. A rubber
washer for watertight joints is fitted. Couplings are made from gunmetal,
alloys or plastic materials.

(Instantaneous Couplings)

Page 9 of 22
 (Section through typical delivery valve)

Female outlets on pumps, standpipes and breaching, are fitted with a single twist
pressure release spring-loaded plunger.

Instantaneous couplings are connected by insertion of the male, the lip of which
presses back to two plungers in the female until they are forced into position behind the
rim by the action of the springs. The water-tightness of the joint depends on the action
of the washer. The water pressure forces it against the tapered lip of the male coupling
and against the seating of the female coupling.

(Principal parts of female instantaneous coupling)

(Principal parts of a pressure-release coupling)

Page 10 of 22
 When a line of hose is charged it is extremely difficult to break an instantaneous
coupling joint because the water pressure holds the lip of the male coupling securely
against the tip of the plunger. The single lug pressure release coupling fitted to pump
outlets permits coupling connections to be instantly broken without reducing pressure.
Couplings should never be dropped or dragged along the ground.

Types of couplings

1. Threaded couplings

a. Male coupling has external threads

b. Female coupling has internal threads
c. Shank
(1) The point of attachment to the hose
(2) Attached to the hose by being placed over the hose exterior and held
in place by an expansion ring inside of the hose

d. Lugs: assist in tightening and loosening connections

(1) Pins: not common with newer hose
(2) Rocker: most common
(3) Recessed: usually on booster hose
(4) Male couplings have lugs on the shank
(5) Female coupling have lugs on the swivel

e. Higbee cut and indicator

(1) Higbee cut: special thread design where the beginning of the thread is
cut to help the coupling thread and eliminate crossthreading
(2) Higbee indicator: an indention on the lugs marking where the Higbee
cut begins.

2. Storz couplings
a. "Sexless" coupling: neither male or female types
b. Couplings are identical
c. Connected or disconnected with a quarter turn
d. Storz couplings on large diameter hose must have locking devices on them to
comply with NFPA 1963

D. Inspecting couplings

1. Check the male coupling for:

a. Chips, burrs, or damage
b. Shape and out-of-roundness damage
c. Tightness and proper mounting on hose

2. Check female coupling swivel for:

a. Function and freedom of movement

Page 11 of 22
 b. Shape and out-of-roundness damage
c. Tightness and proper mounting on hose

3. Check the female coupling gasket for defects, age, and ability to return to normal
shape by pinching gasket between thumb and index finger

SUCTION HOSE

i) While delivery hose is designed to contain water under pressure from

inside, suction hose is designed to withstand external pressure
(atmospheric pressure) acting on a vacuum inside.

ii) It is also designed to be as light and flexible as possible, compatible with

the strength required. Two types of construction are found: -

iii) Partially embedded: built up from a tough rubber lining in which is

partially embedded a spiral made from tempered galvanised steel wire.

iv) Fully embedded (smoothbore): the spiral wire is fully embedded in

plies of rubber and fabric.

v) The capacity of smoothbore suction hose may be 25% more than that of
partially embedded.

vi) Couplings should never be dropped or dragged, and both ends of the
hose must be supported when fastening the screw joints. Leather
washers should be treated with neat foot oil.

SOFT SUCTION

Used to pressure-feed a pump from a hydrant. Normal 2½" hose is used (usually
a short length) to provide a link between pump and standpipe.

Hose Appliances and Tools

A. Hose appliances

1. Appliances allow water to flow through them

2. Valves
a. Control the flow of water

b. Ball valves
(1) Used in pumper discharges and gated wyes
(2) Open when the handle is in line with the hose

Page 12 of 22
 c. Gate valves
(1) Used to control the flow from a hydrant
(2) Uses a baffle moved by a handle and screw arrangement

d. Butterfly valves
(1) Used on large pumper intakes
(2) Uses a flat baffle operated by a quarter-turn handle

e. Clapper valves
(1) Used in siamese appliances
(2) Allows water to flow only one direction

3. Valve appliances
a. Used to increase or decrease the number of hoselines operating

b. Gated wye appliances

(1) Divides one hose into two or more with ball valves to control
the flow.
(2) Most common: 21/2" female inlet to two male 11/2" outlets
(3) For large water volume operations, wyes are available with a
LDH inlet and two male 21/2" outlets

c. Siamese appliances

(1) Used to combine two or more hoses into one hoseline or

appliance
(2) Will have two or more female connections coming in and a
male discharge exiting
(3) Will have clapper valves to allow one hose to be attached
without water flowing from the open connections

d. Water thief appliances

(1) Variation of a gated wye appliance

(2) Most often used in wildland fire operations
(3) The most common wildland water thief has one 11/2" inlet with
11/2" outlet and one 1" outlet

e. Hydrant valves

(1) Allow a supply line to be connected to a hydrant and charged

(2) Additional hoselines can be laid to the hydrant, a supply

pumper connected to the hydrant and pressure boosted
without interrupting flow to the first supply line

f. Large-diameter hose appliances

Page 13 of 22
 (1) An operation may require that water be distributed at various
points along a supply line

