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DISSERTATION REPORT
Session: 2013-14

Space and Geometry

Undertaken by:
Neha Syal
Enrollment No.:09EAAAR029
V Year B.Arch

Prof. Preethi Agrawal Prof. Archana Singh

GUIDE COORDINATOR

Aayojan School of Architecture

ISI-4, RIICO Institutional Block,
Sitapura, Jaipur-302022
 APPROVAL

The study titled “Space and Geometry” is hereby approved as an original work of
Neha syal,
syal, enrolment no.: 09EAAAR029 
09EAAAR029   on the approved subject carried out and
presented in manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as per the standard laid
down by the university. This report has been submitted in the partial fulfillm ent for the
award of Bachelor of Architecture 
Architecture  degree from Rajasthan Technical University,
Kota.

It is to be understood that the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve

any statement made, any opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but
approves the study only for the purpose it has been submitted.

December 2013
Jaipur

Prof. Preethi Agrawal

EXTERNAL EXAMINER GUIDE

Prof. ARCHANA SINGH Prof. K.S.MAHAJANI

CO-ORDINATOR PRINCIPAL

i
 APPROVAL

The study titled “Space and Geometry” is hereby approved as an original work of
Neha syal,
syal, enrolment no.: 09EAAAR029 
09EAAAR029   on the approved subject carried out and
presented in manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as per the standard laid
down by the university. This report has been submitted in the partial fulfillm ent for the
award of Bachelor of Architecture 
Architecture  degree from Rajasthan Technical University,
Kota.

It is to be understood that the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve

any statement made, any opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but
approves the study only for the purpose it has been submitted.

December 2013
Jaipur

Prof. Preethi Agrawal

EXTERNAL EXAMINER GUIDE

Prof. ARCHANA SINGH Prof. K.S.MAHAJANI

CO-ORDINATOR PRINCIPAL

i
 DECLARATION

I ,Neha syal,
syal, here by solemnly declare that the research work undertaken by me,
titled ‘Space and Geometry’ is my original work and wherever I have incorporated
any information in the form of photographs, text, data, maps, drawings, etc. from
different sources, has been duly acknowledged in my report.

This dissertation has been completed under the supervision of the guide allotted to
me by the school.

Neha syal
V Year B.Arch
 Aayojan School of
of Architecture, Jaipur

ii
  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This dissertation grew out of a series of dialogues with my

Guide Professor Preethi Agrawal.
My sincere thanks to my guide and only my Guide for invoking a critical thought in
me regarding pursuing this research and eventually enabling me to grasp its rich
complexity.
Her comments on the chapter drafts have indeed been of utmost help.
Ma’am has always been a great mentor in encouraging me all though the research.

I thank my parents and my brother Anirudh Syal in always encouraging me while

pursuing this study.

 Also I would like to thank my colleagues at office Ajay, Sana, Ali Sir in extending
their support for initializing my dissertation topic.
Not to forget my friends Anubhuti chandana, Shobhna singh, Rajat Sharma, Garima,
Utkarsh Dalela, Eshank Rishi, and Snober Khan, in extending their support to me
whenever needed!

Regards

Neha Syal
26.11.2013
V Year B.Arch
 Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

iii
 CONTENTS

Page No.
 Approval i
Declaration ii
 Acknowledgement iii
Contents iv-v
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 7 - 13
1.1 Hypothesis
1.2 AIM
1.3 Need of the study
1.4 Criteria of selection
1.5 Scope
1.6 Objectives
1.7 Scope & Limitation
1.8 Area of study
1.9 Methodology
1.10 Glossary of terms
1.11 Justification on topic
CHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDING SPACE 14 - 18
   2.1 SPACES IN ARCHITECTURE

2.1.1 QUALITIES OF AN ARCHITECTURAL SPACE

CHAPTER 3: REALISATION OF FORM 19 - 26
(Study focuses on two dimensional aspect of Form)
 3.1 THE FUNDAMENTALS
 3.2 THE LAW OF MINIMUM
 3.2.1 FORM- AS A DIAGRAM OF FORCES

iv
 3.3 THE ORIGIN OF FORM
  3.3.1 THE ORTHO FACTOR
 3.3.2 CIRCLE VS SQUARE
 3.3.3 SINGLE ENVELOPE VS SEPARATE SYSTEM
 3.4 AN INQUIRY INTO OUR PREFERENCES

CHAPTER 4: TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE 27-36

 4.1 REGULAR SHAPES
 4.2 SHAPE
4.2.1 CIRCLE
4.2.2 SQUARE
4.3.3 RECTANGLE
4.4.4 TRIANGLE
 4.3 ROLE OF BUILDING ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION OF A PLAN
FORM
 4.4 DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATION
 4.5 SUBTRACTIVE TRANSFORMATION
 4.6 ADDITIVE TRANSFORMATION
 4.7 OTHER TRANSFORMATION

CHAPTER 5: EFFECTIVE SPACES 37  – 40

 5.1 THE CONFIGURATION
 5.2 DEPTH
 5.3 PLANNING GRID
 5.4 PRIMARY CIRCULATION AREAS
 5.5 UNDERSTANDING EFFICIENCY THROUGH EXAMPLE.

CHAPTER 6: CASE STUDIES 41  – 52

 6.1 ARCHOHM ARCHITECTURE FIRM
6.1.1 ANALYSING EFFICIENCY IN SPACES
6.1.2 CALCULATING LEVEL OF EFFICIENCY

v
 6.2 PIVOTAL SERVICED APARTMENTS
  6.3 RESIDENCE OF AR. ANOJ TEVATIA
 6.4 RESIDENCE OF MR. SYAL.

CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION 53

CHAPTER 8: REFERENCES 54 - 55

LIST OF TABLES vi-vii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
 ANNEXURES

vi
Neha Syal 5th Yr. B.Arch Batch No. 11

TOPIC: “Space and Geometry”.

