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 Introduction to Trigonometry

Ratios
Trigonometric
C C

E
"

I,
woo wir
'

F. & Bd &
G &
s r
A side B A B
to
adjacent Side
opposite
LA
to Lc

With
respect to LA ,
side Bc is
opposite I perpendicular &
side is 1 base
AB
adjacent .

With
respect to Lc
,
side AB is opposite I perpendicular &
side is 1 base
Bc
adjacent .

Hypotenuse will remain AC only in both cases

There's short trick remember the Ratio

which
a

like
to
trigonometric
goes
:

Pandit IP) Badri (b) Prasad ( P)

Han th ) hah Lh) Bole lb)
= = =

Sona ( s) bhandi Cc) tote Lt)

 here ( p) will be considered as Perpendicular
will be considered
{ by, as base
will be considered as
Hypotenuse
A
sin =
Perpendicular = I

hypotenuse
H c

of
"
Base

gaypoterwd
cos A = = B-

hypotenuse n u
V

tan A =
Perpendicular = I £88
Base B T
A B
side
opposite
cosec A =

Hypotenuse =
I to Lc

Perpendicular P

see A =
hypotenuse
Base
=
a
B

eat A = Base =
z
Perpendicular p

For those who remember

perpendicular side
and
as
opposite
base
adjacent .

Ratio "
Name eenpression -

MP
o

- €

giypof#
nuse
sin O g
sine F "

cosine
Az cos O
o
.
god
tangent In tan 0
Adjacent ADT A-
-
 SON CAN TOA which
: means sin is opposite
hypotenuse
as is
Adjacent
Hypotenuse
tan is opposite
Adjacent
*
Reciprocal Game

A
Perpendicular A Base I
sin
Perpendicular
=
cos tan
TT
=
= = A =
= I
hypotenuse hypotenuse n Base B

fgwpm-dic.im perpendicular
A *
tf hypogynous
cosec
=
A = =

opt
=

see A
My
= =

We that we that bota

just
say
can can see is

reciprocal of Tana
We
just reciprocal
.

A that
cosec is can see see A is
just so ,
cot A 1- or vice-versa
reciprocal of A =
cos

of
tan A
.

sin A .

*O '
A 1- or Vice versa

!Ta
= -

see
Go cosec A = or

/
cos A
, s

Vice -
versa

one
uiportant relation is Sina
bos
= Tana
A
 Trigonometric Ratios of
* some specific Angles

Some lenamples to
interpret this table

sin 300 =
I
2

sin 400 =
I etc .

52

Trick to remember this table

the value
s .
Just remember
bin
the
first row
,
i.e .

of all
angles for
2 Fir cos ki value likte sin ki sari ki Sari values
samey
.

palat do which sin O

'

means = cos ao = o

sin zoo =
cos boo =
I '

2
 3- Remember the values for Tanand cot
u . Now write values
of cosec
,
see .
just find the reciprocal
of sin
,
cos and tan
respectively

For
Ensample
sin Goo =

Iz and cosec 600 is

2g
[ NOTE Not
denominator me
:

defined
o arabia
un
jagaho
hai
par
Like
aarha
sin 90
hai
=
jaha
tango
.

cos 90

Which means
to
so tan 90 is not
defined]
Question

a.) evaluate

lil sin 60 cos 300 + sin 300 cos Goo

We know that
,
sin ooo -

Fez
 cos zoo =
Is
2

sin 300 =
I
2

cos 60 =
I
2

Putting all values

sin 60 Los 300 + sin

'
30 cos Goo

(E) (E) x +
HAH)

Ze
=

tu
t

=
I
4
= 1

Hence sin 60 cos 300 + sin soo cos Goo = I

,

Trigonometric Ratio of Complementary Angles

A and c are
complementary angles
A t C = 90

C =
90 -
A

which means
sin ( 90 A) A
Aafc
=
-
=
cos

Go ,

sin ( 90 -
A ) =
cos A

Similarly you can

prove others
Deleted but mind)
you can keep in
 sin ( 900 -
A) =
cos A ( 900
ios
-
A) =
sin A
,

tan ( goo -
A) = cot A
,
lot ( 900 -
A) =
tan A
Sec ( goo -
A) = cosec A cosec ( 900 -
A) =
see A
,

Question

Q ) Evaluate tan 650

Cot 250
We know :

cot A = taulaoo -
A)
lot 250 =
tan ( 900 -
25
'
) -
-
tan 650
taus = tansy =L

cat 25 tan 650

*
Trigonometric Identities

→ An
equation involving taiga ethic ratios
of an
angle is
true
called
values
taiga
the
a Aric
identity
involved
,
if it is
for all

of angles
cos
20 t sin O
'
=
I

z t tanto =
see @
cosec'D
'
I t att O =

* cos
'
O + sin
'
O =
1

In D ABC
App + BCZ = AT -
①
each term '

Dividing of ① by AC
,
we
get A
II. are aaaa
-

+ -

LETT heat
'

'
k¥5
-
-
-

( cos AT -1 ( sin AT =
I
TB
cost - C
A ②
=
t sin A s -
 This true all A OKA E noo So this
is
foe such that .

