(i)

,sikj;jkpnH
gj;jhk; tFg;g[

2020?21 g[jpa ghlE}ypd;go

3000f;Fk; nkw;gl;l TLjy; tpdh tpilfs;
1000f;Fk; nkw;gl;l TLjy; FW?rpW tpdh tpilfs;
200f;Fk; nkw;gl;l bkhHp gapw;rp TLjy; tpdh tpilfs;

,ytrk;
1. bkhHp gapw;rp g[j;jfk;
2. IDEAL jkpH; tpdh t=;fp

ciuahrphpah;fs;:
Kidth; rp. gue;jhkd;/ r. nrl;L kjhh;rh/ M.A., M.A., M.Phil.,
M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil, Ph.D., B.Ed., TPT, PGDTR, UGC-NET, Ph.D., Dip.Folk, PGDCA
KJfiyj;jkpHhrphpah;/ flY}h;. <nuhL.
tP. mgpn&fh nfj;jhpd;/ M.A., B.Ed., nfh. ghf;fpaehjd;/ M.A., M.Phil, B.Ed.,
ghisa=;nfhl;il. ghisa=;nfhl;il.

Kidth; g.bg. fypa@h;j;jp/ M.A., B.Ed., Ph.D.,

(,yf;fpaj; njhHd;)/ jkpHhrphpah;/ Fk;gnfhzk;.

SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A UNIT OF SHYAMALA GROUP)
Tirunelveli - Chennai
Price ` 300/-
 www.nammakalvi.in
(ii)

Published By
B. ARUMUGAM
SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A unit of Shyamala Group)

Kjy; gjpg;g[ : 2019 Vg;uy;

,uz;lhk; gjpg;g[ : 2019 $^d;
@d;whk; gjpg;g[ : 2019 $^iy
ehd;fhk; gjpg;g[ : 2020 $dthp
Ie;jhk; (jpUj;jpa) gjpg;g[ : 2020 $^d;

BANK DETAILS

TIRUNELVELI ACCOUNT

Account Name : Surya Publications Account Name : Surya Publications

Account Number : 446971431 Account Number : 510909010051752
Bank Name : Indian Bank Bank Name : City Union Bank
IFSC Code : IDIB000T034 IFSC Code : CIUB0000230
Branch Name : Tirunelveli Junction Branch Name : Palayamkottai

CHENNAI ACCOUNT

Account Name : Sri Ganga Publication Account Name : Sri Ganga Publication
Account Number : 928507483 Account Number : 512020010022514
Bank Name : Indian Bank Bank Name : City Union Bank
IFSC Code : IDIB000A031 IFSC Code : CIUB0000230
Branch Name : Ashok Nagar Branch Name : Palayamkottai

SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A UNIT OF SHYAMALA GROUP)

Corporate Office : Registered Office :

No. 1, Sugar Mill Colony, New No. 59, 4th Avenue,
Salai Kumaran illam, Opp. to Govt. Boys Hr. Sec. School,
Madurai Road, Ashok Nagar,
Tirunelveli - 627001. Chennai - 600 083.
Phone : 0462 - 233 8899 / 233 8484 Phone : 044 - 2474 4484
Mobile : 94431 58484 / 95978 39822 Mobile : 94421 58484 / 94425 58484
Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected]
Website : www.suryapublications.in
 www.nammakalvi.in
(iii)

Kft[iu ....
``jkpGauj; jhDah;thd; jkpHd;~~
?ghthzh;

mwpthh;e;j khztr; bry;t=;fns-

`mwpt[ilahh; vy;yhk; cilah;~

vd;w ts;Std; brhy;yha; njhw;wk; bfhz;l khztf; fz;kzpfns-

jkpH;bkhHpg; ghlj;jpy; mjpf kjpg;bgz;fs; bgw;wplt[k;/ gpiHapd;iknahL
fw;Fk; tifapYk;/ ,e;j ``Nh;ah ? ,sikj;jkpnH~~ ciuE}y;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

 3000 TLjy; tpdhf;fs; tpilfSld;

 vspa eilapy; ,ay;rhh;e;j bghJf;fl;Liufs; kw;Wk; foj=;fs;
jkpH;ehL muR g[jpa jpUj;j=;fSld; btspapl;Ls;s
2020?Mk; Mz;ow;fhd g[jpa ghlE}ypid EQfp/ Ma;e;J tpdh
tpilfs; brk;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;Lg; gpiHapd;wp khzth;fs; fw;Fk; tifapy;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

jkpH;g; ghlj;jpy; E}w;Wf;F E}W kjpg;bgz; bgw;W

khzth;fs; cah;rhjid gilj;jpl ,t;t[iu tHpfhl;Lk;.

c=;fs; rhjidf;F v=;fs; thH;j;Jfs;.

``thH;f...tsh;f...jkpH; czh;t[~~

gjpg;gfj;jhh;.
 www.nammakalvi.in
(iv)

bghUslf;fk;
vz; ,ay; ghlj;jiyg;g[fs; gf;fk; khjk;
md;id bkhHpna* 1

jkpH;r;brhy; tsk; 8

xd;W bkhHp ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; 21 $^d;

ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs; 25

vGj;J/ brhy; 31

nfl;fpwjh vd;Fuy;- 45

fhw;nw th- 58

,uz;L ,aw;if/ Ky;iyg;ghl;L* 64 $^d;

Rw;Wr;NHy;
g[aypny xU njhzp 72

bjhifepiyj; bjhlh;fs; 77

tpUe;J nghw;WJk;- 87

fhrpf;fhz;lk;* 100

kiygLflhk; 104
@d;W gz;ghL $^iy
nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; 111

bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;fs; 115

jpUf;Fws; 127

braw;if Ez;zwpt[ 136

bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp* 148

ehd;F mwptpay;/ ghpghly; 152 $^iy

bjhHpy;El;gk;
tpz;izj; jhz;oa jd;dk;gpf;if 159

,yf;fzk; ? bghJ 166

bkhHpbgah;g;g[f; fy;tp 180

ePjp btz;gh* 191

Ie;J kzw;nfzp jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk;* 195 Mf!;l;

g[jpa ek;gpf;if 204

tpdh/ tpil tiffs;/ bghUs;nfhs; 208

 www.nammakalvi.in
(v)

vz; ,ay; ghlj;jiyg;g[fs; gf;fk; khjk;

epfH;fiy 220

g{j;bjhLj;jy; 233

Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpH;* 236

fiy/
MW mHfpay;/ fk;guhkhazk;* 241 Mf!;l;
g[Jikfs; gha;r;ry; 249

mfg;bghUs; ,yf;fzk; 252

jpUf;Fws; 267

rpw;wfy; xsp (jd; tuyhW) 276

Vh; g[jpjh> 285

ehfhpfk;/ bka;f;fPh;j;jp 289

VG ehL/ mf;nlhgh;
r@fk;/ rpyg;gjpfhuk;* 297

k=;ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;nf.... 306

g[wg;bghUs; ,yf;fzk; 311

r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mwk; 321

+hdk; 331
mwk;/
vl;L jj;Jtk;/ fhyf;fzpjk;* 337 mf;nlhgh;
rpe;jid ,uhkhDrh; (ehlfk;) 344

gh?tif/ myfpLjy; 351

b$afhe;jk; (epidt[ ,jH;) 363

rpj;jhS 371
kdpjk;/ etk;gh;
xd;gJ njk;ghtzp* 375
MSik ork;gh;
xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd; 384

mzp 387
 www.nammakalvi.in
(vi)

kdg;ghlg; gFjp

md;id bkhHpna ? mHfhh;e;j bre;jkpnH-

md;id bkhHpna- mHfhh;e;j bre;jkpnH-
Kd;idf;Fk; Kd;id KfpH;j;j eW=;fdpna-
fd;dpf; Fkhpf; fly;bfhz;l ehl;oilapy;
kd;dp murpUe;j kz;Qyfg; nguunr-

bjd;dd; kfns- jpUf;Fwspd; khz;g[fnH-

,d;dWk; ghg;gj;nj- vz;bjhifna- ew;fzf;nf-
kd;D+; rpyk;ng- kzpnk fiytont-
Kd;Dk; epidthy; KojhH thH;j;Jtnk-
?ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhh;

Ky;iyg;ghl;L fhrpf;fhz;lk;
rpWjhk;g[ bjhLj;j griyf; fd;wpd; tpUe;jpddhf xUtd; te;J vjpupd;
cWJau; mykuy; nehf;fp/ Ma;kfs; tpaj;jy; ed;bkhHp ,dpJ ciuj;jy;
eL=;F Rty; mirj;j ifas;/ ``ifa jpUe;Jw nehf;fy; tUf vd ciuj;jy;
bfhL=;nfhw; nfhtyu; gpd;epd;W ca;j;ju vGjy; Kd; kfpH;td brg;gy;
,d;nd tUFtu;/ jhau;~~ vd;nghs; bghUe;J kw;Wmtd; jd;mUFw ,Uj;jy;
ed;du; ed;bkhHp nfl;ldk;. nghbkdpy; gpd; bry;tjhjy;
?eg;g{jdhh; gupe;Jed; Kfkd; tH=;fy; ,t;bthd;ghd;
xGf;fKk; tHpgLk; gz;ng
?mjptPuuhk ghz;oah;

bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp ePjp btz;gh

thshy; mWj;Jr; RoDk; kUj;Jtd; ghy; mUisg; bgUf;fp mwpitj; jpUj;jp
khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy; khaj;jhy; kUis mfw;wp kjpf;Fk; bjUis
kPshj; Jau;jupDk; tpj;Jtf; nfhl;lk;kh- eP mUj;JtJk; Mtpf;F mUe;Jizaha; ,d;gk;
Msh cdjUns ghu;g;gd; monand. bghUj;JtJk; fy;tpbad;nw nghw;W.
?FynrfuhH;thh; ?fh.g. bra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyh;

jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk;
g[z;zpag; g[ytPu; ahd; ,g;nghH;J ,ilf; fhldhu;f;Fg;
gz;zpa Fw;wk; vy;yhk;; bghWf;f vdg; gutpj; jhH;e;jhd;
Ez;zpa nfs;tp nahUk; kd;deP Etd;w brhy;yhk;
jz;zpa mKjhy; v=;fs; nfhgj;jPj; jzpe;jJ vd;dh.
?gu+;nrhjp Kdpth;
 www.nammakalvi.in
(vii)

Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpH;
brk;bgh dor;rpW fp=; fpzpnahL rpyk;g[ fye;jhlj;
jpUtiu aiu+h ziukzp bahL bkhsp jpfHiu tlkhlg;
igk;bgh dRk;gpa bjhe;jp bahL+;rpW gz;o rupe;jhlg;
gl;l Ejw;bghyp bghl;blhL tl;lr; Rl;o gjpe;jhlf;
fk;gp tpjk;bghjp Fz;ly K=;FiH fhJ kire;jhlf;
fl;oa NHpa[ Kr;rpa[ Kr;rpf; fjpu;Kj; bjhLkhl
tk;gt sj;jpU nkdpa[ khol MLf br=;fPiu
Mjp tapj;jpa ehj g[upf;Ff dhLf br=;fPiu ? FkuFUguh;

fk;guhkhazk;
jz;liy kapy;f shlj; jhkiu tpsf;fe; jh=;ff;
bfhz;ly;fz; KHtp nd=;ff; Ftis fz;
tpHpj;J nehf;fj;
bjz;oiu baHpdp fhl;lj; njk;gpHp kfu ahHpd;
tz;Lf spdpJ ghl kUjk;tPw; wpUf;F khnjh. ?fk;gh;
bta;nahbdhsp jd;nkdpapd; tphpnrhjpapd; kiwag;
bgha;nahbtD kpilahbshL kpisahbdhLk; nghdhd;
iknahku fjnkhkwp flnyhkiH Kfpnyh
Inahtptd; tobtd;gbjh uHpahtH Filahd;. ?fk;gh;

rpyg;gjpfhuk;
J}Rk; JfpUk; MuKk; mfpYk;
khRmW Kj;Jk; kzpa[k; bghd;Dk;
mU=;fy btWf;ifnahL mse;Jfil mwpah
tsk;jiy ka=;fpa ede;jiy kWFk;"
ghy;tif bjupe;j gFjpg; gz;lbkhL
Tyk; Ftpj;j Ty tPjpa[k;" ?,s=;nfhtofs;

fhyf;fzpjk; njk;ghtzp
khw;wk; vdJ khdplj; jj;Jtk;" etkzp tlf;f apy;nghy;
khWk; cyfpd; kfj;Jtk; mwpntd;- ey;ywg; gliyg; g{l;Lk;
vt;btit jPik vt;btit ed;ik jtkzp khh;gd; brhd;d
vd;g jwpe;J VFbkd; rhiy- jd;dpirf;F ,irfs; ghlj;
jiyth; khWtu;" ju;ghu; khWk;"
Jtkzp ku=;fs; njhWk;
jj;Jtk; kl;Lnk ml;ra ghj;jpuk;-
Jzh;mzpr; Ridfs; njhWk;
bfhs;nthu; bfhs;f" Fiug;nghu; Fiuf;f-
cs;tha; thu;j;ij clk;g[ bjhlhJ" ctkzp fhdk;bfhy; vd;W
ehnd bjhlf;fk;" ehnd Kot[" xypj;J mGt nghd;nw.
ehDiug; gJjhd; ehl;od; rl;lk;- ?tPukhKdpth;
?fz;zjhrd;
 www.nammakalvi.in
(viii)

jpUf;Fws;
bka; czh;jy;
vg;bghUs; vj;jd;ikj; jhapDk; mg;bghUs;
bka;g;bghUs; fhz;g jwpt[.

bgupahiuj; Jizf;nfhly;
gy;yhu; gifbfhsypd; gj;jLj;j jPikj;nj
ey;yhu; bjhlu;if tply;.

fz;nzhl;lk;
gz;vd;dhk; ghlw; fpiagpd;nwy;" fz;vd;dhk;
fz;nzhl;lk; ,y;yhj fz;.

Ms;tpid cilik
mUik cilj;bjd; wrhthik ntz;Lk;
bgUik Kaw;rp jUk;.
Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk; Kaw;wpd;ik
,d;ik g[Fj;jp tpLk;.

mikr;R
braw;if mwpe;jf; filj;Jk; cyfj;
jpaw;if mwpe;J bray;.

bghUs; bray; tif

bghUsy; ytiug; bghUshfr; bra;a[k;
bghUsy;y jpy;iy bghUs;.

Fd;nwwp ahidg;nghu; fz;lw;why; jd;ifj;bjhd;

Wz;lhfr; bra;thd; tpid.

Fobray; tif
Fw;wk; ,ydha;f; Fobra;J thH;thidr;
Rw;wkhr; Rw;Wk; cyF.

ey;Fut[
,d;ikapd; ,d;dhj jpahbjdpd; ,d;ikapd;
,d;ikna ,d;dh jJ.
?jpUts;Sth;
 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 1

,ay; bkhHp ftpijg; ngiH

md;id bkhHpna
1 ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ve;jkpH;eh vd;gijg; gpupj;jhy; ,t;thW tUk;
m) ve; + jkpH; + eh M) ve;j + jkpH; + eh
,) vk; + jkpH; + eh <) ve;jk; + jkpH; + eh [tpil: ,) vk; + jkpH; + eh]

FWtpdh
1. ``kd;Dk; rpyk;ng- kzpnk fiytont-
Kd;Dk; epidthy; KojhH thH;j;Jtnk-~~
? ,t;tofspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s fhg;gpa=;fisj; jtpu v+;rpa[s;s Ik;bgU=; fhg;gpa=;fspd;
bgau;fis vGJf.
ŒŒ rPtf rpe;jhkzp/
ŒŒ tisahgjp/
ŒŒ Fz;lynfrp
,itaht[k; v+;rpa Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs; MFk;.

rpWtpdh

,ay; 1
1. jkpHd;idia thH;j;Jtjw;fhd fhuz=;fshfg; ghtynuW Rl;Ltd ahit>

``md;id bkhHpna! mHfhu;e;j bre;jkpnH-

Kd;idf;Fk; Kd;id KfpH;j;j eW=;fdpna-~~

ŒŒ md;id bkhHpna- mHfhd bre;jkpnH-

ŒŒ gHikf;Fg; gHikaha;j; njhd;wpa eW=;fdpna-
ŒŒ Fkupf;fz;lj;jpy; epiybgw;W murhl;rp brYj;jpa kz;Qyfg; nguunr-
ŒŒ ghz;oadpd; kfns- jpUf;Fwspd; bgUk; bgUikf;Fupatns-
ŒŒ ghl;Lk;/ bjhifa[k; Mdtns- gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;nf- epiyj;j rpyg;gjpfhunk- mHfhd
kzpnkfiyna-
ŒŒ fly; bfhz;l Fkupapy; epiyaha; epd;W murhl;rp bra;j bgUe;jkpH; munr-
ŒŒ bgh=;fpbaGk; epidt[fshy; jiygzpe;J jkpnH cd;id thH;j;Jfpd;nwhk;.
``Kd;Dk; epidthy; KojhH thH;j;Jtnk!”
 www.nammakalvi.in
2 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

beLtpdh
1. 
kndhd;kzPak; Re;judhupd; jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;Jg; ghliya[k; bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; jkpH;
thH;j;ija[k; xg;gpl;L nkilg;ngr;R xd;iw cUthf;Ff.
mwpKf ciu:
jhna- jkpnH- tzf;fk;.
jha; gps;is cwtk;kh/ cdf;Fk; vdf;Fk;.
vd;W jkpH;j;jhia tz=;fp/ ,=;F kndhd;kzPak; Re;judhupd; ghliya[k;/
bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; ghliya[k; xg;gpl;Lf; fhz;nghk;.
Re;judhu; bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
ePu; epiwe;j fliy Milahf cLj;jpa Fkupf;fz;lj;jpy; epd;W epiybgw;w
bgz;zhf g{kpiaa[k;/ kz;Qyfk; nghw;w thH;e;j nguurpna-
ghujj;ij Kfkhft[k;/ gpiw nghd;w gHikf;Fk; gHikahdtns-
bew;wpahft[k;/ ghz;oadpd; kfns- jpUf;Fwspd; g[fnH-
bew;wpapy; ,l;l bghl;lhf jkpGk;/ ghl;Lk; bjhifna- fPH;f;fzf;nf- rpyk;ng-
jkpHpd; kzk; vj;jpira[k; tPRkhW nkfiyna- vd;W bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; jkpiH
cUtfg;gLj;jpg; ghoa[s;shu; Re;judhu;. KojhH tz=;fp thH;j;Jfpwhu;.
``ePuhU=; flYLj;j epykle;ijf; ``md;id bkhHpna- mHfhu;e;j bre;jkpnH-~~
bfHpbyhGFk;.....~~
epiwt[iu:
,UtUnk jkpHpd; bgUikiaj; jk; ghly;fspy; g{l;o/ fhye;njhWk; ngRk;goahf mHFw
mikj;Jg; ghoa[s;sdu;.