HYPOTHESIS: The effectiveness of a space and its optimum utilization is

responsive to its geometric shape.

INTRODUCTION:
 Architecture is a ‘ solution’   in terms of practical purpose, material and techniques.
The issue that matters the most is t h e d e s i g n - t h e d i s c o v e r e d f o r m  . The modern
designer therefore has to choose ‘optimum’ between ‘spatial’ quality and ‘efficiency’ 
which depends on his perception of the problem. This leads us to believe what best
can we do in an allotted space, which would then reflect in and eventually postulate
the balance of ‘usage’  in terms of ‘Spatial Economics’.
……………………..This evokes a question for us all to ponder upon…………………..
“How productive is your space”? 
This therefore defines the, mathematical paradigm and helps us establish the basis
for user satisfaction!

OBJECTIVES:
1. To understand the term – space and determine its parameters.

2. To study types of forms and their geometric characteristics.

 To study the mathematical efficiency of a shape.
 To study role of building elements in transformation of a plan form.
3. To study the term effectiveness of a space and derive its parameters.
 Optimum utilization
  Functionally
4. To analyze the parameters and draw conclusion in order to establish a basis of
its importance in terms of user satisfaction.

SCOPE:
1. Geometric shapes and forms- Regular .
2. Interior, spaces in the chosen shape.
 Examples of building plan forms, demonstrating both the aspects and
direction of our study.
CASE STUDIES:
Archohm Architecture office-Noida
Pivotal serviced apartments-Gurgaon
 Architect Anoj Tevatia’s residence


Residence of Mr Syal.

PARAMETERS FOR ANALYSIS: Understanding and calculating efficiency.

Mathematical parameter: People/workstation which will give us numerical data


Subjective parameter : planning/workstation giving reasons to justify efficiency



RESULT OF STUDY:
This study examines a given space primarily through its function and linking it to its
geometry eventually evaluating the efficiency paradigm fulfilling the need of spaces
to be user satisfying after all.

GUIDE: Prof. Preethi Agrawal.

 1. INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

TOPIC:

SPACE AND GEOMETRY

HYPOTHESIS:

Effectiveness of a space and its optimum utilization is responsive to its geometric

shape.

AIM:

To study effectiveness of a space, with response to its geometric characteristics and

eventually understand its user perspective.

NEED FOR STUDY:

Need to study and investigate development of spatial outcome.

CRITICALLY EVALUATE

 Spaces
 Human environments
 Effectiveness of a design (various
perspectives)

CRITERIA FOR STUDY:

How spatial forms, reflect functional ends from the perspective of the ‘user’.

SCOPE

THE STUDY SHALL COVER:

 Understanding of space in architecture theory.

 Forms and their mathematical efficiency.
 Optimization in terms of effectiveness in architecture.
 Examples of building forms, demonstrating both the aspects and direction of
our study.

Page 7
 1. INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES

1. To understand the term – space and determine its parameters.

2. To study types of forms and their geometric characteristics.
 To study the mathematical efficiency of a shape.
 To study role of building elements in transformation of a plan form.
3. To study the term effectiveness of a space and derive its parameters.

 Optimum utilization
  Functionally


4. To define term the aesthetic paradigm and analyze its parameters in order to
establish a basis of its importance in terms of user satisfaction.
5. To draw a conclusion based on the above 2 objectives.

LIMITATIONS

1. Restrictions will be at plan studies

 computer- simulated forms, forms other than
[rectangular-square, rectangle- curvilinear- circle
polygonal- 5-sided polygon] are not covered.

AREA OF STUDY

1. Geometric shapes and forms- Regular .

2. Interior, spaces in the chosen shape and Form.

Page 8
 1. INTRODUCTION

METHEDOLOGY

AIM: To study effectiveness of a space with response to its geometric

characteristics and aesthetic aspect.

To study the term ‘space’ and determine its Rectiliner

parameters.
Curvilinear

To study the term Geometric

To study the aesthetic aspect
effectiveness and Characteristics
and analyze its parameters.
derive its
arameters. Mathematical efficiency

Role of building elements-

[porch, chajja, staircase]
Optimum utilization
in transformation of plan
Functionality. FORM

Data collection.

Secondary
Primary source

  Surveys  Literature studies

 Case studies   Books
  JOURNALS

Analysis and
Conclusion

Page 9
 1. INTRODUCTION

1| INTRODUCTION AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS

1. SPACE:
Space is a boundless 3-dimentional extent in which object and events have relative
position and direction.

2. EFFECTIVNESS:
Effectiveness of a space is a general concept reflecting an output from that space.

SPACE EFFECTIVNESS IS MEASURED BY comparing:

 Space productivity
  Condition
  Flexibility
  Geometry

3. SPACE EFFICIENCY:
OPTIMUM UTILIZATION is defined as:
 m sq / person.
 m sq /workstation.
 people / workstation.

The manipulation of these ‘2’ ratios allows to secure the right level of utilization to
meet the needs and reflect building characteristics.

Page 10
 1. INTRODUCTION

2| JUSTIFICATION ON TOPIC

The qualities of space and how people experience interactions and sensations within
the spaces will go to justify its optimum utilization to a certain extent not forgetting its
mathematical efficiency after all.

“Corbusier said”,

“ Building is a machine taking into consideration then, every

machine has a purpose and therefore it has a certain function
to fulfill………………………................................................

If we consider a space, then each space which is designed, has a certain thought
behind it, and so, it has a function- a purpose it
has to perform.

The idea or
concept  of HOW IS OPTIMUM UTILIZATION
optimum utilization
MEASURED?
emerges from
users and their 1. By justifying the effectiveness of that
spatial experience.
space using mathematical tools.
The qualities of a
space and how 2. The second support or tool to justify
 people experience space utilization, though subjective but holds
interactions and
certain importance, is user perception and their
sensation within
those spaces spatial experience,
therefore, this study seeks to
understand:

How do I introduce efficiency?

 is the measure – m sq / workability
 people / per workstation.

