Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
District III
CARAGA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
San Juan, Surigao City

Name: Serato, Ma. Norielle P. Subject Teacher: Ms. Hazel Oliquino

Section: STEM 12- MAXWELL Subject: Physics
Week: 1 Module: 1

GENERAL BIOLOGY WEEK 1

LESSON 1

What I Know

To gear you up on this lesson, let us test your prior knowledge on genetic engineering and
recombinant DNA technology. Do not worry about your score since this will only serve as your basis in
delving deeper into the processes involved in genetic engineering and applications of recombinant DNA
technology.

Directions: Read each statement and choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on your
answer sheets.

1. In the reproductive cloning of an animal, the genome of the cloned individual comes from?
Answer: B
A. an egg cell C. a sperm cell
B. A body cell D. any gamete cell
2. What carries a gene from one organism into a bacteria cell?
Answer: A
A. a plasmid C. an electrophoresis gel
B. a restriction enzyme D. polymerase chain reaction
3. What is a genetically modified organism?
Answer: C
A. a hybrid organism
B. a plant with certain genes removed
C. an organism with an artificially altered genome
D. any agricultural organism produced by breeding or biotechnology
4. What type of insulin is produced by recombinant DNA technology?
Answer: C
A. A combination of E. coli and human insulin
B. Engineered to be more effective than human insulin
C. Identical to human insulin produced in the pancreas
D. Cheaper but less effective than pig insulin for treating diabetes

1
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
District III
CARAGA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
San Juan, Surigao City

5. What is recombinant DNA?

Answer: C
A. DNA that has been sequenced
B. DNA that causes genetic disorders
C. Adding DNA from one organism into the DNA of another
D. DNA which has been changed over generations by natural selection
6. It is the process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism?
Answer: D
A. inbreeding C.selective breeding
B. hybridization D.genetic engineering
7. What is the ultimate source of genetic variation?
Answer: B
A. radiation C. inbreeding
B. mutations D. hybridization
8. It refers to the entire collection of genes within human cells is referred to as the?
Answer: D
A. pedigree C. gene map
B. karyotype D. human genome
9. Which of the following enzymes in bacteria are responsible for restricting the growth of viruses?

Answer D
A. Gyrase C. topoisomerase
B. protease D. restriction endonuclease
10. Which enzyme is used to join together two different types of DNA molecules?
Answer: A
A. ligase C. exonuclease
B. protease D. endonuclease

GENERAL BIOLOGY WEEK 1

LESSON 2

What’s More
Learning the concepts about Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA Technology opens up a whole new
perspective. Have fun in the activities below!
Activity # 1: Recombinant DNA Technology
Goal: To understand the concepts of Recombinant DNA Technology.

Objective: Students will…

 Discover new medical techniques that are being used to treat diseases using DNA.

 Complete a paper lab to explore the possibilities of the use of recombinant DNA.
Read points 1-5

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
District III
CARAGA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
San Juan, Surigao City
1. How and why do we engineer human genes into bacterial DNA? How do we isolate and manipulate
genes in which we are interested? One method scientists commonly use is called recombinant DNA
technology. Recombinant DNA technology is the process of cutting and recombining DNA fragments.
Usually human DNA containing genes for a particular protein are used, recombined with bacterial DNA
and then inserted into a bacterial cell (transformation). Recombinant DNA technology coupled with the
knowledge of transformation opens many doors in genetic engineering. If scientists can alter DNA, they
can then insert desired genes into another organism. They can alter the genes of bacteria to cause them to
produce a desired human protein product.
2. Once a gene is sequenced, it can be used in recombinant DNA techniques. Sequencing is a technique
used to determine the order of genetic information in DNA. For example the sequence of a gene might
begin as C A T A T G. One of the first genes sequenced was the gene that codes for insulin, a hormone
that regulates blood sugar. Another gene of interest is the gene p53. p53 (also known as TP53) is a tumor
suppressing gene. It produces a protein that will regulate the cell cycle by inhibiting cells from growing
and dividing too quickly. This protein is contained in the nucleus of body cells and will bind to the DNA
determining whether the DNA will be repaired or whether the cell will undergo apoptosis (programmed
cell death) if the DNA becomes damaged by mutagens such as toxic chemicals, UV light, or viruses. This
process prevents the development of tumors by stopping cells with damaged DNA from undergoing
mitosis and passing down this damaged DNA to daughter cells. If it is determined that the DNA can be
repaired p53 will activate other genes to fix the genetic damage. Due to the activity of p53 of regulating
cell division, this gene has been called the “guardian of the genome” ,“the guardian angel gene” or the
“master watchman”.
3. A plasmid is a circular, double stranded piece of DNA that occurs naturally in bacteria and can be used
as an important tool in genetic engineering. A human gene can be inserted into a plasmid (this is used as a
vector to transfer the gene into a bacterial cell), and then this DNA is absorbed by a host cell such as
E.coli . This bacterial cell becomes transformed with the recombinant DNA, and the gene is expressed. In
a laboratory this transgenic bacteria is cloned and the plasmid would then be replicated, transcribed and
translated into a protein in the host