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,ay; 1

,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
bre;jkpH;/ eW=;fdp/ nguuR/ bre;jhkiu ? gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
gho/ Foj;J ? tpidbar;r=;fs;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;

KfpH;j;j = KfpH; + j; + j; + m
KfpH; ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp

gyt[s; bjupf

1. Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fSs; bghUe;jhjijj; nju;f.

m) anrhju fhtpak; M) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
,) kzpnkfiy <) rPtf rpe;jhkzp [tpil: m) anrhju fhtpak;]
 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 3

2. cs;sj;jpy; fdy; @s bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghoaJ vJ>

m) njd;rpl;L M) tz;L
,) njdP <) tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rp [tpil: M) tz;L]
3. ``md;id bkhHpna~~ vd;w ftpijapy; ,lk;bgWk; @nte;jUs; xUtu;
m) nrud; M) nrhHd;
,) ghz;oad; <) gy;ytd; [tpil: ,) ghz;oad;]
4. bghUe;jhjtw;iwf; fz;lwpf.
m) ghtpaf;bfhj;J M) E}whrpupak;
,) bjd;jkpH; <) gs;spg;gwitfs; [tpil: ,) bjd;jkpH;]
5. bghUe;jhjtw;iwf; fz;lwpf.
m) jkpH;r;rpl;L M) gs;spg;gwitfs;
,) vz;Rit vz;gJ <) cyfpay; E}W [tpil: m) jkpH;r;rpl;L]
6. bghUj;Jf.
1. khz;g[fH; ? m) rpyg;gjpfhuk;
2. kd;Dk; ? M) jpUf;Fws;
3. tot[ ? ,) gj;Jg;ghl;L
4. ghg;gj;nj ? <) kzpnkfiy
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1., 2.< 3.m 4.M
,) 1.M 2., 3.< 4.m <) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,]
7. `md;id bkhHpna~ ftpij ,lk; bgWk; E}y;
m) E}whrpupak; M) fdpr;rhW
,) vz;Rit vz;gJ <) ghtpaf;bfhj;J [tpil: M) fdpr;rhW]
8. ``Kd;Dk; epidthy; KojhH thH;j;Jtnk~~ ? vd;W ghoatu;
m) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; M) f.rr;rpjhde;jd;
,) thzpjhrd; <) fz;zjhrd; [tpil: m) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;]

,ay; 1
9. ``Ke;Jw;nwhk; ahz;Lk; KH=;fj; jdpj;jkpnH~~ ? vd;W ghoatu;
m) f.rr;rpjhde;jd; M) Jiu. khzpf;fk;
,) thzpjhrd; <) Koaurd; [tpil: M) Jiu. khzpf;fk;]
10. ``ew;fzf;nf~~ vd;gjpy; Rl;lg;gLk; E}y;fs; vj;jid>
m) 18 M) 10
,) 8 <) 5 [tpil: m) 18]
11. ``kd;Dk; rpyk;ng- kzpnkfiy tont-~~ v+;rpa[s;s bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs; vj;jid>
m) Ie;J M) @d;W
,) ,uz;L <) vl;L [tpil: M) @d;W]
12. Jiu. khzpf;fk; vd;w ,aw;bgau; bfhz;ltu; ahu;>
m) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; M) bgupatd;ftpuhau;
,) njtneag; ghthzu; <) jkpHz;zy; [tpil: m) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;]
13. bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; ghlypy; `gHikf;Fg; gHik~ vd;Dk; bghUs; jUk; brhy;.
m) Kd;id KfpH;e;j M) Kd;idf;Fk; Kd;id
,) Kd;Dk; epidthy; <) Ke;Jw;nwhk; ahz;Lk;
 [tpil: M) Kd;idf;Fk; Kd;id]
 www.nammakalvi.in
4 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

14. `ghg;gj;nj vz; bjhifna~ ? rupahd bghUisf; fz;lwp.

m) ghly; gj;J/ vz; bjhif M) gh gj;J/ vl;Lj; bjhif
,) gj;Jg;ghl;L/ vl;Lj;bjhif <) gj;Jk; vl;Lk;  [tpil: ,) gj;Jg;ghl;L/ vl;Lj;bjhif]
15. bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; `Ke;Jw;nwhk; ahz;Lk;~/ `jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J~ vd;Dk; ,U jiyg;gpYs;s
ghly;fs; vj;bjhFg;gpypUe;J vLj;jhsg; bgw;wd>
m) vz;Rit vz;gJ M) cyfpay; E}W
,) E}whrpupak; <) fdpr;rhW [tpil: <) fdpr;rhW]
16. bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfhu;e;j me;Jk;gp ghLk; mJ nghy ? gapd;W tUk; mzp
m) ctikazp M) cUtfmzp
,) vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp <) jw;Fwpg;ngw;wzp [tpil: m) ctikazp]
17. bre;jkpH; ? gpupj;J vGJf.
m) bre; + jkpH; M) brk; + jkpH;
,) br + jkpH; <) brk;ik + jkpH; [tpil: <) brk;ik + jkpH;]
18. bre;jkpH;/ bre;jhkiu Mfpa brhw;fspy; ,lk; bgWk; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;igr; Rl;Lf.
m) gz;g[j;bjhif M) tpidj;bjhif
,) ck;ikj; bjhif <) md;bkhHpj;bjhif [tpil: m) gz;g[j;bjhif]
19. ce;jp czu;btGg;g cs;sf; fdy; @s ? ,t;toapy; fhQk; eak;
m) nkhid M) vJif
,) Kuz; <) ,iag[ [tpil: m) nkhid]

20. bjd;dd; kfns- jpUf;Fwspd; khz;g[fnH-

,d;dWk; ghg;gj;nj- vz; bjhifna- ew;fzf;nf
kd;D+; rpyk;ng- kzpnkfiy tont-
Kd;Dk; epidthy; KojhH thH;j;Jtnk-
,g;ghlypy; mike;j vJifr; brhw;fis vLj;bjGJf.
,ay; 1

m) bjd;dd; M) kd;Dk;;
,) ,d;dWk; <) ,itaidj;Jk; [tpil: <) ,itaidj;Jk;]
21. `md;id bkhHpna~ vd;Dk; jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;jpd; Mrpupau;
m) Re;judhu; M) ghujpjhrd;
,) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; <) ghthzu; [tpil: ,) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;]
22. ``rhFk; nghJk; jkpH;goj;Jr; rhf ntz;Lk; ? vd;wd; rhk;gYk; jkpH; kze;J ntf ntz;Lk;~~
vd;W ghoatu; ahu;>
m) ghujpjhrd; M) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
,) rr;rpjhde;jd; <) MWKfehtyu; [tpil: ,) rr;rpjhde;jd;]
23. bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; gzpfspy; jkpGf;Ff; fUt{ykha; mike;j E}y; vJ>
m) ghtpaf;bfhj;J M) fdpr;rhW
,) jpUf;Fws; bka;g;bghUSiu <) cyfpay; E}W 
 [tpil: ,) jpUf;Fws; bka;g;bghUSiu]
24. bjd;bkhHp/ jkpH;r;rpl;L Mfpa ,jH;fspd; Mrpupau; ahu;>
m) fz;zjhrd; M) ghujpjhrd;
,) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; <) jpU.tp.f [tpil: ,) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;]
 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 5

FWtpdh
1. ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; jkpGzu;it cybf=;Fk; gug;g fhuzkha; ,Ue;j ,jH;fs;
ahit>
ŒŒ bjd;bkhHp
ŒŒ jkpH;r;rpl;L
2. ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhupd; gilg;g[fs; ahit>
ŒŒ cyfpay; E}W  fdpr;rhW
ŒŒ ghtpaf;bfhj;J  kfg[Ft+;rp
ŒŒ E}whrpupak;  gs;spg; gwitfs;
ŒŒ vz;Rit vz;gJ
3. tz;L ? njd; jkpHu; ? jkpH;r;Rit ,tw;iw xg;gpl;Lg; bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; Fwpg;gpLk; bra;jp
ahJ>
tz;L ? njd;:
cs;sj;jpy; fdy; @s tz;lhdJ bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghLfpd;wJ.
jkpHu; ? jkpH;r;Rit:
jkpHu; bre;jkpiHr; Ritj;J jkpHpd; bgUikia v=;Fk; KH=;Ffpd;wdu;.

4. ``md;id bkhHpna~~ vd;w ghlypy; mike;Js;s tpspr;brhw;fis vGJf.

ŒŒ bre;jkpnH-  khz;g[fnH-
ŒŒ eW=;fdpna-  vz;bjhifna-
ŒŒ nguunr-  ew;fzf;nf-
ŒŒ bjd;dd; kfns-  rpyk;ng-
5. gjpbdz; nkw;fzf;F E}y;fs; vit>
vl;Lj;bjhif/ gj;Jg;ghl;L.

,ay; 1
6. 
jkpH; vtw;wpd; fhuzkhfj; jkf;Fs; gw;Wzu;it Vw;gLj;Jtjhfg; bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
TWfpwhu;>
ŒŒ gHk;bgUika[k; jdf;bfdj; jdpr;rpwg;g[k; ,yf;fpa tsKk; bfhz;lJ jkpH;.
ŒŒ ePz;l epiyj;j jd;ik cilaJ.
ŒŒ ntw;WbkhHpahu; jkpiHf; Fwpj;J ciuj;j g[fH;bkhHpfs;.
Mfpa ,itna jkf;Fs; gw;Wzu;it Vw;gLj;Jtjhfg; bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; TWfpwhu;.
7. ``,d;dWk; ghg;gj;nj! vz; bjhifna! ew;fzf;nf!~~
? ,t;toapy; Rl;lg;gLk; bkhj;j E}y;fs; vj;jid>
ghg;gj;J gj;Jg;ghl;L 10
vz; bjhif vl;Lj;bjhif 8
ew;fzf;F gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F 18
bkhj;j E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;if 36
 www.nammakalvi.in
6 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

rpWtpdh
1. ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgau; : ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
,aw;bgau; : Jiu. khzpf;fk;
Cu; : nryk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s rKj;jpuk;
bgw;nwhu; : Jiurhkp/ F+;rk;khs;
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; : fdpr;rhW/ Iia/ bfha;ahf;fdp/ ghtpaf;bfhj;J/ gs;spg;gwitfs;/ E}whrpupak;/
vz;Rit vz;gJ/ kfg[F t+;rp.
rpwg;g[ : ,tupd; jpUf;Fws; bka;g;bghUSiu jkpGf;Ff; fUt{ykha; mike;jJ.
fhyk; : 10.03.1933 Kjy; 11.06.1995 tiu
2. `Ke;Jw;nwhk; ahz;Lk; KH=;fj; jdpj;jkpnH~ vd;W ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; Twf; fhuzk;
ahJ>
ŒŒ brGik kpFe;j jkpnH- vd;Dapnu- brhy;Ytjw;F mupjhd cd;Dila bgUikfis
vd; jkpH; ehf;F vt;thW jhd; tpupj;Jiuf;Fk;.
ŒŒ gHk;bgUik/ jkf;bfdj; jdpr;rpwg;g[/ ,yf;fpa tsk; bfhz;l jkpnH-
ŒŒ cd;Dila epiyj;j jd;ika[k; ntw;WbkhHp ngRgtu;fs; cd;idg; gw;wpf; Twpa
g[fGiua[k; vkf;Fs; gw;Wzu;it vGg;g[fpd;wd.