(2) A LDH manifold appliance can be used to supply other lines

from the main supply line

(3) Also referred to as "portable hydrants," "phantom pumpers," or

"large-diameter distributors"

4. Fittings

a. Adaptors

(1) Used to connect hose couplings with the same size inside
diameter and with similar threads
(2) Double female: used to connect two male couplings
(3) Double male: used to connect two female couplings
(4) Sexless (Storz) coupling to threaded hydrant outlet

b. Reducers

(1) Used to reduce an outlet to a smaller size

(2) Allows a smaller hose to be connected to a larger line

c. Elbows: change the water flow direction

d. Hose caps: to close off male couplings
e. Hose plugs: to close off female couplings

5. Intake devices

a. Suction hose strainers: attached to hard suction to prevent debris from

entering the pump

b. Low-level strainers
(1) Used with portable water dump tanks
(2) Allows water to be drafted from the tank when near the tank
bottom

B. Hose tools: water does not flow through hose tools

1. Hose roller

a. Used to prevent damage to hose when being dragged over roof edges
and windowsills

Page 14 of 22
 b. Consists of metal frame with two or more rollers
c. Can also be used to protect rope from similar Edges

2. Hose jacket

a. Used to place over a hose rupture or leaking couplings

b. Consists of a hinged two-piece metal cylinder with rubber lining
c. Leather hose jacket: wrapped around the hose leak and buckled

3. Hose clamp

a. Used to stop the flow of water in a hoseline to:

(1) Prevent charging hose in the hose bed during hose laying
(2) Replacement of a burst section of hose without shutting down
the water flow
(3) Extend a hoseline without shutting down the water supply
(4) Allow advancement of a charged line up Stairs

4. Spanner wrenches

a. To tighten and loosen couplings

b. As wedge for prying
c. Opening that fits gas utility valves
d. Flat surface for hammering

5. Hydrant wrenches

a. Used to remove caps from hydrants and open hydrant valves

b. Equipped with a pentagonal opening to fit most hydrant operating nuts
c. May have a spanner to make or break connections

6. Rubber mallet: used to strike lugs on larger hose to tighten or loosen

connections

7. Hose bridge or ramp

a. Used to prevent hose damage from vehicles crossing it

b. Can be used as chafing blocks

8. Chafing blocks

a. Used to protect hose where it is subject to rubbing from vibrations

b. May be made of wood, leather, or rubber
c. A hose roll can be placed under hose as a chafing block
9. Hose strap, hose rope, and hose chain

a. Aids in carrying and handling charged hoselines

b. Gives a secure means to handle pressurized lines
c. Can be used to secure ladders to fixed objects

Page 15 of 22
FIRE NOZZLE

Fire nozzle is defined as a device that directs water from hose to the fire. It forms the
water into fire stream and controls the stream so that the fire can be extinguished.

Parts of a Nozzle:

1. Shut-off-valve
2. Tip

Kinds of Nozzle:

1. Solid stream nozzle

2. Fog nozzle
3. Exposure Nozzle
4. Applicator nozzle
5. Master stream devices

Fire Streams

A. Fire stream: a stream of water or other extinguishing agent after it leaves the fire hose
and nozzle until it reaches the desired point

B. Purposes of fire streams

1. Apply a water or foam stream directly to the burning material to reduce its
temperature

2. Reduce high atmospheric temperature and absorb and/or disperse hot smoke
and gases from a heated area in a confined space

3. Create a barrier between a fuel and fire

4. Reduce the temperature over an open fire and thus permit a closer proximity
with hand hose lines to effect extinguishment

5. Protect fire fighters and property from heat through the use of fire streams as a
water curtain

6. Disperse smoke and gases from a heated area

Types of Stream:

1. Solid stream
2. Fog stream
3. Broken stream
4. Pattern

Water hammer

Page 16 of 22
 1. The sudden surge of pressure in the water system (hose, pipe, fire pump) resulting
from the sudden stoppage of water flow through the system, such as the abrupt
closing of a nozzle or valve