3
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
District III
CARAGA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
San Juan, Surigao City

cell. Many drugs are now manufactured this way. Scientists insert a gene coding for the desired protein
into a bacteria and the desired trait is expressed.
4. The process of transformation allows bacteria to take in foreign DNA. This occurs in nature but when
bacteria are transformed in the lab a plasmid containing a gene for antibiotic resistance is used so the
transgenic E.coli containing the recombinant DNA can be located.
5. In this activity you will be a molecular biologist! You will use a paper model to simulate recombinant
DNA technology by identifying the p53 gene on chromosome 17, cutting it out and putting it into a
plasmid. Using materials provided for your simulation, follow the steps below to isolate the gene and put
it in a plasmid. You will simulate standard techniques used in recombinant DNA technology in this
activity.
Materials – for each team of 2 students:
Plasmid handout
Tape
P53 Gene handout Highlighter
marker Restriction enzymes
handout Scissors

Directions:
Part 1

 Collect the materials you need:

Plasmid handout
P53 Gene handout
Restriction enzymes handout
Scissors
Tape
Highlighter marker

 Create your own plasmid. Many plasmids that are used in research laboratories are made
synthetically (by human intervention). Scientists build plasmids according to how they use
them.
 To create your own plasmid follow the steps below:
1. Cut out the double stranded DNA sequence from the plasmid handout. Be sure to
cut along the dotted lines.
2. Tape the sections together end to end.
Hint: You may tape the plasmid strips together in any order.
3. Tape the ends of the entire strip together so that the plasmid is circular. Make
sure the circle is such that you can see the base pairs on the outside.
 Now, create your own chromosome 17 by cutting out the double stranded genomic DNA
sequence from the p53 gene handout. Cut along the dotted line and tape the sections together end
to end in numerical order.
Hint: Be sure to tape the strips representing the chromosome in order.
Chromosomes are not built according to scientists needs. Scientists discover and study them as
they naturally exist.

4
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
District III
CARAGA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
San Juan, Surigao City

Questions for thought:

1. What are the differences between a plasmid and a chromosome?

2. What would a scientist need to do before he or she could remove a gene from a chromosome?

 Now that you have a plasmid and a chromosome, you are going to use recombinant DNA
technology to move genes. Read the following paragraph.

Restriction enzymes are another important tool that scientists use. Essentially, they work like
scissors that cut at specific locations along a DNA strand. There are thousands of restriction enzymes that
occur naturally in bacteria. Most likely, their function in bacteria is to cut up foreign DNA. Scientists use
restriction enzymes as a tool in molecular biology. Restriction enzymes work by cutting DNA at specific
locations along the DNA sequence. Each enzyme cuts at a specific DNA sequence called a restriction site.
Your scissors will be used as restriction enzymes in this activity. On the restriction enzymes
handout, several restriction enzymes are listed next to the DNA sequence at which they cut.

 Study the DNA sequences at which the restriction enzymes cut on the restriction enzymes
handout. Discuss your understanding of the restriction site with your partner.
 On chromosome 17, locate the restriction sites described in the restriction enzyme handout. Label
all of the places along the chromosome where a restriction enzyme would be cut. Be sure to label
each site with the name of the restriction enzyme and draw a line indicating where the enzyme
will cut. Note: not every enzyme will cut along these sections of DNA.
 Now think about which restriction enzyme(s) you can use to cut out the p53 gene. Highlight the
sites where you can cut the restriction enzymes you would use. Do not cut out the gene yet.
Questions for thought:

3. Which restriction enzyme(s) would you use to cut out the p53 gene? Why?

4. What other information might you need before making your final choice? Hint:
Your goal is to put the p53 gene into the plasmid.

 When you cut out the p53 gene, you will need a place to put it for processing. We can use Plasmid
DNA for this purpose. In fact, plasmids can serve as vectors. Vectors are used to carry a gene to an
organism. The gene within the plasmid can then be replicated,