``bre;jh kiuj;njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfhu;e;j

me;Jk;gp ghLk; mJnghy ahk;gho~~

ŒŒ vd; jdpj;jkpnH- tz;L bre;jhkiuj; njidf; Foj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghLtJ nghy eh=;fs;
cd;idr; Ritj;J cs;sj;jpy; fdy; @s/ cd; bgUikia v=;Fk; KH=;Ffpd;nwhk;.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 3

,ay; 1

1. ``ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;bjhif I=;FWE}W

xj;j gjpw;Wg;gj;J X=;F gupghly;
fw;wwpe;jhu; Vj;Jk; fypnahL mfk;g[wk; vd;W
,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj;bjhif~~
,r;bra;a[spy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fisg; bgau;f;fhuzj;Jld; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
1. ew;wpiz = ey; + jpiz
bjhif E}y;fSs; Kjy; E}y;. ey; vd;Dk; milbkhHp bgw;w E}y;.
2. FWe;bjhif:
ey;y FWe;bjhif vdt[k; miHf;fg;gLk;. Fiwe;j moasthy; ghlg;gl;l ghly;fspd;
bjhFg;g[ Mjyhy; FWe;bjhif vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. I=;FWE}W:
Ie;jpizfisg; ghLk; E}y;. FWfpa ghlyofs; bfhz;l E}y;.
4. gjpw;Wg;gj;J:
nru muru;fs; gj;Jg; ngiu 10 g[ytu;fs; gj;Jg; gj;jhfg; ghoaJ gjpw;Wg;gj;J.
 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 7

5. gupghly;:
,J mfk;/ g[wk; rhu;e;j E}y;. jkpHpd; Kjy; ,irg;ghly; E}y;. btz;gh/ Mrpupag;gh/ fypg;gh/
t+;rpg;gh Mfpa ehy;tifg; ghf;fshYk;/ gytifahd mofshYk; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
6. fypj;bjhif:
 Ie;jpiza[k; Ituhy; fypg;ghtpy; mike;j E}y;. fypg;ghtpd; Xir Js;sy; Xir.
`fw;wwpe;njhu; Vj;Jk; fyp~ vdt[k; Twg;gLfpwJ.
7. mfehD}W:
mfk; rhu;e;j ehD}W ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ. fspw;wpahid epiu/ kzpkpilg; gtsk;/
epj;jpyf;nfhit vd @d;W gpupt[fisf; bfhz;lJ.
8. g[wehD}W:
g[wk; rhu;e;j E}y;. 400 ghly;fis cilaJ. jkpHupd; tuyhw;Wg; bgl;lfk;. ,J gHe;jkpHupd;
tPuk;/ gz;ghL/ ehfupfk;/ gHf;ftHf;fk;/ bfhil Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpf; TWfpwJ.
2. ``ve;jkpH;eh epd; bgUik vLj;nj ciutpupf;Fk;~~ vd;w ghlyoiaf; bfhz;L tFg;giwapy;
Ie;Jepkpl ciu epfH;j;Jf.
tzf;fk;-
jkpH; ,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; vd;Dk; Kg;bgUk; gpupt[fisf; bfhz;lJ. jkpHu;
mfk;/ g[wk; vd thH;tpaYf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jdu;. jkpHpd; gHikianah my;yJ mjd;
bgUikianah ntW vk;bkhHpa[k; beU=;ftpayhJ. jkpH;bkhHp ,wth ,yf;fpa/ ,yf;fz
ts=;bfhz;L jdf;bfdj; jdpnehf;Fk; nghf;Fk; bfhz;Ls;sJ. ``jkpnH kpft[k; gz;gl;l
bkhHpbad;Wk;/ mJ jdf;nf cupa ,yf;fpar; bry;t=;fisg; bgw;wpUf;Fk; bkhHpbad;Wk;~~
khf;R Ky;yu; vd;Dk; bkhHp E}ywp+u; jkpH;bkhHpiar; rpwg;gpj;Js;shu;.
epiwthf/ jkpHpd; rpwg;ig epiyf;fr; bra;tJk; nkYk; tsur; bra;tJk; jkpHu;fshfpa
ekJ flikahFk;. ,jid czu;e;J jkpHpd; rPupsikiaf; fhf;f vd;Wk; ghLgLnthk;.
ed;wp-

,ay; 1
tzf;fk;--


 www.nammakalvi.in
8 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

,ay; bkhHp ciueil cyfk;

jkpH;r;brhy; tsk;
1 njtneag; ghthzu;

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. 
`fha;e;j ,iya[k; fha;e;j njhifa[k;~ epyj;Jf;F ey;y cu=;fs;. ,j;bjhlupy; mof;nfhol;l
gFjp Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) ,iya[k; rUFk; M) njhifa[k; rz;Lk;
,) jhSk; Xiya[k; <) rUFk; rz;Lk; [tpil: <) rUFk; rz;Lk;]
2. ntu;f;fliy/ kpsfha; tpij/ kh=;bfhl;il Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; gapu;tif
m) Fiy tif M) kzp tif
,) bfhGe;J tif <) ,iy tif [tpil: M) kzp tif]

FWtpdh
1. xU jhw;wpy; gy rP;g;g[ thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd.
xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd.
xU rPg;gpy; gy thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd.
nkw;fz;l bjhlu;fspy; rupahd bjhlu;fisr; Rl;of;fhl;o/ v+;rpa gpiHahd bjhlupYs;s
gpiHf;fhd fhuzj;ij vGJf.
,ay; 1

rupahd bjhlu;fs;: gpiHahdj; bjhlu;:

ŒŒ xU jhw;wpy; gy rP;g;g[ xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd.
thiHg;gH=;fs; cs;sd. gpiHf;fhd fhuzk;:
ŒŒ x
 U rP g g
; py; gy thiHg; g H=; f s; jhW – thiHf;Fiy"
cs;sd. rPg;g[ – thiHj; jhw;wpd; gFjp

rpWtpdh
1. `g[spa=;fd;W MHkhf elg;gl;Ls;sJ.~
,Jnghy; ,sk; gapu; tif Ie;jpd; bgau;fisj; bjhlu;fspy; mikf;f.
gps;is – bjd;dk; gps;is th=;fp te;njd;.
tlyp – fhl;oy; gid tlypiag; ghu;j;njd;.
ehw;W – bey; ehw;W el;nld;.
fd;W – thiHf;fd;W el;nld;.
ig=;TH; – nrhsg; ig=;TH; gRikahf cs;sJ.
 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 9

beLtpdh
1. 
jkpHpd; brhy;tsk; gw;wpa[k; g[jpa brhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd njit Fwpj;Jk; jkpH; kd;wj;jpy;
ngRtjw;fhd ciuf; Fwpg;g[fis vGJf.
Fwpg;g[r;rl;lk;
mwpKft[iu
brhy;tsk;
brhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd njit
epiwt[iu
mwpKft[iu:
tzf;fk;- md;idbkhHpna- mHfhu;e;j bre;jkpnH- vdg; nghw;wg;gLk; jkpH;bkhHp
gpwbkhHpfSf;bfy;yhk; jiyr;rpwe;j bkhHpahFk;. mk;bkhHpapd; brhy;tsj;ijg; gw;wpf;
fhz;nghk;.
brhy;tsk;:
ŒŒ ,yf;fpar; brk;bkhHpfSf;bfy;yhk; bghJntDk;/ jkpH;kl;Lk; mjpy; jiy rpwe;jjhFk;.
ŒŒ jkpH;r;brhy; tsj;ijg; gyJiwfspYk; fhzyhk;.
ŒŒ xUbghUl; gy brhy; tupirfs; jkpiHj; jtpu ntW ve;jj; jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd;
mfuhjpfspYk; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
ŒŒ ``gpw jpuhtpl bkhHpfSf;Fupadthff; fUjg;gLk; brhw;fSk; jkpHpy; cs~~ vd;fpwhu;
fhy;Lbty;.
brhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd njit:
ŒŒ brhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd njit vd;gJ mjd; gad;ghl;L Kiwiaf; bfhz;nl mikfpwJ.
ŒŒ ,d;iwa mwptpay; tsu;r;rpf;nfw;g E}y;fisg; g[jpa brhy;yhf;fj;Jld; gilj;jy;
ntz;Lk;.
ŒŒ ,yf;fpa nkd;ikf;Fk; kf;fs; mwpt[ilatu;fshf cau;tjw;Fk;/ g[jpa brhy;yhf;fk; njit.

,ay; 1
ŒŒ bkhHp vd;gJ cyfpd; nghl;o nghuhl;lj;jpw;F xU nghu;f;fUtpahFk;. mf;fUtp
fhyj;jpw;nfw;g khw;wg;gl ntz;Lk;.
ŒŒ jkpHpd; bgUika[k; bkhHpapd; rpwg;g[k; Fd;whky; ,Uf;f jkpHpy; g[jpa brhy;yhf;fk; njit.
ŒŒ cyfpd; gpw Ma;t[r; rpe;jidfisj; jkpH;g;gLj;jp vGJk; nghJ gpwbkhHp mwpahj jkpHUk;
mtw;iwf; Fwpj;J mwpe;Jbfhs;s Koa[k;.
ŒŒ bkhHpna fyhr;rhuj;jpd; tHpfhl;o. mij epiyehl;l g[jpa brhy;yhf;fk; njit.
ŒŒ kf;fspilna gue;j kdg;ghd;ikiaa[k;/ MSikiaa[k; epiyehl;l g[jpa brhy;yhf;fk;
njitg;gLfpwJ.
ŒŒ gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fs; fythky; ,Uf;f fhyj;jpw;nfw;g g[jpa fiyr;brhy;yhf;fk; Vw;gLj;j
ntz;Lk;.
epiwt[iu:
bkd;ikahd jkpiH nkd;ikahd jkpHhf;f mwptpay; bjhHpy;;El;gr; brhw;fisj;
jkpH;g;gLj;jp jkpHpd; bgUikia cyfpw;Ff; bfhz;L bry;nthk;.
g[jpa brhy;yhf;fj;jpd; nrit
,d;iwa jkpGf;Fj; njit
ed;wp-
 www.nammakalvi.in
10 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;

gyt[s; bjupf
1. ku+;broapdpd;W g{ fPnH tpGe;j epiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; brhy; vJ>
m) mUk;g[ M) kyu;
,) tP <) brk;ky; [tpil: ,) tP]
2. jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd; xg;gpay; ,yf;fzk; vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpatu; ahu;>
m) ghthzu; M) fhy;Lbty;
,) ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhu; <) jpU.tp.f [tpil: M) fhy;Lbty;]
3. jpUts;Stu; jtr;rhiy mike;Js;s ,lk; vJ>
m) my;Y}u; M) jpUts;Su;
,) fy;Y}u; <) bey;Y}u; [tpil: m) my;Y}u;]
4. Fr;rpapd; gpupt[ vr;brhy;yhy; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ>
m) nghj;J M) Fr;rp
,) ,Qf;F <) rpid [tpil: ,) ,Qf;F]
5. bghUj;Jf.
1. jhs; ? m) Fj;Jr;bro/ g[ju; Kjypatw;wpd; mo
2. jz;L ? M) bel;o/ kpsfha;r;bro Kjypatw;wpd; mo
3. nfhy; ? ,) jz;L/ fPiu Kjypatw;wpd; mo
4. J}W ? <) bey;/ nfH;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; mo
m) 1.< 2., 3.M 4.m M) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4?,
,) 1., 2.< 3.m 4.M <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: m) 1.< 2., 3.M 4.m]
6. bghUj;Jf.
,ay; 1