These 2 ratio will focus on level of space utilization better understood as

“space efficiency”.

Page 11
 1. INTRODUCTION

3| BRIEF UNDERSTANDING:

SPACE

SHAPE

FORM

TRANSFORMATIONS SPACE EFFICIENCY

OPTIMUM UTILISATION USER SATISFACTION

4| SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP:

SPACE
SPACE FUNCTION EFFICIENC
Y

5| SUMMARY OR OVERVIEW OF OUR STUDY

 The framework proposed in this research is to examine a given space,

primarily through its function, and linking it to its geometry.
[The geometries we have listed out in our study:  are pure and regular
geometries]

Page 12
 1. INTRODUCTION

 Now on identifying the function of a space in relation to its geometry, we have

tried to introduce and study of ‘effectiveness’, in this context.

6|HOW DO WE PROVE OUR STUDY

 This study: explores the various function in conjugation to their implicit

geometries in analyzing efficiency of these spaces.
 The given frame work of this study is built on:  Mathematical
transformations in “Shape”,- establishing Effectiveness in space , function
and there after its optimum utilization by the user.
 The idea or concept  of optimum utilization emerges from users and their
spatial experience.
 The qualities of a space and how people experience interactions and
sensation within those spaces.

Page 13
 2. UNDERSTANDING SPACE

UNDERSTANDING SPACE…..

PRELUDE

T his chapter relates to the understanding of Space and its parameters.

What is a space in Architectural context, what are the various qualities of an

architectural space and how do we as modern designers perceive and utilize a
space to its optimum structure and functionality.

Page 14
 2. UNDERSTANDING
UNDERSTANDING SPACE

2.1 SPACES IN ARCHITECTURE

Physically space is shape, by what it is, that surrounds it and otherwise by objects
within it and is perceivable by us.

 A space is determined, meaning finite and fixed by its periphery and objects in it.
 It is meant for something and
 Offers protection for something.
Spatiality is defined by :
 A feeling
 A sensation

Fig:1

 A sense of space is a mental construct ,a projection of the outside world as we

experience it.
 As space begins to be ‘captured’, ’enclosed’, ‘molded’, and ‘organized’.

By the elements of ‘Mass’ , Architecture comes into being.

being.

Fig:2 Fig:3

Page 15
 2. UNDERSTANDING
UNDERSTANDING SPACE

 Spatial economies, different activity roles will derive

different space allocation.

 A designed space is expected to support the activities-

functions-and human engagements about to take place
there.

2.1.1 QUALITIES OF AN ARCHITECTURAL

ARCHITECTURAL SPACE

Fig:4

The qualities of an architectural space, however are much

richer than what these diagrams are able to portray.

Fig:5

BOUNDARY:
The most explicit quality of a space is its boundary.
The physical boundaries of a space consists of its roof, ceiling and the wall.
When we look at a space from the point of view of the
  Interior
  Boundary
  Exterior

We see that the boundary is the only element which defines both i nterior and
exterior space.

Page 16
 2. UNDERSTANDING
UNDERSTANDING SPACE

PROPERTIES OF QUALITIES OF SPACE

ENCLOSERES

SHAPE
  Form

SURFACE EDGES
  Color

  Texture

  Pattern

DIMENSIONS
  Scale

  Pr
P roportion

CONFIGURATION
  Definition

OPENINGS
 Degree of enclosures

  Light

  View

Table 1

The above table (table1

(table1)) indicates the various properties of enclosures and
lists out their qualities of space.

Page 17
 2. UNDERSTANDING SPACE

 .
  e
  c
  a
  p
  s
   f
Architecture is a solution in terms of practical purpose, material and
  o techniques .The issue that matters the most is the design-the
  e
  c discovered form.
  n
  e
   i This is the subject of the artistic commentary in architectural
  r
  e treatment, so, when an Architect sets to work in 99.9 cases out of
  p
  x 100 he has a problem to solve.
  e
  e Therefore the modern designer has to choose the ‘optimum’ between
   h
   t ‘spatial’ quality and ‘efficiency’ which depends on his perception of
  s
   i the problem.
  e
  r
  u This leads us to believe what best can we do in an allotted space,
   t
  c which would then reflect in and eventually postulate the balance of
  e
   t
   i “usage” in terms of “Spatial Economics”.
   h
  c
  r
   A Thus understanding space in Architecture is the foremost, any
  n
   i
designer needs to focus upon while beginning to design.
  e
  c
  n
  e
   i It was well said by L e C o r b u s i e r :  
  r
  e The theory of experience in Architecture is the experience of space.
  p
  x
  e
   f
  o
  y
  r
  o
  e
   h
   t Machine-
  e
   h has a
   T
Building  purpose

Function to
 perform

Page 18
 3. REALISATION OF FORM

REALISATION OF FORM (study focuses on two dimensional aspect of Form)

PRELUDE

F 
orm in Architecture is related to ‘ s p a c e ’   and the ‘ a cti 
v it y o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n t h i s
s p a c e ’  . Apart from that, architectural form is also rel ated to the elements
themselves;
Their arrangements, and combination with each other ( synta x); t he meaning
(semiotics); and the effects on people (pragmatics).
Form ther ef ore c annot  simply be reduced to a single of choice of elements and their
arrang ement.
For that reason i t is possibl e to appraise the architectural form within
the framework of:
• S pace-def ining el ement (related to use)
• A sign (rel at ed t o arr ang ement , significance and effect)
• St ruc ture ( dependent on t he laws of static and the strength of materials)

Page 19
 3. REALISATION OF FORM

UNDERSTANDING THE BASIS AND ORIGIN OF ‘FORM’.

Form -refers to a shape or configuration or rather is a ‘product’ of space.

Form is better understood as a special modification of matter under the agency of

process. Let us try to establish the origin of form fr om ‘Nature’.