,
is a

trigonometric identity .

I t tan O see 0
=

'
Let divide (1) AB We
Get
us now
by .

AAIB: Bath +
Aat
-
-

that that
.tn#.Tzttan2A--sec2A - ③

'
* s t cot O =
cosec
-
o

ABIE +
BB%= ABEL
"c '

lazy LEET +
-

(FET
cot ZA t z = cosec
'
A -
④

Note and Cota not

that cosec A

14) is true
are
defined for A 00 =
.

Therefore for all A such that 0°C AS 900 .

Question
di .

Empress the ratios cos A

,
Lana
-
and see A in terms
of sin A .

Guice
'
A '

therefore
→
cos t sin A =
1
T÷A
, ,
'
cos A = I -

sin 2A i.e . cos A = I

,

This as A Fina
gives
=

Hence ,

+ an A = sinA-s.in# and s.ec A =

1- =
1-
cos A Fink cos A TEA
1. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴+𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵=1, 𝐴=30 and B is an acute angle, then find the
value of B.
(1M,2020)
A1. Sin30 ̊+cosB=1
1⁄2+cosB=1
CosB=½
B=60 ̊

2. If x=2sin Ɵ and y=2cos Ɵ+1, then find x+y

2 2

(1M,2020)
A2. x+y
=2sin Ɵ +2cos Ɵ+1
2 2

=2(sin Ɵ +cos Ɵ)+1

2 2

=3

3. Write the value of cot x - 1/sin x

2 2

[1M, 2018]

A3. cot x - 1/sin x = cot x - cosec x

2 2 2 2

= -1
4. If cos A = ⅖ , find the value of 4 + 4 tan A
2

[1M, 2017]
A4. 25

5. What is the value of (cos2 67° – sin2 23°)

[1M, 2018]
A5. We have, cos2 67° – sin2 23°
= cos2 67° – cos2 (90° – 23°) [∵ sin (90° – θ) = cos θ]
= cos2 67° – cos2 67°
=0

6. Find A if tan 2A = cot (A – 24°)

[1M, 2019]
A6. Given, tan 2A = cot (A – 24°)
or cot (90° – 2A) = cot (A – 24°) [∵ tan θ = cot (90° – θ)]
or 90° – 2A = A – 24°
or 3A = 90° + 24°
 or 3A = 114°
A = 38°

7. Find the value of (sin2 33° + sin2 57°)

[1M, 2019]
A7. sin2 33° + sin2 57°
= sin2 33° + cos2 (90° – 57°)
= sin2 33° + cos2 33°
= 1 [∴ sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1]

8. If tan θ + cot θ = 5, find the value of tan2θ + cotθ.

[1M, 2012]
A8. tan θ + cot θ = 5 … (Given)
tan2θ + cot2θ + 2 tan θ cot θ = 25 … (Squaring both sides)
tan2θ + cot2θ + 2 = 25
∴ tan2θ + cot2θ = 23
9. If sec 2A = cosec (A – 27°) where 2A is an acute angle, find
the measure of ∠A
[1M, 2017]
A9. sec 2A = cosec (A – 27°)
cosec(90° – 2A) = cosec(A – 27°) …[sec θ = cosec (90° – θ)]
90° – 2A = A – 27°
90° + 27° = 2A + A
⇒ 3A = 117°
∴ ∠A = 117°/3 = 39°

10. If sin θ – cos θ = 0, find the value of sin4 θ + cos4 θ.

[1M, 2017]
A10. sin θ – cos θ = 0 = sin θ = cos θ
⇒ sinθ/cosθ = 1 ⇒ tan θ = 1
⇒ θ = 45°
Now, sin4θ + cos4θ
= sin4 45° + cos4 45°
= (1/√2)4 + (1/√2)4 = ¼ + ¼ = 2/4 = ½
11. If triangle ABC is right angled at C, then the value of sec
(A+B) is

[2019]
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) not defined

A11. d) not defined

12. If sinx + cosx = √2cosx, (x ≠ 90°) then the value of tanx is

[2019]
a) √2−1
b) √2+1
c) √2
d) −√2

A12. √2−1

13. Given that sinx=√3/2 and cosy=0,then the value of y-x is

[2019]
a) 0°
b) 90°
 c) 60°
d) 30°

A13. D) 30°

14. If cos A = ⅘ , then value of tan A is

[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) ⅗
(b) ¾
(c) 4/3
(d) 5/3

A14. (b) ¾

15. If cos A = ⅘ , then value of tan A is

[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) ⅗
(b) ¾
(c) 4/3
(d) 5/3

A15. (b) ¾
16. If sin A = ½ , then the value of cot A is
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) 0
(b) ½
(c) 1
(d) None of the above