1. jl;L ? m) fUk;gpd; mo
2. fHp ? M) g[sp/ ntk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; mo
3. fiH ? ,) fk;g[/ nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; mo
4. mo ? <) @=;fpypd; mo
m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1., 2.m 3.< 4.M
,) 1.< 2., 3.m 4.M <) 1., 2.m 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1., 2.m 3.< 4.M]
7. bghUj;Jf.
1. fit ? m) mokuj;jpdpd;W gpupa[k; khbgUk; fpis
2. bfhk;g[ ? M) fpisapd; gpupt[
3. rpid ? ,) fitapd; gpupt[
4. nghj;J ? <) rpidapd; gpupt[
m) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< M) 1.< 2., 3.m 4.M
,) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., <) 1., 2.M 3.m 4.< [tpil: m) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.<]
8. bghUe;jhjtw;iwf; fz;lwpf.
m) J}W M) fHp
,) fiH <) fit [tpil: <) fit]
 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 11

9. bghUe;jhjtw;iwf; fz;lwpf.
m) jhs; M) jz;L
,) fpis <) nfhy; [tpil: ,) fpis]
10. bghUe;jhjtw;iwf; fz;lwpf.
m) fit M) jl;L
,) bfhk;g[ <) rpid [tpil: M) jl;L]
11. bghUe;jhj ,iziaf; fz;lwpf.
m) fit ? Fr;rpapd; gpupt[
M) bfhk;g[ ? fitapd; gpupt[
,) nghj;J ? rpidapd; gpupt[
<) Fr;rp ? nghj;jpd; gpupt[ [tpil: m) fit?Fr;rpapd; gpupt[]
12. ntWgl;l FGtpidf; fz;lwpf.
m) jhs;/ jz;L/ nfhy;/ J}W
M) fit/ bfhk;g[/ fpis/ rpid
,) Rs;sp/ tpwF/ bt=;fHp/ fl;il
<) fHp/ Fr;R/ ,Qf;F/ fiH  [tpil: <) fHp/ Fr;R/ ,Qf;F/ fiH]
13. bghUj;Jf.
1. ,iy ? m) bjd;id/ gid Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
2. jhs; ? M) nrhsk;/ fk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; mo
3. njhif ? ,) g[sp/ ntk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
4. Xiy ? <) bey;/ g[y; Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
m) 1.< 2., 3.m 4.M M) 1., 2.< 3.M 4.m
,) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., <) 1., 2.< 3.m 4.M [tpil: M) 1., 2.< 3.M 4.m]
14. bghUj;jkw;w xd;iwf; fz;lwpf.

,ay; 1
m) rz;L M) rUF
,) njhif <) fl;il [tpil: <) fl;il]
15. bghUe;jhj ,iziaf; fz;lwpf.
m) rz;L ? fha;e;j jhSk; njhifa[k;
M) rUF ? fha;e;j ,iy
,) jhs; ? g[yp/ ntk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
<) njhif ? nrhsk;/ fk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy
 [tpil: ,) jhs; ? g[yp/ ntk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; ,iy]
16. ntWgl;l FGtpidf; fz;lwpf.
m) njhif/ Xiy/ rz;L/ rUF M) Jspu;/ Kwp/ bfhGe;J/ bfhGe;jhil
,) g{k;gp+;R/ gp+;R/ tL/ ft;it <) fUf;fy;/ fr;ry;/ bfhj;J/ Fiy
 [tpil: <) fUf;fy;/ fr;ry;/ bfhj;J/ Fiy]
17. Jk;gp ? ,r;brhy;ypd; bghUs;
m) Jk;gpf;if M) tz;L
,) Je;Jgp <) Jd;gk; [tpil: M) tz;L]
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12 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

18. jhtu=;fspd; ,iy tiffisf; Fwpf;Fk; brhw;fSs; ? rupahdtw;iwr; nju;e;bjL.

m) ,iy/ jhs;/ njhif/ xiy/ rz;L/ rUF
M) ,iy/ njhif/ jhs;/ jspu;/ FUj;J/ mUk;g[
,) jhs;/ njhif/ J}W/ jl;L/ jz;L/ Xiy
<) ,iy/ jhs;/ Xiy/ jspu;/ bfhGe;J/ rz;L
[tpil: m) ,iy/ jhs;/ njhif/ xiy/ rz;L/ rUF]
19. `ehLk; bkhHpa[k; ekjpU fz;fs;~ vd;W ghoatu; ahu;>
m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd;
,) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu; <) njtneag; ghthzu; [tpil: m) ghujpahu;]
20. brhy;yhuha;r;rpapy; ghthzUk; tpae;j bgUkfdhu; ahu;>
m) njtneag; ghthzu; M) ,s=;Fkudhu;
,) jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhu; <) kiwkiyaofs; [tpil: M) ,s=;Fkudhu;]
21. ghthzu; E}yfk; xd;iw cUthf;fpatu; ahu;>
m) njtneag; ghthzu; M) ,s=;Fkudhu;
,) jpU.tp.f <) kiwkiyaofs; [tpil: M) ,s=;Fkudhu;]
22. jkpH;tHpj; jpUkz=;fis elj;jp tUgtu; ahu;>
m) njtneag; ghthzu; M) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
,) ,s=;Fkudhu; <) bgUe;njtdhu; [tpil: ,) ,s=;Fkudhu;]
23. tpHpfis ,Hf;f neupl;lhy; Tl jha;j;jkpHpid ,He;Jtplf; TlhJ vd;W vz;zpatu; ahu;>
m) $p. a[. nghg; M) tPukhKdptu;
,) ,s=;Fkudhu; <) bgU=;Fkudhu; [tpil: ,) ,s=;Fkudhu;]
24. ,s=;Fkudhu; ahu; nghy ,ikfis @oago vGJk; Mw;wiyf; fw;Wf; bfhz;ltu;>
m) jpU.tp.f M) ghthzu;
,) K.t <) $Pth [tpil: m) jpU.tp.f]
,ay; 1

25. ,ikfis @oago vGJk; Mw;wiyf; fw;Wf;bfhz;ltu;

m) jkpHHfdhu; M) mg;ghj;Jiuahu;
,) njtneag; ghthzu; <) ,uh.,s=;Fkudhu; [tpil: <) ,uh.,s=;Fkudhu;]
26. tpHpfis @oago vGJk; Mw;wy; tha;e;jtu;fs; ............/ .............
m) jpU.tp.f./ ,s=;Fkudhu;
M) jkpHHfdhu;/ mg;ghj;Jiuahu;
,) njtneag; ghthzu;/ fhy;Lbty;
<) bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;/ Re;judhu; [tpil: m) jpU.tp.f./ ,s=;Fkudhu;]
27. `jkpH;j;bjd;wy;~ vd;W nghw;wg;gl;ltu; ahu;>
m) ,s=;Fkudhu; M) bgUe;njtdhu;
,) jpU.tp.f <) k.bgh.rp [tpil: ,) jpU.tp.f]
28. cyfpnyna xU bkhHpf;fhf cyf khehL elj;jpa Kjy; ehL vJ> khehl;Lf;Fupa mk;Kjy;
bkhHpa[k; jkpnH vd;W Twpatu; ahu;>
m) knyrpah/ f. mg;ghj;Jiuahu; M) rp=;fg;g{u;/ njtneag; ghthzu;
,) ,e;jpah/ ,s=;Fkudhu; <) fdlh/ $p.a[. nghg;
[tpil: m) knyrpah/ f. mg;ghj;Jiuahu;]
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Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 13

29. `gd;bkhHpg; g[ytu;~ vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;>

m) f.mg;ghj;Jiuahu; M) njtneag; ghthzu;
,) ,s=;Fkudhu; <) $p.a[.nghg; [tpil: m) f.mg;ghj;Jiuahu;]
30. rk;gh bey;ypd; cs; tiffs; vj;jid>
m) 30 M) 60
,) 40 <) 80 [tpil: M) 60]
31. `bkhHp +hapW~ vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;>
m) f.mg;ghj;Jiu M) njtneag; ghthzu;
,) ,s=;Fkudhu; <) $p.a[.nghg;  [tpil: M) njtneag; ghthzu;]
32. `jkpH;r;brhy; tsk;~ vd;Dk; fl;Liu ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; vJ>
m) brhy;yha;t[f; fl;Liufs;/ njtneag; ghthzu;
M) njtneak;/ ,s=;Fkudhu;
,) bkhHp kug[/ K.t
<) Ma;tpay; bewpKiwfs;/ bghw;nfh 
 [tpil: m) brhy;yha;t[f; fl;Liufs;/ njtneag; ghthzu;]
33. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) Rs;sp - 1. fha;e;j Fr;R (Fr;rp)
ii) tpwF - 2. fha;e;j rpWfpis
iii) bt=;fHp - 3. fha;e;j bfhk;g[k; fita[k; moa[k;
iv) fl;il - 4. fha;e;j fHp
m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 2/ 1. 3/ 4
,) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 [tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3]
34. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) ,sePu; - 1. thiHg;gp+;R

,ay; 1
ii) EHha; - 2. ,sbey;
iii) fUf;fy; - 3. ,sk;ghf;F
iv) fr;ry; - 4. Kw;whj nj=;fha;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
35. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) rptpay; -
R{l;odhy; gGj;j gp+;R
ii) mspay; -
gjuha;g; nghd kpsfha;
iii) brhz;L -
FSFSj;j gHk;
iv) btk;gy; -
RU=;fpa gHk;
m) 4, 3, 2, 1 M) 3, 2, 1, 4
,) 1, 3, 4, 2 <) 1, 3, 4, 2 [tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1]
36. xU ehl;L tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgona/ me;ehl;L kf;fSf;F vJ mike;jpUf;Fk;>
m) md;bghGf;fk; M) mwpbthGf;fk;
,) fsbthGf;fk; <) fw;bghGf;fk; [tpil: M) mwpbthGf;fk;]
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14 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