3.1 THE FUNDAMENTALS

 At the very basis of all phenomenon in nature lies only one entity-‘Energy’. It is, this
energy that constitutes the universe through its two m anifestations-Matter and Force.
The interaction of these two gives rise to a- ‘tangible space’.
Even the cracking of mud is not a random process it seems. The cracks appear in
such a manner so that the affected area is covered in ‘minimum’ sized units using
minimum crack lengths. ( R eference  : structure in nature –is a strategy for design)

Minimum path network in mud

Fig-3.1
https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~qlxia/mud.html 

The tendency to find equilibrium governs all natural order. Therefore to hold itself in
a particular ‘Form’, a structure has to spend the least amount of energy. Thus the
basic aim of any natural system is to achieve a configuration that holds the minimum
energy expenditure in stabilizing a structure.
( S o u r c e : Peter Pearce-Structure in nature is a strategy for design-MIT Press-1978)

Page 20
 3. REALISATION OF FORM

3.2 THE LAW OF MINIMUM

 All natural systems tend to structure themselves according to the law of minimum. All
free bodies for example, tend to acquire a spherical shape (as shown in fig-3.2)
which has a minimum surface area to a given volume.

The spherical characteristics

Fig-3.2

3.2.1 FORM- AS A DIAGRAM OF FORCES

 An interacting system constituting matter and forces, tends to achieve minimum
potential energy (stated earlier).
 A state where matter is positioned in space by the action of forces. Matter in a
system is found at coordinates where forces meet to cancel out each other.
Form or structure is the meeting point of forces (shown in fig-3.3)  or better
understood that form is a diagram of forces (which supports the heading of this
topic).

Form is a diagram of forces: Forces form-Form

Fig-3.3

Page 21
 3. REALISATION OF FORM

The idea of the energy expenditure can be made clear by the following comparison
of the ‘tetrahedron’ and the ‘cube’.
 A tetrahedron is a very stable three dimensional entity. All stresses in the system are
direct, ie: they are pure impression or tension along the lines of the tetrahedron. Any
point in space can be stabilized using this configuration just like any point on a plane
can be determined by triangulation (fig-3.4).

The tetrahedral system

Fig-3.4

 A cube on the other hand, needs extra energy apart from direct stresses. The joints
or vertices of the cube need to be stabilized. In the absence of this extra
stabilization, the cube tends to flatten out into a rhombic (fig-3.5).

The cubic error

Fig-3.5

Thus a tetrahedron is more likely to be found in nature than a cube. In fact a large
majority of all natural forms can be simplified to a tet rahedron geometry.

Page 22
 3. REALISATION OF FORM

3.3 THE ORIGIN OF FORM

3.3.1 THE ORTHO FACTOR

Man joins the linear elements instinctively at 90 degrees. Order has always been
associated with right angles.
When two lines intersect , they form a pair of opposite angles. Only two cases are
possible:
1) The lines form the two acute and two obtuse angles (fig-3.6a).
2) The lines form four right angles (fig-3.6b).

Non perpendicular intersection perpendicular intersection

Fig-3.6a Fig-3.6b

 Also the space bounded by an acute angle appears to be wasteful, since the size of
the usable area approaches (zero) or diminishes rapidly as we approach the corner
(fig-3.7 ).

The features of an acute angle

Fig-3.7

Page 23
 3. REALISATION OF FORM

3.3.2 CIRCLE VS SQUARE

It is interesting to note that while we are scribbling we generally make circles, ovals
or abstract shapes for that matter. Yet when we are asked to sketch the plan of any
room we immediately draw a rectangle or square. (result based on various opinions
or research’s done  )
Very seldom would you find a person drawing out a circular room when asked for a
general room plan.

“ The ‘usability’   of a room is determined by how many usable furniture pieces it can
accommodate in the least complex manner and therefore assures the o p t i m u m
u t i l i t y o f t h e s p a c e s . ” 

 According to the (fig 3.8) shown below, it is apparent that many small but regular
shapes cannot fill a circle but a square can easily be divided into many shapes of
varying sizes without any space wastage. A circle would have lot of strange and
unusable areas left, especially at the circumference.

The usability factor

Fig-3.8

Page 24
 3. REALISATION OF FORM

3.3.3 SINGLE ENVELOPE VS SEPARATE SYSTEM

Continuous surfaces have a limitation of being single floor structures in most cases.
This limits the growth potential of a building and therefore single surface is not
preferred.
Flat roofs over straight walls can be used as floor of storey above. Therefore its more
lucrative to the builder.

Single envelope v/s Separate system

Fig-3.9

Page 25
 3. REALISATION OF FORM

3.4 AN INQUIRY INTO OUR PREFERENCES

Each of the varied properties do not find equal favor amongst human beings.
However it can be said, within the limits of exception, that people appreciate right
angle over others, the straight line over the curved ones, the vertical element over
the tilted one, and the discontinuous element over the single surface or vice versa
that is totally left upon the discretion of the user.
The reasons behind these biases may lie in the psychology of man, the usability of a
shape for human needs, or even for that matter from the hi story of civilization!

Fig-3.9a Fig-3.9b
Usability factor of various shapes

Fig-3.9c Fig-3.9d

Page 26
 4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

This chapter relates to the study of the types of shapes, their geometric
characteristics and the Role of building elements in transformation of a plan form.

‘ TRANSFORMATIONS AS A WHOLE ’ 
‘’ The process of change in the shape through a series of discrete permutations and

manipulations in response to a specific context or set of conditions without a loss of

identity or concept  is the process of Transformation.’’ 
It is such a progression that changes the shape within the
boundary of the object itself. The effects of these changes can be observed either in
two or three dimensional form...

In other words, in a transformational system, it is essential that a designer

understands the fundamental nature and structure of the concept .
Thus there is a prototypical architectural model which is transformed through a
series of discrete manipulations in order to respond to specific conditions.

Page 27
 4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

Form and its opposite space constitute primary elements of Architecture.