5
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
District III
CARAGA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
San Juan, Surigao City

transcribed, and translated all within a host organism, such as the bacteria E.coli. Plasmids use the
machinery of the host bacteria to accomplish this feat. Locate restriction sites on the plasmid
DNA using the restriction enzyme handout as a guide. Label these sites with the name of the
restriction enzyme and draw a line indicating where the enzyme will cut.
 Compare the restriction sites you found on both the chromosome and the plasmid. Knowing that
the p53 gene needs to be placed into the plasmid, identify which restriction enzyme(s) you should
use to cut out the p53 gene and to cut the plasmid DNA.
Hint: The plasmid is used as a vector (a device to carry the gene). You do not need to
remove DNA form the plasmid. You will only need to open up the plasmid to insert the p53 gene.
You might accomplish this by using one enzyme.
 Once you have decided upon which restriction enzyme to use, check with your teacher before you
actually start cutting. Using the restriction enzymes handout as a guide, use your scissors as a
restriction enzyme to cut the DNA sequence at the sites you have identified.
 Remove the p53 gene from the chromosome 17. Isolate the gene by removing the rest of the
DNA (throw it away).
 On your plasmid, cut the DNA sequence at the site(s) you have identified.

Questions for thought:

5. What happens to the plasmid when you cut it? How many pieces of DNA do you have? What happens
to chromosome 17? How many pieces do you get?

6. Compare the ends of the plasmid DNA with the ends of the isolated p53 gene. What do you notice?

Read the following paragraph, which describes the different ways restriction enzymes work.

When studying the restriction sites, did you notice differences in how the enzymes cut DNA? For
example, Eco RI cuts between the G and A. This leaves what is called a “sticky end” on both ends of the
DNA. Sometimes the cut leave a “blunt end”, like the Hpa I restriction enzyme. The illustration below of
(a) and (b) shows double stranded DNA cut with a restriction enzyme. The top lines represent one strand
and the bottom line represents the complementary strand. The spaces represent where the enzymes have
cut. (a) shows DNA cut with an enzyme leaving sticky ends and (b) shows DNA cut with an enzyme
leaving blunt ends.

(a) (b)

 It is now time to put the p53 gene in the plasmid. Another enzyme, called ligase, assists in the
formation of bonds between adjacent, matching DNA ends. Your tape will play the role of the
ligase. Insert the p53 gene in the plasmid DNA in the appropriate place. Tape the ends together.
Does it fit?

6
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
District III
CARAGA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
San Juan, Surigao City

Questions for thought:

7. What is the role of the plasmid?

8. What is the role of the gene?

9. Do you think the direction of the gene might be important? Why or why not?

Discuss the following questions:

10. Was every group successful in putting the p53 gene into a plasmid? Why or why not?

11.Why is the location of the restriction site important? Which sites work and which wouldn’t? Why?

Activity # 2: Recombinant DNA Technology

Additional Questions for Research or Thought: Students Sheet
Name: Class Period:
1. How does a molecular biologist manipulate the human gene to take care of the problem with
introns?

2. What other combinations of DNA could result after treating the cut plasmid DNA and p53 gene
with ligase?

3. Will bacteria transform with all of the above possible combinations of DNA?

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
District III
CARAGA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
San Juan, Surigao City

What I Have Learned

Congratulations! You passed a lot of engaging activities. This time, you need to synthesize what you have

learned by doing the task below.

Instruction: Analyze the figure to do the task below.

Figure 10. Sheep cloning

www.slideshare.net

1. In the cloning shown in Figure 9, which sheep is the source of the nucleus in the fused cell?
Answer: The sheep that is the source of the nucleus in the fused cell is Sheep A.
2. In Figure 9, why was the nucleus removed from the egg cell?
Answer: The nucleus was removed from the egg cell for it to become an empty ovum and be fused by
the donor nucleus, a process of cloning to have the DNA from a single sheep.
3. Which animal in Figure 9 is a clone?
Answer: The animal clone in Figure 9 is the lamb.
4. In the cloning shown in Figure 9, which sheep provided an egg cell?
Answer: The sheep that provided the egg cell is Sheep B.
5. Which two animals in Figure 9 are genetically identical?
Answer: The two animals that are genetically identical are Sheep A and the Lamb.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
District III
CARAGA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
San Juan, Surigao City

What I Can Do

DNA Technology
1. Name two situations when DNA fingerprints are useful.
and
2. How does the DNA migrate from one end of the gel to the other?
3. What cuts up the DNA into tiny fragments?
Use the gels below to answer the following questions.
felon S1 S2 S3
baby dad dad
mom 5. Lt. Russ is investigating a
1 2
murder scene. The felon was
scratched by his victim & some of
his skin cells were found under the
victim’s fingernails. A DNA test
was performed. Which of the
suspects is the

felon S1 S2 S3
6. Suzy was assaulted in an
4. Mrs. Smith has a baby alley. The police collected a
named Jessica. She believes sample of cells that was left
one of two men can be the at the crime scene and now
father of her child. A have 3 suspects in custody.
paternity test is done and the Which of the suspects
results are shown above. assaulted Suzy?
Which of the 2 men are baby
Jessica’s father?

da d
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
District III
CARAGA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
San Juan, Surigao City
mom child child child child child child