37. bre;jkpH;r; brhw;gpwg;gpay; mfuKjypj; jpl;l ,af;Feuhfg; gzpahw;wpatu; ahu;>

m) njtneag; ghthzu; M) bts;isthuzhu;
,) ,s=;Fkudhu; <) bgUe;njtdhu; [tpil: m) njtneag; ghthzu;]
38. cyfj; jkpH;f; fHfj;ij epWtpj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtu; ahu;>
m) jdpehafk; mofs; M) njtneag; ghthzu;
,) ,s=;Fkudhu; <) K. tujuhrdhu; [tpil: M) njtneag; ghthzu;]
39. nghu;r;RfPR ehl;od; jiyefu; vJ>
m) bygdhd; M) ypRgd;
,) bfa;nuh <) \uhnu [tpil: M) ypRgd;]
40. ,e;jpa bkhHpfspnyna nkiy ehl;L vGj;JUtpy; Kjypy; mr;nrwpa bkhHp vJ>
m) ,e;jp M) jkpH;
,) bjY=;F <) t=;fhsk; [tpil: M) jkpH;]
41. fhu;oyh vd;Dk; nghu;r;RfPrpa E}y; jkpHpy; bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gpLtJ vJ>
m) Mwhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehl;L kyu;
M) ehd;fhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehl;L kyu;
,) brk;bkhHp khehl;L kyu;
<) jkpHpyf;fpa tuyhW K.t. [tpil: m) Mwhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehl;L kyu;]
42. bfhGe;jhil vd;gJ ahJ>
m) bey;/ g[y; Mfpatw;wpd; bfhGe;J
M) g[sp/ ntk;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; bfhGe;J
,) bjd;id/ gid Kjypatw;wpd; bfhGe;J
<) fUk;gpd; Edpg;gFjp  [tpil: <) fUk;gpd; Edpg;gFjp]

FWtpdh
,ay; 1

1. jhtuj;jpd; mog;gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gjw;fhd brhw;fs; ahit>

jhs;/ jz;L/ nfhy;/ J}W/ jl;L/ fHp/ fiH/ mo.
2. jhtu=;fspd; moapypUe;J gpupe;J bry;Yk; gpupt[fSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; brhw;fs; ahit>
fit/ bfhk;g[/ bfhg;g[/ fpis/ rpid/ nghj;J/ Fr;rp/ ,Qf;F.
3. jhtu=;fspd; fha;e;j gFjpfSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; brhw;fs; ahit>
Rs;sp/ tpwF/ bt=;fHp/ fl;il.
4. jhtu=;fspd; ,iy tiffisf; Fwpf;Fk; brhw;fs; ahit>
,iy/ jhs;/ njhif/ Xiy/ rz;L/ rUF.
5. jhtu=;fspd; Edpg;gFjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; brhw;fs; ahit> (bfhGe;J tif)
ŒŒ Jspu; my;yJ jspu;  FUj;J
ŒŒ Kwp my;yJ bfhGe;J  bfhGe;Jjhil
6. g{tpd; epiyfisf; Fwpf;Fk; brhw;fs; ahit>
mUk;g[/ nghJ/ kyu;/ tP/ brk;ky;.
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Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 15

7. jhtu=;fspd; gp+;R tiffSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; brhw;fs; ahit>

g{k;gp+;R/ gp+;R/ tL/ @R/ ft;it/ FUk;ig/ Kl;Lf;FUk;ig/ ,sePu;/ EHha;/ fUf;fy;/ fr;ry;.
8. jhtu=;fspd; Fiy tiffisf; Fwpg;gjw;fhd brhw;fs; ahit>
bfhj;J/ Fiy/ jhW/ fjpu;/ myF my;yJ Fuy;/ rPg;g[.
9. bfl;Lg;nghd fha;f;Fk; fdpf;Fk; jhtuj;jpw;nfw;g tH=;fg;gLk; brhw;fs; ahit>
Nk;gy;/ rptpay;/ brhj;ij/ btk;gy;/ mspay;/ mGfy;/ brhz;L/ njiuf;fha;/ my;ypf;fha;/
xy;ypf;fha;/ nfhl;lhd;fha; (m) Tiff;fha;.
10. gH=;fspd; nkw;gFjpapidf; Fwpf;f tH=;Fk; brhw;fs; ahit>
bjhyp/ njhy;/ njhL/ XL/ FLf;if/ kl;il/ ckp/ bfhk;ik.
11. jhdpa=;fSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; brhw;fs; ahit>
Tyk;/ gaW/ fliy/ tpij/ fhH;/ Kj;J/ bfhl;il/ nj=;fha;/ Kjpiu.
12. jhtu=;fspd; ,sikg; bgau;fis vGJ.
ehw;W/ fd;W/ FUj;J/ gps;is/ Fl;o/ ig=;TH;/ klyp (m) tlyp.
13. nfhJikapd; tiffspy; rpytw;iwf; TW.
rk;ghf;nfhJik/ Fz;Lf;nfhJik/ thw;nfhJik.
14. rk;gh bey; tiffis vGJf.
Mtpuk;g{r;rk;gh/ Midf; bfhk;gd; rk;gh/ Fz;Lr; rk;gh/ Fjpiuthypr; rk;gh/ rpWkzpr;rk;gh/
rPufr;rk;gh Kjypa mWgJ tiffs; rk;ghtpy; cs;sd.
15. ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhupd; jkpH;g;gzpiaj; juk; cau;j;jpa ey;Kj;Jfs; ahit>
ŒŒ ,yf;fz tuyhW  ahg;gU=;fyk; ciu
ŒŒ jkpHpir ,af;fk;  g[wj;jpul;L ciu
ŒŒ jdpj;jkpH; ,af;fk;  jpUf;Fws; jkpH; kug[iu
ŒŒ ghthzu; tuyhW  fhf;ifg; ghodpa ciu

,ay; 1
ŒŒ Fz;lynfrp ciu  njtneak;
Kjypad ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhupd; jkpH;g;gzpiaj; juKau;j;jpa ey;Kj;JfshFk;.
16. cyfj;jkpH; khehL Fwpj;J f. mg;ghj;Jiuahu; TWtd ahit>
``cyfj;jpnyna xU bkhHpf;fhf cyf khehL elj;jpa Kjy;ehL knyrpah. mk;khehl;Lf;Fupa
Kjy; bkhHpa[k; jkpnH-~~ vd;W f. mg;ghj;Jiuahu; TWfpd;whu;.

rpWtpdh

1. njtneag;ghthzu; gw;wp ePtPu; mwpe;jtw;iw vGJf.

bgau; : njtneag; ghthzu;
rpwg;g[g;bgau; : bkhHp+hapW
gilg;g[fs; : ,yf;fzf; fl;Liufs;/ bkhHpahuha;r;rpf; fl;Liufs;/ brhy;yha;t[f;
fl;Liufs;.
gzp : bre;jkpH;r; brhw;gpwg;gpay; mfu Kjypj; jpl;l ,af;Feu;/ cyfj; jkpH;f;
fHfj; jiytu;
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16 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

2. ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhu; Fwpj;J ePtPu; mwpe;jtw;iwf; TWf.

bgau; : ,uh. ,s=;Fkudhu;
jkpH;g;gw;W : tpHpfis ,Hf;f neupl;lhy;Tl jha;j;jkpHpid ,He;Jtplf; TlhJ
vd;whu;.
jpU.tp.f tHp : jkpH;j;bjd;wy; jpU.tp.f. nghy; ,ikfis @oago vGJk; Mw;wiyf;
bfhz;ltu;.
rpwe;j E}y;fs; : ,yf;fz tuyhW/ jkpHpir ,af;fk;/ jdpj;jkpH; ,af;fk;/ ghthzu;
tuyhW/ Fz;lynfrp ciu/ ahg;gU=;fyk; ciu/ jpUf;Fws; jkpH;
kug[iu/ g[wj;jpul;L ciu/ fhf;ifg; ghodpa ciu/ njtneak;
gpw bra;jpfs; : jpUts;Stu; jtr;rhiy kw;Wk; ghthzu; E}yfj;ij mikj;jhu;.
3. fhu;oyh ? E}y; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ŒŒ 1554?y; nghu;r;RfPR ehl;oy; jkpHpy; Kjd;Kjypy; bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;l E}y;.
ŒŒ nuhkd; tuptotpy; mr;rplg;gl;l E}y;.
ŒŒ ,jid Carthila de lingoa Tamul e Portugues vd;gu;.
ŒŒ ,e;jpa bkhHpfSs; nkiy ehl;L bkhHpfspy; mr;rplg;gl;l Kjy; E}y; jkpH;bkhHp E}ny.
4. 
ve;bje;jj; jhtu=;fspd; mog;gFjp vd;bdd;d bgau;fshy; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ vdg;
gl;oaypLf.
ŒŒ jhs; ? bey;/ nfH;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; mo
ŒŒ jz;L ? fPiu/ thiHapd; mo
ŒŒ nfhy; ? bel;o/ kpsfha;r; broapd; mo
ŒŒ J}W ? Fj;Jr;bro/ g[ju; Kjypatw;wpd; mo
ŒŒ jl;L (m) jl;il ? fk;g[/ nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; mo
ŒŒ fHp ? fUk;gpd; mo
ŒŒ fiH ? @=;fpypd; mo
ŒŒ mo ? g[sp/ ntk;g[tpd; mo
,ay; 1