Study of types of shapes and their geometric characteristics.

4.1 Regular shapes-

 Are those shapes whose parts are related to one another in a consistent and orderly
manner. They are generally stable in nature and symmetrical about one or more
axis.
In g e o m e t r y   regular shapes are the circle, and the infinite series of regular polygons
that can be inscribed within it
Of these the most significant are the primary shapes: the circle, the triangle, the
square and the rectangle.

REGULAR SHAPES-
Refer to those whose parts are related to
one another. They are generally stable and
symmetrical about an axis.

SHAPES: can retain their regularity even

when transformed dimensionally or by the
addition and subtraction of elements.

IRREGULAR SHAPES-
 Are those whose parts are dissimilar in
nature and related to one another in an
inconsistent manner. Generally
 Asymmetrical and more dynamic than
regular shapes.
Regular and irregular shapes.

Fig-4

Page 28
 4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

4.2 SHAPE

Shape is the characteristic outline or surface configuration of a particular form.

It is the principal aspect by which we identify and categorize forms-
(F r a n c i s D k C h i n g ) .

 According to ‘ F r an k L l o y d W r ight’  –

4.2.1
1) CIRCLE

The simplest of the two dimensional shapes that are used is the circle.
It is a centralized stable and self centering figure. Placing a circle at the centre of a
field reinforces its inherent centrality.

Circle is placed at the centre

Fig-4.1a

Circle can be subdivided into t w e l v e   equal parts. This gives the circle great
adaptability for architecture and allows the architects various ways to use the
strength of the circle, while changing its appearance.

Compositions of circle and circular segments

Page 29
 4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

4.2.2
2) SQUARE

The other primary shape is the square. It is probably the most used shape in
architecture. It represents a pure and rational figure. It is static and neutral having no
preferred direction.
It becomes dynamic when resting on its corners.

Representations of squares

Fig-4.1b

Compositions of square and square segments

4.3.3
3) RECTANGLE

 Another very important shape is the rectangle. It has been used in most situations in
architecture. Architects like it because it is easy to adapt for human needs. In
building rectangles maybe used in windows, doors, rooms, etc. A rectangle depends
on the right angles at the comers. The length and width depend on the eye of the
architect. There is not one rectangle that will satisfy all architectural needs. Many
rectangles can be said to be important in Architecture.
Rectangles that are either off square or can be divided into even squares can be
used in a variety of ways.

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 4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

 A rectangle building with the smallest perimeter surface is the most

economical for the architects to build. The greater the length of the perimeter the
more is the variety of shapes are available.

4.4.4
4) TRIANGLE

Signifies stability, while resting on one of its sides, it is an extremely stable figure.
When tipped to stand on one of its vertices, however it can either be balanced in
equilibrium or be unstable and tend to fall over its sides. Because of the right
triangles, corners of the buildings are square. Right triangles help to support
buildings. All of the regular and irregular polygons, prisms, pyramids, and solids are
dependent on right triangles

Compositions of triangle and triangular segments

4.3 Role of building elements in transformation of a plan form

Transformations of square in two dimensions

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 4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

4.4
1) DIMENTIONAL TRANSFORMATION

Dimensional transformation-shown in Form

Fig-4.2a

Form can be transformed by altering its dimensions and still retain its identity. A cube
for example can be transformed by altering its height, width or length in its volumetric
form and corresponding changes will be made in its ‘Planar form’  also.

ROBB IE HOUSE

Fig-4.2b
http://architecture.lego.com/en-us/products/architect/robie-house/story/ 

Page 32
 4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

BUILDING ROBBIE HOUSE

ARCHITECT FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

LOCATION CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

ORIGINAL FORM CUBE

TRANSFORMED FORM CUBOID

http://towermax.deviantart.com/art/Robie-House-204473623
Fig-4.2c 
Plan form type of Robbie house
4.5
2) SUBTRACTIVE TRANSFORMATION

Subtractive transformation-shown in 3 dimension

Fig-4.3

Form can be transformed by subtracting a portion of its volume. Extent of subtractive

process- either helps to retain its identity or totally transformed to other. Subtracted
space: volumetric void, negative spaces.

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 4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

BIANDA’S RESIDENCE 

BUILDING BIANDA’S RESIDENCE

ARCHITECT MARIO BOTTA

LOCATION SWITZERLAND

Subtractive transformation-shown
Fig-4.3a
https://wiki.ucfilespace.uc.edu/groups/12u_20artn242001/wiki/b27fe/ 

Page 34
 4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

4.6
3) ADDITIVE TRANSFORMATION

 Additive transformation-shown in 3 dimension

Fig-4.4

Forms can be transformed by addition to its volume. Types of additive

transformations:

Types of Additive transformations

Fig-4.5

PLA CE DE STALINGARD

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_de_la_Bataille-de-Stalingrad 

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 4. TRANSFORMATIONS IN SHAPE

BUILDING PLACE DE STALINGARD

ARCHITECT HEUT BERNARD

LOCATION PARIS

 plan form of palace

4.7

4) OTHER TRANSFORMATIONS

 Corners define the meeting of two planes.

 Corner condition- introduces a distinct element that is independent of the

surface it joins

 Opening is introduced to one side of its corner. One plane appears to

bypass the other.

Various other transformations shown

Fig-4.6
Page 36
 5. EFFECTIVE SPACES

EFFECTIVE SPACES

PRELUDE

T his chapter relates to the understanding and definition of effective spaces.

‘’ E f f ec t i v e n e s s o f a s p a c e  
’’, i s a g e n e r a l c o n c e p t r e f l ec t i n g a n o u t p u t f r o m t h a t
space.
Space effectiveness is what we call, space productivity is a general sense.
 This study: explores the various functions in conjugation to their implicit
geometries in analyzing efficiency of the spaces.
 The idea or concept  of optimum utilization emerges from users and their
spatial experience.