2. Can damage water mains, fire hose, hydrants, and pumps

3. To prevent water hammer, all valves, including nozzles, hydrants, and hose clamps,
must be opened and closed slowly

4. A brief application of water fog at about 150 gpm for about one second will not cause
water hammer

Inspecting fire hose

1. Check the expansion rings at both ends of the hose for burrs, looseness, or damage
2. Check inner lining of hose at both hose couplings for signs of cracks, age, or defects
3. Check outer hose jacket for signs of:

a. Mechanical damage such as cuts, abrasions, tears, dirt, or stress

b. Heat damage
c. Mold or mildew damage
d. Chemical damage

4. Checks for hose test date

CLEANING HOSE AFTER A FIRE

i) No chemicals or soaps to be used only clean running water.

ii) Lay lengths out flat in-groups of four with couplings alternating.

iii) With water running over hose, scrub carefully downs the length of the
hose with two hard brooms held together. Turn all the lengths over and
scrub the other side.

iv) Couple all the lengths together and connect to hydrant. Open hydrant
slowly and allow water to flow through all the lengths. When water is
seen to emerge from the end, connects a blank cap to the last length and
opens the hydrant fully.

v) Obtain a hose report and note the numbers of all the lengths. Also note
where the hose was used.

vi) Check for leaks. Make a note of repairs necessary on the hose report
and mark the affected hose with an indelible pencil. Mark holes with an
“X” inside a circle. If a coupling is to be cut, encircle the hose with a line,
and write “cut” on the side to be cut off.

Page 17 of 22
 vii) Turn off the water, remove the blank cap by first releasing the pressure
then releasing the coupling. Under-run all lengths to drain then hoist up
the tower to dry.

DRYING HOSE

i) Hose should be dried until it is soft and pliable. Atmospheric drying, such
as is used locally, may take several days or longer, depending on the
weather.

ii) Artificial means of drying hose can be used and take the forms of long
cabinets or rooms in which hose can be laid lengthwise, and heated air
circulated through and around the hose.

iii) Once the hose is dried out, it is wound on the female coupling and
brushed at the same time on the hose-winding machine. Hose reports
are checked, and hose that has to be repaired is set aside, while the good
hose is run out and made up on the bight for storage.

iv) A record of each length of hose is kept showing all fires at which it was
used and repairs carried out.

V. APPLICATION

Trainees will practice hose throwing, coupling connections and hose rolls.

VI. TEST

Page 18 of 22
 Trainees will be evaluated according to proper hose throw, coupling connections and
hose rolls. Attached is the evaluation sheet for the activity.

LESSON TIMETABLE

MODULE : Firefighting

SUBJECT : Fire Hose and Nozzle

METHODOLOGY : Lecture/Discussion/Demonstration

DURATION : Eight Hours (8)

STRATEGY / REFERENCE EVALUATION

DURATION CONTENT / TOPIC
ACTVITY / TOOLS / OUTPUT
10 mins. Introduction
- Opening Prayer
- What is the most abused Discussion
tool in the fire station?

Page 19 of 22
 Fire hose(history, parts,
types, rools, coupling Manual/
connections) Books/
Fire Nozzle (parts & Internet/
stream) Discussion / Pamplet/
1 Hr. & 50 Caring for Hose and Lecture/ Hose &
mins. nozzle Demonstration Nozzle
15 mins. Break
 Trainees
should be
able to throw
Practice on hose throwing, hose,
coupling connections and connect
1 Hr. & 45 Hose rolls. Demonstration / Hose and coupling and
mins. Practical Nozzle roll hose.
1 Hr. Lunch Break
Trainees
should be
able to throw
hose,
Evaluation on Hose throw, connect
roll and coupling Demonstration /  Hose and coupling and
2 Hrs. connections. Practical Nozzle roll hose.
15 mins. Break

Evaluation on Hose throw, Trainees

roll and coupling should be
1 Hr & 45 connections. able to throw
Mins. hose,
connect
Demonstration /  Hose and coupling and
Practical Nozzle roll hose.

FIRE NATIONAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

FIRE EDUCATION AND PROTECTION UNIT

Camp Vicente Lim, Brgy. Mayapa, Calamba City

FIRE HOSE AND NOZZLE SKILLS INVENTORY SHEET

NAME: __________________________________ DATE: _______

COMPANY: _____________________________

Page 20 of 22
EVENTS REQUIREMENTS PASSED FAILED REMARKS

1. Hose Make two (2) straight throw (3

Throwing hoses will be thrown)
 Hose line must be looped evenly
11. Shoulder
on the shoulder;mloop must be
Loop
about shoulder level.
On alternate motion, observe
12. Figure of adequate arm extension, place
Eight the male coupling out when fold
is completed.
13. Tire
Dragging
14. Nozzle Observe proper nozzle handling
Handling and connect the nozzle properly.

Evaluator (name and signature)

Page 21 of 22
Page 22 of 22