5. 
jhtu=;fspd; moapypUe;J gpupe;J bry;Yk; gpupt[fSf;F tH=;Fk; brhw;fisa[k; mit
jhtu=;fspd; vg;gFjpf;Fg; bghUe;Jk; vd;gija[k; vGJ.
ŒŒ fit ? kuj;jpdpd;W gpupa[k; khbgUk; fpis
ŒŒ bfhk;g[ (m) bfhg;g[ ? fitapd; gpupt[
ŒŒ fpis ? bfhk;gpd; gpupt[
ŒŒ rpid ? fpisapd; gpupt[
ŒŒ nghj;J ? rpidapd; gpupt[
ŒŒ Fr;rp ? nghj;jpd; gpupt[
ŒŒ ,Qf;F ? Fr;rpapd; gpupt[
6. ve;bje;jj; jhtu=;fspd; ,iyfs; vd;bdd;d bgau;fshy; miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijg;
gl;oaypLf.
ŒŒ g[sp/ ntk;g[ ? ,iy
ŒŒ bjd;id/ gid ? Xiy
ŒŒ bey;/ g[y; ? jhs;
ŒŒ fha;ej; ,iy ? rUF
ŒŒ nrhsk;/ fUk;g [ ? njhif
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Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 17

7. jhtu=;fspd; gp+;R tiffSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; bgau;fisa[k; mit vj;jhtug; gp+;RfSf;Fg;

bghUe;Jk; vd;gija[k; TW.
(g{k;gp+;R ?g{nthL Toa ,sk;gp+;R/ gp+;R ?,sk;fha;)
ŒŒ tL ? khk;gp+;R  ,sePu; ? Kw;whj nj=;fha;
ŒŒ @R ? gyhg;gp+;R  EHha; ? ,sk;ghf;F
ŒŒ ft;it ? vs; gp+;R  fUf;fy; ? ,sbey;
ŒŒ FUk;ig ? bjd;id/ gid gp+;R  fr;ry; ? thiHg;gp+;R
8.  ve;bje;jj; jhtu=;fspd; Fiyfs; vd;bdd;d bgau;fshy; miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd vdg;
gl;oaypLf.
ŒŒ bfhj;J ? mtiu/ Jtiu  fjpu; ? nfH;tuF/ nrhsf; fjpu;
ŒŒ Fiy ? bfho Ke;jpup  myF (m) Fuy; ? bey;/ jpidf; fjpu;
ŒŒ jhW ? thiHf;Fiy  rPg;g[ ? thiHj; jhw;wpd; gFjp
9. bfl;Lg;nghd fha;f;Fk; fdpf;Fk; jhtuj;jpw;nfw;g tH=;fg;gLk; bgau;fs; ahit>
ŒŒ Nk;gy; ? Edpapy; RU=;fpa fha;
ŒŒ rptpay; ? RU=;fpa gHk;
ŒŒ brhj;ij ? g[Gg{r;rp mupj;j fha; (m) fdp
ŒŒ btk;gy; ? Nl;odhy; gGj;j gp+;R
ŒŒ mspay; ? FSFSj;j gHk;
ŒŒ mGfy; ? FSFSj;J ehwpa gHk; (m) fha;
ŒŒ brhz;L ? gjwha;g; nghd kpsfha;
ŒŒ nfhlhd;fha; (m) Tiff;fha; ? nfhl;lhd; mku;e;jjpdhy; bfl;l fha;
ŒŒ njiuf;fha; ? njiu mku;e;jjpdhy; bfl;lfha;
ŒŒ my;ypf;fha; ? njiu mkhe;jjpdhy; bfl;l nj=;fha;
ŒŒ xy;ypf;fha; bjd;idapy; bfl;l fha;

,ay; 1
10. gH=;fspd; nkw;gFjpapidf; Fwpf;f mtw;wpd; jd;ikf;nfw;g jhtu=;fSf;F tH=;fg;gLk;
brhw;fis vGJf.
ŒŒ bjhyp ? kpf bky;ypaJ  FLf;if ? Riuapd; XL
ŒŒ njhy; ? jpz;zkhdJ  kl;il ? nj=;fha; bew;wpd; nkw;gFjp
ŒŒ njhL ? td;ikahdJ  ckp ? bey;/ fk;g[ Mfpatw;wpd; @o
ŒŒ XL ? kpf td;ikahdJ  bfhk;ik ? tuF/ nfH;tuF ckp
11. jhdpa=;fSf;Fj; jhtuj;jpw;nfw;g tH=;fg;gLk; brhw;fs; ahit>
ŒŒ Tyk; ? bey;/ g[y; jhdpa=;fs;
ŒŒ gaW ? mtiu/ cSe;J
ŒŒ fliy ? ntu;f;fliy
ŒŒ tpij ? fj;jup/ kpsfha; tpj;J/ bfhz;ilf; fliy
ŒŒ fhH; ? g[sp/ fh+;rpiu tpj;J
ŒŒ Kj;J ? ntk;g[/ Mkzf;F tpj;J
ŒŒ bfhl;il ? kh/ gid tpj;J
ŒŒ nj=;fha; ? bjd;id tpj;J
ŒŒ Kjpiu ? mtiu/ Jtiu gaWfs;
 www.nammakalvi.in
18 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

12. 
jhtu=;fspd; ,sk; gUtj;jpw;fhd brhw;fisa[k; mjw;Fupa jhtu=;fspd; bgau;fisa[k;
vGJ.
ŒŒ ehw;W ? bey;/ fj;jpupapd; ,sepiy
ŒŒ fd;W ? kh/ g[sp/ thiHapd; ,sepiy
ŒŒ FUj;J ? thiHapd; ,sepiy
ŒŒ gps;is ? bjd;idapd; ,sepiy
ŒŒ Fl;o ? tpshtpd; ,sepiy
ŒŒ klyp (m) tlyp ? gidapd; ,sepiy
ŒŒ ig=;TH; ? bey;/ nrhsj;jpd; ,sepiy
13. jkpH;r; brhy; tsk; Fwpj;J fhy;Lbty; Fwpg;gpLk; fUj;ij vGJf.
ŒŒ jkpHy;yhj jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd; mfuhjpfis Muha[k;nghJ/ jkpHpYs;s xUbghUl;
gybrhy; tupirfs; mtw;wpy; ,y;yhf;Fiw ve;jj; jkpHwp+u;f;Fk; kpfj; bjspthfj;
njhd;Wk;.
ŒŒ jkpHpy; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lj; jkpGf;nf rpwg;ghf cupadthff; fUjg;gLk; brhw;fs;
kl;Lkd;wpj; bjY=;F/ fd;dlk; Kjypa gpw jpuhtpl bkhHpfSf;Fupadthff; fUjg;gLk;
brhw;fSk; jkpHpy;cs vd;fpwhu; fhy;Lbty;.
14. vtw;iw mikj;Jf;bfhs;tJ/ rpwe;j kjpEl;gKk; gz;ghLk; cila kf;fl;nf ,aYk;>
ŒŒ jpUe;jpa kf;fis kw;w capupdpd;Wk; gpupj;Jf; fhl;LtJ bkhHpahjypd;/ mJnt xU
ehl;lhupd; my;yJ ,dj;jhupd; ehfupfj;ij mse;jwptjw;Fk; rpwe;j tHpahFk;.
ŒŒ bghUisf; Tu;e;J nehf;fp Ez;ghFghL bra;J mtw;wpw;nfw;gg; gUg;bghUl; brhw;fSk;/
Ez;bghUl;brhw;fSk; mikj;Jf;bfhs;tJ/ rpwe;j kjpEl;gKk; gz;ghLk; cila
kf;fl;nf ,aYk;.
15. gH=;fhyj;jpy; tpise;j mst[ ,f;fhyj;jpy; tpisahjit vit> tpise;J tUgit vit>
gH=;fhyj;jpy; tpise;j mst[ bghd;Dk; kzpa[k; Kj;Jk; gtsKk; ,d;W tpisahtpoDk;
,ay; 1

mUikahd Ty=;fSk; rpWTy=;fSk; ,d;Wk; bjd;wkpH; ehl;oy; tpise;J tUfpd;wd.

beLtpdh

1. 
jkpH;/ brhy; tsKilabjd;Wk; jkpH;ehL bghUs; tsKilabjd;Wk; bjspthf
tps=;Ftjw;fhd fhuz=;fs; rpytw;iwj; bjhFj;bjGJf.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
jhtu=;fspd; mog;gFjpg; bgau;
mog;gFjpgpupt[ bgau;
jhtu ,iyg; bgau;
jhtu=;fspd; gp+;Rtifg; bgau;
jhtu=;fspd; Fiyg; bgau;
bfl;Lg;nghd fha;/ fdpg;bgau;
Kot[iu
 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 19

Kd;Diu:
jkpH;/ brhy; tsKilaJ/ jkpH;ehL bghUs; tsKilaJ vd;gijg; ghthzu;/
brhy;yha;t[f; fl;Liufs; vd;w E}ypy;/ `jkpH;r; brhy;tsk;~ vd;Dk; fl;Liuapy;
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.
jhtu=;fspd; mog;gFjpg; bgau;:
ŒŒ jhs; ? bey;/ nfH;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; mo
ŒŒ jz;L ? fPiu/ thiHapd; mo
ŒŒ nfhy; ? bel;o/ kpsfha;r; broapd; mo
ŒŒ J}W ? Fj;Jr;bro/ g[ju; Kjypatw;wpd; mo
ŒŒ jl;L (m) jl;il ? fk;g[/ nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; mo
ŒŒ fHp ? fUk;gpd; mo
ŒŒ fiH ? @=;fpypd; mo
ŒŒ mo ? g[sp/ ntk;g[tpd; mo
mog;gFjpgpupt[ bgau;:
ŒŒ fit ? kuj;jpdpd;W gpupa[k; khbgUk; fpis
ŒŒ bfhk;g[ (m) bfhg;g[ ? fitapd; gpupt[
ŒŒ fpis ? bfhk;gpd; gpupt[
ŒŒ rpid ? fpisapd; gpupt[
ŒŒ nghj;J ? rpidapd; gpupt[
ŒŒ Fr;rp ? nghj;jpd; gpupt[
ŒŒ ,Qf;F ? Fr;rpapd; gpupt[
jhtu ,iyg; bgau;:
ŒŒ g[sp/ ntk;g[ ? ,iy
ŒŒ bjd;id/ gid ? Xiy
ŒŒ bey;/ g[y; ? jhs;