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 5. EFFECTIVE SPACES

5.
The basic physical parameters of a building shell will set rules for its
occupation by describing –‘How effectively’ a building can be planned.

1) The CONFIGURATION
Describes geometry of a typical floor within a building. Thus a square or an
oblong plan with single/central core will be more efficient than a plan form
which is irregular.

 A high floor plate efficiency is achieved by calculating the net to gross ratio of
internal spaces.
Note: configuration will also be affected by the number and distance of
structural columns.

2) DEPTH
Is a measurement across a floor- window to window, window to core or
atrium.

3) PLANNING GRID
The planning grid describes the internal dimensions for structure finishes and
services.
These relate to structural columns and window spacing. Thus the planning
grid will drive the ease with which internal rooms and partitions are
introduced.

4) PRIMARY CIRCULATION AREAS

Primary circulation
Secondary circulation

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 5. EFFECTIVE SPACES

The following parameters listed above help us to determine the amount of usable
spaces and thereby its optimum utilization to what extent has been achieved.

Thus the efficiency parameter is achieved by two ways:

1) By calculation people per workstation values
2) Planning per workstation

The people per workstation will give us mathematical data regarding (for an office)
 The number of people for which the building is designed for
 No of people working at present
 No of clients visiting on a daily basis( approx)
 Also as per the architectural standards according to the given
area how many people are working.

 Also the planning per workstation will give us

subjective reasons to justify the efficiency
The basic physical factor and calculate the net usable area.
 parameters of a
building shell will set Subjective Understanding of the economics of
rules for its a space
occupation by ‘Economics’, here focuses on the
describing –‘How mathematics based on the productivity of the
effectively’ a analyzed space.
building can be This is the subject of the artistic commentary
 planned. in architectural treatment, when an Architect
sets to work, in 99.9 cases out of 100 he has
a problem to solve.
Therefore the modern designer has to choose
the ‘optimum’ between ‘spatial’ quality  and
‘efficiency’ which depends on his perception
of the problem.

This eventually leads us to believe what best can we do in an

allotted space, which would then reflect in and eventually postulate the balance of
“usage” in terms of “Spatial Economics”.

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 5. EFFECTIVE SPACES

5.5 understanding efficiency through example.

Let us understand Efficiency by an example as stated by Palladio!

 Andreas Palladio brings the theor y of Renaissance pr opor tioning to its most
sophisticated state. He tur ns the idea of subdividing a plan into harmonious par ts
around by starting with r ooms in harmonious r atios and  joining them together to
pr oduce the entire building.

Palladio’s seven sets of proportions in construction of r ooms

Palladio supplies general rules f or the proportions of the height of rooms to their
width and length that is for the relationship of the three dimensions which constitutes
the shape of a r oom. He recommends seven shapes of r ooms in the following
sequence:
(1) circular , (2) square, (3) the diagonal of the squar e f or the length of the room, (4)
a squar e and a thir d, (5) a squar e and a half, (6) a square and two-thir ds, (7) two
squares.

Page 40
 6. CASE STUDIES

Case studies of Pivotal and Archohm

Page 41
 6. CASE STUDIES

6.1 ARCHOHM
ARCHITECTURE FIRM

Architect: Ar Saurabh
Gupta

Location: Noida

 from basic geometric shapes:

Evolution of form 

PRIMARY FUNCTION:
 Architectural firm

PRIMARY GEOMETRY:
Regular solids-cylinder, cuboids

The basic physical parameters of a building

shell sets the rules for its occupation by describing
how a building can be planned.

Configuration
Planning grid
Circulation
Depth

Page 42
 6. CASE STUDIES

Fig-6.1

The above floor plan shows the percentage circulation in the architectural firm.

Fig-6.2

Page 43
 6. CASE STUDIES

 ANALYSIS AS PER: planning per workstation

6.1.1 

 The grid pattern followed across the plan typology is of 3.6m .(from fig-6.2)
 According to the grid layout the planning is done without creating any negative
spaces and unused areas in the office premises.
 Also according to the standard furniture layouts suggested by the standards
the furniture is well in conjugation with the plan form and the grid followed
through out the plan.
 Other important aspects to be noted down are the functionality of the board
room and the café.

Functionality Board room Cafe

To serve as a seminar hall To serve as a meeting

area

Issues The functionality is not Functionality is achieved

achieved in conjugation
with its geometry

Efficiency of a space

People/workstation: Planning/workstation:

Will give us the Give us subjective

num erical data reasons to jus tify the
efficiency

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 6. CASE STUDIES

 CALCULATING area usage- “ people/workstation” 

6.1.2 

A t u p p e r g r o u n d f l o o r l e v el

SNO. The Space Number Number Number Area

space designed people people people (Square
designed for working visiting present M)
number at on daily as per
of people present basis standard
(approx)

1 STUDIO 33 30 5 60 265

2 CABIN-1 3 1 2 6 19

3 CAB IN -2 4 2 3 4 16

4 CABIN-  4 2 3 4 11
4,5

5 MEETING 6 - - 4 11
ROOM

6 LOUNGE 6 - - - -

7 BOARD 17 - 9 26 44
ROOM

CALCULATING area usage- “ people/workstation” 

A t lo w e r g r o u n d f l o o r le v el

SNO. The space Space Number Number Number Area

designed designed people people people (Square
for working visiting present M)
number at on daily as per
of people present basis standard
(approx)

1 STUDIO 53 50 5 78 440

2 BEDROOMS 6 - - 6 93.8

Page 45
 6. CASE STUDIES

6.2 PIVOTAL

APARTMENTS-GURGAON

ARCHITECT: Ar Anoj Tevatia

LOCATION: gurgaon

PRIMARY FUNCTION:
Serviced Apartments

PRIMARY GEOMETRY:

Circular plan subjected to dimensional

transformation changing into an oblong
shape.

Typical plan of the serviced apartments.