7. Mr. & Mrs. Jones just gave birth to fraternal

twins- Bob and Jane. Unfortunately, the nurse has
confused the Jones twins with 4 other babies. The
doctors took samples of DNA from each of the
babies and Mr. & Mrs. Jones. Which of the 6
children are Mr. & Mrs. Jones twins?
mom daughter son 1 son 2

8. The millionaire, Mr. Big, has just died. He has left behind a wife, daughter and
a large inheritance. The news of his death has brought forth 2 men who claim to
be the long lost son of Mr. & Mrs. Big. Before Mr. & Mrs. Big were married they able
had a child taken from them. They had tried to find him but had no luck in
locating him. A DNA sample was taken from Mrs. Big, the Big daughter and the
two men who claim to be the long lost son. Which, if any, of the men are telling
the truth?
19

Assessment

Directions: Read each statement and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on your
answer sheets.

1. Which of the following enzymes in bacteria are responsible for restricting the growth of viruses?
Answer: D
A. Gyrase C. topoisomerase
B. protease D. restriction endonuclease
2. What carries a gene from one organism into a bacteria cell?
Answer: A
A. a plasmid C. an electrophoresis gel
B. a restriction enzyme D. polymerase chain reaction
3. Which enzyme is used to join together two different types of DNA molecules?
Answer: A
A. ligase C. exonuclease
B. protease D. endonuclease

4. Which of the following refers to the process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism?
Answer: D
A. inbreeding C.selective breeding
B. hybridization D.genetic engineering
5. What is recombinant DNA?
Answer: C
A. DNA that has been sequenced
B. DNA that causes genetic disorders
C. Adding DNA from one organism into the DNA of another
D. DNA which has been changed by natural selection
6. What type of insulin is produced by recombinant DNA technology?
Answer: C
A. A combination of E. coli and human insulin
B. Engineered to be more effective than human insulin
C. Identical to human insulin produced in the pancreas
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
District III
CARAGA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
San Juan, Surigao City

D. Cheaper but less effective than pig insulin for treating diabetes
7. What is the ultimate source of genetic variation?
Answer: B
A. radiation C. inbreeding
B. mutations D. hybridization
8. It refers to the entire collection of genes within human cells is referred to as the?
Answer: D
A. pedigree C. gene map
B. karyotype D. human genome
9. In the reproductive cloning of an animal, the genome of the cloned individual comes from?
Answer: B
A. an egg cell C. a sperm cell
B. A body cell D. any gamete cell
10. What is a genetically modified organism?
Answer: C
A. a hybrid organism
B. a plant with certain genes removed
C. an organism with an artificially altered genome
D. any agricultural organism produced by breeding or biotechnology
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
District III
CARAGA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
San Juan, Surigao City

Additional Activities
Now that you’ve learned about genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology,
this part of the module will enrich your knowledge and learning bank.
Name: Serato, Ma. Norielle Class: Grade 12 - MAXWELL Date: 9/17/2021

Essay
1. In what ways has selective breeding been useful to humans today and in the past.
Humans have controlled and domesticated animals for hundreds of years, the reasons for are food, materials
and aides to life. The humans would breed their best animals to get the best offspring. By doing this the farmers
have made the animals much more efficient so that the ways that they grow are much faster allowing more profit
and yield. The different bred have different advantages so cross breeds are created which mixes the desired
characteristics to get the super animal. Selective breeding is the process of humans regulating the genetic
transmission of organisms with desirable qualities in order to create offspring with similar desirable traits or
better traits. In order to generate pure breeders, males and females with the same desirable traits are bred
together; the offspring with the desirable traits are bred together, which is known as in breeding and test crossing.

As the world becomes more populated and faults are discovered every day, many problems, such as
finding cures for diseases, having less desirable qualities of livestock, scarcity of food such as meat, dairy, and
milk, and shortage of human or animal organ donors, may worsen. Selective breeding will improve our quality of
life while also allowing us to live longer. Cloning will aid in the elimination of birth defects in children because
we will have a better understanding of genetics. We can clone animals for food to end world hunger using animal
cloning. Cloning has been researched as a means of producing high-quality plants and animals. If the clone comes
from a breed that is disease-free, the disease may be eliminated from the breed as well.

In conclusion, selective breeding has a lot of benefits such as illness elimination, the elimination of
undesirable features, and increasing population, as well as specific benefits in selective breeding in animal stock.
However, it can have drawbacks such as animal discomfort, lack of control over genes, time consuming, and the
risk of organism inbreeding, as well as additional disadvantages in dogs and other animals, but when done
correctly and efficiently, selective breeding can make a significant difference to genes and future generations of
plants and animal.

12
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Administrative Region
District III
CARAGA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
San Juan, Surigao City