A16. (b) ½

17. The value of the expression [cosec (75° + θ) – sec (15° – θ)

– tan (55° + θ) + cot (35° – θ)] is
[NCERT Exemplar]
(A) -1
(B) 0
(C) 1
(D) 3/2

A17. (B) 0

18. If cos (α + β) = 0, then sin (α – β) can be reduced to

[NCERT Exemplar]
(A) cos β
(B) cos 2β
 (C) sin α
(D) sin 2α

A18. (B) cos 2β

19. The value of (tan 1° tan2° tan3° … tan89°) is

[NCERT Exemplar]
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 12

A19. (B) 1

20. If sinA + sin A = 1, then the value of the expression (cos A +

2 2

cos A) is
4

[NCERT Exemplar]
(A) 1
(B) 12
(C) 2
(D) 3

A20. (A) 1
21. Given that sinα = 12 and cosβ = 12, then the value of (α+ β)
[NCERT Exemplar]
(A) 0°
(B) 30°
(C) 60°
(D) 90°

A2. (D) 90°

22. sin (45° + θ ) – cos (45° – θ) is equal to

[NCERT Exemplar]
(A) 2cosθ
(B) 0
(C) 2sinθ
(D) 1

A22. (B) 0
23. If sin x + cos x = √3, then prove that tan x + cot x = 1

[3M, 2019]
A23. sin x + cos x = √3
⇒ (sin x + cos x) = 3
2

⇒1+ 2sin x .cos x = 3⇒ sin x .cos x = 1

∴ tan x + cot x = sin x/cos x + cos x/sin x = 1

24. .

[3M, 2019]
A24.

25. Prove that cot θ - tan θ = (2cos θ-1)/sinθ.cosθ

2

[3M, 2018]
 A25.

26. .

[3M, 2017]
A12. .
 27. If sin x + cos x = √2, then evaluate : tan x + cot x
[3M, 2017]
A27. sin x + cos x = √2
(sin x + cos x) = (√2) 2 2

sin x + cos x + 2 sin x.cos x = 2

2 2

1 + 2sin x.cos x = 2
sin x.cos x = ½ ……………………(i)
We know that sin x + cos x = 1 …………(ii)
2 2

Dividing (ii) by (i) we get

sin x + cos x.
2 12

—————— = ———
sin x.cos x. ½

=> tan x + cot x = 2

28. Prove that (sin x + cosec x) + (cos x + sec x) = 7 + tan x +

2 2 2

cot x
2

[3M, 2019]
A28. We know the trigonometric identities
(sin A + cos A = 1)
2 2

(sec A = 1 + tan A)
2 2

(cosec A = 1 + cot A)
2 2

(sin A.cosec A = 1 )
(cosA secA = 1)

Now ,
LHS = (sin x + cosec x) + (cos x + sec x) 2 2

= sin A+cosec A + 2sin A.cosec A+ cos A + sec A +

2 2 2 2

2cosAsecA
= sin A + cos A + 2 + 2 + cosec A + sec A
2 2 2 2

= 1 + 2 + 2 + (1 + cot A )+( 1 + tan A ) 2 2

 = 7 + cot A + tan A
2 2

29. If cos x = cos 40° . sin 50° + sin 40°. cos 50°, then find the
value of x.
[3M, 2018]
A29. cos x = cos 40° sin 50° + sin 40° cos 50°
cos x = cos 40° sin(90° – 40°) + sin 40°.cos(90° – 40°)
cos x = cos2 40° + sin2 40°
cos x = 1 …[∵ cos2 A + sin2 A = 1
cos x = cos 0° ⇒ x = 0°

30. sec 41°. sin 49° + cos 29°.cosec 61°

[3M, 2016]
A30.
31. Prove that

[3M, 2014]
A31.
32.

[4M, 2017]
A32.
33. Prove that :

[4M, 2017]
A33.
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion
(A) is followed by a statement of reason (R) . Mark the correct
choice as:
a. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct and
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
b. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct but
reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
c. Assertion (A) is correct, reason (R) is incorrect
d. Assertion (A) is incorrect, reason (R) is correct
 34. Assertion: In a right angle angled triangle, if cos x = ½ and
sin x = √3/2, then tan x = √3

Reason: tan x = sinx/cosx

A34. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct and reason is
the correct explanation of assertion.

35. Assertion: The value of sin x.cos(90-x) + cos x.sin(90-x) = 1

Reason: tan x = sec(90-x)

A35. Assertion (A) is correct, reason (R) is incorrect