Fig-6.3

Page 46
 6. CASE STUDIES

Fig-6.4

The above two typical plans shown in (fig-6.3 and fig-6.4) represent the floor plans
the same building with changing the core of the building. Three typical plans were
presented to the client in order to achieve maximum floor area in terms of area
sellable .

Page 47
 6. CASE STUDIES

fig6.5

The above three plans can be understood as under:

The typical plan in fig6.5 shows a core at the centre of the building running right from
the ground floor to the highest floor reaching upto a level of 28 floors.

Therefore a maximum of 11 individual units are obtained from the plan in fig6.5.

Similarly in order to achieve the maximum number of individual units per floor the
designer decided to shift the core of the building from the centre to the two sides to
optimize the floor area achieving more units as compared to the earlier plan in fig6.5

The area breakups of the above floor plans of the Pivotal serviced apartments is:

Gross internal area: 12,0000 sq m

Net internal area: 10.6700 sq m
NUA: 81020 sq m.

Therefore here the level of efficiency is achieved by calculating the increase in the
number of individual units on each floor, increasing the number of units on each
floor.

Page 48
 6. CASE STUDIES

6.3 RESIDENCE

RESIDENCE OF MR SYAL

ARCHITECT: Er Murari Syal

LOCATION: Jaipur

PRIMARY FUNCTION:
Residence

PRIMARY GEOMETRY:

Rectangular geometry-all rooms following the similar geometric pattern.

Ground floor plan of residence

The plan shown in fig6.5 is the plan of

the residence being studied in this
research.
 According to the study conducted for
analyzing efficiency in this building we
inspected the spaces.

Specifications:
4 BHK house with a first floor consisting
of 2bedrooms.
There are two main entries and 1
backyard entry for the services.
One entry is from the porch which opens
up in the drawing room and the other
entry is in the master bedroom which is
rarely utilized.

fig6.6
 Analyzing the spaces in the house:

Page 49
 6. CASE STUDIES

Ground floor consists of a Drawin g ro om (12.6x16 feet) 

 Adjacent to a Ki tch en (10.4X11 feet)  and m a s t e r b e d r o o m  (14x21 feet) 
 and a
kid s bedro om (10.5x15 feet).

The graph below shows the area breakup of the various spaces of the residence of
Mr Syal.

14%
22%
Drawing room
13%
Master Bedroom

kids bedroom
18%
33%
Kitchen

Others and puja

fig6.7

Fig 6.8 fig 6.9

Master bedroom Drawing room

Page 50
 6. CASE STUDIES

6.4 RESIDENCE

RESIDENCE OF AR ANOJ TEVATIA

ARCHITECT: Ar Anoj Tevatia

LOCATION: New Delhi

PRIMARY FUNCTION:
Residence

PRIMARY GEOMETRY:

Rectangular geometry-all rooms following the similar geometric pattern.

Fig 6.9a fig 6.9b

Ground floor first floor 

Page 51
 6. CASE STUDIES

The second study conducted in order to analyze the efficiency of spaces is that of Ar
 Anoj Tevatia.

Ground floor consists of a D r a w i n g r o o  m (13’x18’ - 9’’   ) 

 Adjacent to a Kitchen (9’x13’ - 9’’   and m a s t e r b e d r o o m  (1 6 ’-  10’’x13’9’’ 
 )   ) 
k i d s b e d r o o m a n d g u e s t bedroom (13’x12’9’’   )

11%
34% DRAWING ROOM
13%

MASER BEDROOM

17% OTHER BEDROOM

25% KITCHEN

OTHERS

fig6.9c

On analyzing the spaces of the house we find that the maximum space is occupied
by the drawing and dining area.
The area breakup is as per the areas suggested by the standards.
This gives us an overview that the areas divided in the house are as per the
occupancy, its functionality and its usage, which will intern reflect the productivity of
the spaces.
It is understood that since the drawing room of a house is used at nearly all times in
a day therefore its area allotment amongst all the rooms should be more.
Rest of the allotment is as per requirement and their need.

Page 52
 6. CASE STUDIES

On analyzing the spaces of the house of Mr Syal, we find that the maximum space is
occupied by the Master bedroom.
On the contrary as suggested by the standards, the area of the Drawing room should
be if not maximum of all areas of the house but in this case should be larger than the
area of Master bedroom.
THE REASON behind this recommendation is:
Let us come back to the issue of ‘functionality  o f s p a c e s  ’,  which is explained in the
earlier chapters of this book.
Obviously the functionality of a Drawing room is to accommodate more people in a
day rather than that in a master bedroom.
 Accordingly the area breakups change with the one major tool to win over from:
that is: “Function”.

Since a drawing room is a mass gathering space in a house, therefore the number
of people visiting a drawing room in a day is ‘ more’,  as compared to a master
bedroom, whose occupancy as well as number of people visiting in per day is also
comparably less.

This analysis gives us a thought to kindle upon…………………………………………...

 Are spaces in OUR homes Efficient???

This efficiency analysis can be conducted by all of us with the simple tools
mentioned in the above case studies.
The very idea to conduct a study of a residential space was only to help us
understand the concept of efficiency.
Efficiency of spaces links to Productivity of spaces.
Productivity establishes its connect to : the usage of a space.
In order to understand this concept, let us frame a concrete idea of this thought.
For any given space to be productive, its utilization should be optimum, only then will
the space be efficient to us.
This establishes a base to the Hypothesis of this research: which states that,

“Effectiveness of a space and its optimum utilization is responsive to its

geometric shape”.

Page 53
 7. CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

The study concludes itself with a view of keeping in mind the effective usage of
space for the user.

Effective spaces can be better understood as productive spaces. Any space can be
effective or productive for which it defines to be fulfilling. Let us understand the level
of productivity of a space with the help of an example of a restaurant.

 A restaurant can be termed productive  only when its  ‘prime functionality ’ to ‘ serve’ 
and its  ‘popularity ’ reach at a certain appreciable level. Only then will the restaurant
be productive.

S i m i l a r l y , a n y s p a c e c a n b e t e r m e d a s a p r o d u c t i v e s p a c e , i f t h e fu n c t i o n a l i t y
c o n j u g a t e s o r r e s o n a t es w i t h t h e a m o u n t o f p e o p l e u s i n g t h e g i v e n s p a c e. 
‘’ The effectiveness will thus be, to calculate the output from that space.’’ This evokes
a question for us all to ponder upon……

“ Ho
  w productive is your space”?

The answer to the above thoughts and questions are already proved with the help of
case studies conducted in the earlier chapters of this book.

This study has therefore helped us to understand various spatial forms, studying
their geometric characteristics, which help in optimizing a space and at the same
time leaving the user satisfied with the levels of efficiency attained with the
conducted spatial study.

It therefore defines the mathematical paradigm and helps to establish a basis of user
satisfaction.

 After all spaces are designed for people not forgetting the functionality of the space
and by the people of this society.

Therefore apart from the calculative aspects, spaces need to be user satisfying.

Page 53
 8. REFERENCES

  Arnheim, R T h e Dy n a m i c s o f A r c h i t e c t u r a l Fo r m  
, , University of California
Press, London, 1977.

 Blackwell, W  AlA, G e o m e t r y i n A r c h i t e c t u r e, Key Cirriculum Press,

,

Berkeley,California.

 Baker, H. G, D e s i g n S t r a t eg i e s i n A r c h i t e c t u r e  (an Approach to the

 Analysis of Form), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1996

 Percy E Nobbs, T r ea t i s e i n t h e d i s c o v e r y o f F o r m .

 Ching, F, D.K, A V i s u a l Di c t i o n a r y o f A r c h i t e c t u r e, Van Nostrand Reinhold,

New York, 1995

 Emde, H, G e o m e t r i c a l F u n d a m e n t a l s f o r D e s i g n a n d V i s u a l i za t i o n o f
S p a t i al O b j e c t s . CAAD Futures' 87. Eds. Tom Maver and Hanry Wagter,
 Amsterdam, Elsevier,1987.

 Fr anck, K, A, O r d e r i n g S p a c e:  T y p e s i n A r c  

h it e c t u r e
  a 
n d D  , Van
esign 
Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1994.

 Gargus, J, Ideas of Order. A F o r m a l A p p r o a

  c h t o A r c h i t e c t u , Kendall /
  r e 
Hunt Publishing Company, Iowa, 1994

 Joedicke, J, Space a  o r m i n A r c h i t  e c t u r e .  A Circumspect A ppr oach to

n d F 
the Past,
Karl Kramer Ver lag, Stuttgart, 1985

 Jules, F, F o r m / 

 S p a 
c e a  , Publications m
n d t h e L a n g u ag  e o f A r c h i t e c t u r e  
 Ar chitectur e and Urban Planning, Wiscoin, 1974

 Moore, C. and Allen, G, Dimensions: Spac e, Sh a p e a n d S c a l e i n

A r c h i t e c t u r e, Architectural
  Recor d Books, New Yor k, 1976

Page 54
 8. REFERENCES

 Per ez, G, A, Introduction: The u s e o f G e o m e t r y a n d N u m b e r i n

Architec  t u r a l T h e o  r y : Fro m s y m b o ls to Re 
- 
C o n c i l i a t i  o n t o I n s t r u m e n t s
o f T e c h n o l o g i c a l D o m i n a t i o n , Diss. U.

 Placzek, A, K, P alladio Andrea: T h e fo u r B o o k s  o f A r c h i t ec t u r e , Dover

Publications Inc., New Yar k, 1965

 Scholf ield, P.H, The T h eo r y o f P r o p o r t i o n i n A r c h i t ec t u r e, Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge, 1958

 Schirm beck, E, I  d ea, Form , a  nd A rchitecture, Design Principles in

, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1987
Co n t e m p o r a r y A r c h i t e c t u r e s  

 Steadman, P, A r c h i t e c tu r a l M o r p h o l o g y : A n I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e G e o m e t r y
o f t h e B u i l d i n g ,  Pion, London, 1989.

 Stevens, G, The R e as o n i n g A r c h i t e c t , M at h e m a t i c s a n d S c i e n c e i n
Design , Mc-Graw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, 1976

 Wilson, F, A G r a p h i c S u r v e y o f P e r c ep t i o n a n d B e h a v i o r f o r t h e D es i g n
P r o f e s s i o n s , Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1984

 Winters, N, B, A r c h i t e c t u r e E l em e n t a r y . V i s u a l T h i n k i n g T h r o u g h
Arch itectural Concepts  , Gibbs, M, Smith, Salt Lake City, 1986

 Wong, W, P r i n c i p l e s o f T w o - D im e n s i o n a l F o r m , Van Nostrand Reinhold,

New York, 1988

Page 55
 9. GLOSSARY

Additive Forms: Characterized by a basic progress which involves adding simple

solids together to make a more complex whole.

Balance:  The pleasing or harmonious arrangement or proportion of parts or

elements in a design or composition.

Cartesian Space: Based on th X, Y, Z coordinate system of Rene' Descartes, an

infinitely expandeble and homogeneous space defined by a square grid.

Centralized Plan: A building plan which is organized around a central point.

Composition: The arranging of parts or elements into proper proportion or relation

so as to form a unified whole.

Concept: A mental image or formulation of what something is or ought to be, esp. an

idea generalized from particular characteristics or instances.

Effectiveness: Effectiveness of a space is a general concept reflecting an output

from that space.

Form: The shape and structure of something as distinguished from its substance or

material.

Geometry:  The mathematical discipline which deals with measurements,

relationships and properties of points, lines, planes, angles, and figures in space.

Golden Rectangle: A rectangle whose proportions embody the relationships of the

golden section. A golden Rectangle can be infinitely decomposed into a square and
another golden rectangle.

Page 56