,ay; 1
ŒŒ fha;ej; ,iy ? rUF
ŒŒ nrhsk;/ fUk;g [ ? njhif
jhtu=;fspd; gp+;Rtifg; bgau;:
(g{k;gp+;R ?g{nthL Toa ,sk;gp+;R/ gp+;R ?,sk;fha;)
ŒŒ tL ? khk;gp+;R  ,sePu; ? Kw;whj nj=;fha;
ŒŒ @R ? gyhg;gp+;R  EHha; ? ,sk;ghf;F
ŒŒ ft;it ? vs; gp+;R  fUf;fy; ? ,sbey;
ŒŒ FUk;ig ? bjd;id/ gid gp+;R  fr;ry; ? thiHg;gp+;R
jhtu=;fspd; Fiyg; bgau;:
ŒŒ bfhj;J ? mtiu/ Jtiu  fjpu; ? nfH;tuF/ nrhsf; fjpu;
ŒŒ Fiy ? bfho Ke;jpup  myF (m) Fuy; ? bey;/ jpidf; fjpu;
ŒŒ jhW ? thiHf;Fiy  rPg;g[ ? thiHj; jhw;wpd; gFjp
bfl;Lg;nghd fha;/ fdpg;bgau;:
ŒŒ Nk;gy; ? Edpapy; RU=;fpa fha;
ŒŒ rptpay; ? RU=;fpa gHk;
 www.nammakalvi.in
20 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

ŒŒ brhj;ij ? g[Gg{r;rp mupj;j fha; (m) fdp

ŒŒ btk;gy; ? Nl;odhy; gGj;j gp+;R
ŒŒ mspay; ? FSFSj;j gHk;
ŒŒ mGfy; ? FSFSj;J ehwpa gHk; (m) fha;
ŒŒ brhz;L ? gjwha;g; nghd kpsfha;
ŒŒ nfhlhd;fha; (m) Tiff;fha; ? nfhl;lhd; mku;e;jjpdhy; bfl;l fha;
ŒŒ njiuf;fha; ? njiu mku;e;jjpdhy; bfl;lfha;
ŒŒ my;ypf;fha; ? njiu mkhe;jjpdhy; bfl;l nj=;fha;
ŒŒ xy;ypf;fha; bjd;idapy; bfl;l fha;
Kot[iu:
nkw;Fwpj;j bgau;fs; @yk;/ jkpHpd; brhy;tsj;ija[k; jkpH;ehl;od; bghUs;
tsj;ija[k; ed;F mwpa Kofpd;wJ.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 8

1. gpd;tUk; epytiffspd; bgau;fSf;fhd fhuz=;fisf; nfl;lwpe;J tFg;giwapy; gfpu;f.

jupR/ rpty;/ fupry;/ Kuk;g[/ g[wk;nghf;F/ Rty;/ mty;.
jupR epyk; : gapu; bra;ahj epyk;
rpty; epyk; : bre;epyk; my;yJ rpte;j epyk;
fupry; epyk; : fupa epwKila kz; bfhz;l epyk; fupry; epyk; (m) fupe;j ghiy epyk;
Kuk;g[ epyk; : gUf;iff; fw;fs; bfhz;l nkl;L epyk;
g[wk;nghf;F epyk; : Cu;g;g[wj;nj Fofs; thH;jypy;yhj epyk;
Rty; epyk; : nkl;L epyk;
mty; epyk; : `mty;~ vd;gjd; bghUs; `gs;sk;~. Mfnt gs;skhd epyg;gFjp mty;
vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. tpis epykhft[k; mikfpwJ.
,ay; 1

2. xU bghUs; jUk; gy brhw;fisg; gl;oaypLf.

v.fh: brhy;Yjy; ? ngRjy;/ tpsk;g[jy;/ brg;g[jy;/ ciuj;jy;/ Twy;/ ,ak;gy;/ bkhHpjy;
m) kyu;jy; ? mtpH;jy;/ myu;jy;/ befpH;jy;/ tps;sy;/ tpupjy;.
M) +hapW ? Nupad;/ fjputd;/ bta;nahd;/ gfytd;/ gupjp.
,) murd; ? nfh/ bfhw;wtd;/ nte;jd;/ uh$h/ nfhd;.
<) mHF ? mzp/ tot[/ bghypt[/ vHpy;.
c) mo ? fHy;/ fhy;/ jhs;/ gjk;/ ghjk;.
C) jP ? mf;fpdp/ beUg;g[/ jHy;.
v) mr;rk; ? gak;/ gPjp/ cl;F.
V) Jd;gk; ? ,d;dy;/ my;yy;/ ,Lk;ig
I) md;g[ ? fUiz/ nerk;/ <uk;/ gupt[/ gw;W.
x) bra;a[s; ? gh/ ftpij/ ahg;g[.
X) bgz; ? e=;if/ tdpij/ k=;if.
xs) tay; ? fHdp/ gHdk;/ bra;.


 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 21

,ay; bkhHp ftpijg; ngiH

,ul;Lw bkhHpjy;
1 re;jf;ftpkzp jkpHHfdhu;

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf

1. `bkj;j tzpfyd;~ vd;Dk; bjhlupy; jkpHHfdhu; Fwpg;gpLtJ

m) tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; Ik;bgUk; fhg;gpa=;fSk;
M) bgUk; tzpfKk; bgUk; fyd;fSk;
,) Ik;bgUk; fhg;gpa=;fSk; mzpfyd;fSk;
<) tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; mzpfyd;fSk;
 [tpil: m) tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; Ik;bgUk; fhg;gpa=;fSk;]
FWtpdh
1. jw;fhy ciueilapy; rpnyil mika[k; eaj;jpw;F Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.
xU brhy;nyh/ brhw;bwhlnuh ,UbghUs;gl tUtJ ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; mzp vd;gu;. ,jid
rpnyil mzp vd;Wk; miHg;gu;.
v.fh: rPdpthrd; ghw;flypy; Japy;bfhs;fpwhd;.
?,j;bjhlu; vt;tpj khw;wKkpd;wp ,uz;L tpjkhd bghUisj; jUfpwJ.
ŒŒ rPdpapy; (ru;f;fiu) thrk; bra;a[k; vWk;g[ ghypy; ,we;J kpjf;fpwJ.
ŒŒ rPdpthrfdhfpa jpUkhy; ghw;flypy; Japy;bfhs;fpwhu;.

,ay; 1
rpWtpdh
1. jkpHHfdhu; jkpiHa[k; fliya[k; ,ul;LwbkhHpa[k; gh=;fpid tpsf;Ff.
ghly; mofs; jkpH; fly;
Kj;jkpH; Ja;g;gjhy; ,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; Mfpa Kj;jpid mkpH;e;J jUfpwJ.
Kj;jkpHha; tsu;e;jJ.
Kr;r=;fk; fz;ljhy; Kjy;/ ,il/ fil Mfpa btz;r=;F/ ry+;ryk;/
Kr;r=;f=;fshy; tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ. gh+;rrd;ak; Mfpa @d;W
tifahd r=;Ffisj; jUfpwJ.
bkj;j tzpfyKk; Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs; kpFjpahd tzpff; fg;gy;fs;
nktjhy; mzpfydha;g; bgw;wJ. te;J brd;wJ.
(bkj;j mzpfyd;)
epj;jk; miz r=;fg;gyifapy; mku;e;J jd; miyahy; r=;fpidj; jLj;J
fple;nj r=;fj;jtu; r=;fg;g[ytu;fs; ghJfhj;jdu;. epWj;jpf; fhj;jJ.
fhf;f
 www.nammakalvi.in
22 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;

gyt[s; bjupf
1. `jkpH;/ MHp ,uz;Lf;Fk; bghUs;gLk; goahd~ ? ,ul;Lw bkhHpjyzp mika ghoa Mrpupau;
ahu;>
m) njtneag; ghthzu; M) ghtynuW bgU+;rpj;jpudhu;
,) jkpHHfdhu; <) vHpy; Kjy;td; [tpil: ,) jkpHHfdhu;]

2. fly; jUk; r=;Ffspd; tiffs; vj;jid>

m) ,uz;L M) @d;W
,) ehd;F <) Ie;J [tpil: M) @d;W]

3. fly; jd; miyahy; vijj; jLj;J epWj;jpf; fhf;fpwJ>

m) kzy; M) r=;F
,) fg;gy; <) kPdtu;fs; [tpil: M) r=;F]

4. Kj;jpida[k; mkpH;jpida[k; jUtjhfr; re;jf;ftpkzp jkpHHfdhu; Fwpg;gpLtJ vij>

m) @=;fpy; M) fly;
,) kiH <) njtu;fs; [tpil: M) fly;]

5. jkpH; mzpfyd;fshfg; bgw;wit vit>

m) r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; M) Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs;
,) I+;rpW fhg;gpa=;fs; <) ePjp ,yf;fpa=;fs; 
 [tpil: M) Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs;]

6. ,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzpapd; ntWbgau; ahJ>

m) ntw;Wik mzp
,ay; 1

M) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp
,) brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
<) rpnyil mzp [tpil: <) rpnyil mzp]

7. xU brhy;nyh/ brhw;bwhlnuh ,UbghUs;gl tUtJ vJ>

m) ,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzp M) ntw;Wik mzp
,) ctik mzp <) cUtf mzp  [tpil: m) ,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzp]

8. re;jf;ftpkzp vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; jkpHHfdhupd; ,aw;bgau; vd;d>

m) rz;Kfkzp M) rz;KfRe;juk;
,) +hdRe;juk; <) MWKfk; [tpil: M) rz;KfRe;juk;]

9. jkpHHfdhu; vj;jid rpw;wpyf;fpa E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shu;>

m) gj;J M) gd;dpuz;L
,) gjpdhd;F <) gjpdhW [tpil: M) gd;dpuz;L]

10. Kj;jkpH; Ja;g;gjhy; vd;Dk; ghly; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s bjhFg;g[ ahJ>

m) vl;Lj;bjhif M) gj;Jg;ghl;L
,) rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fs; <) jdpg;ghly; jpul;L [tpil: <) jdpg;ghly; jpul;L]
 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 23

FWtpdh

1. Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fs; ahit>
rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy/ rPtfrpe;jhkzp/ tisahgjp/ Fz;lynfrp.
2. flypypUe;J fpilf;Fk; bghUl;fs; ahit>
ŒŒ Kj;Jk;/ mkpH;jKk; fpilf;fpwJ.
ŒŒ btz;r=;F/ ry+;ryk;/ gh+;rrd;ak; Mfpa @d;W tifahd r=;Ffs; fpilf;fpwd.
3. jkpH;bkhHp Fwpj;J jkpHHfdhu; Twpa bra;jp ahJ>
ŒŒ jkpH; ,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; Kj;jkpHha; tsu;e;jJ.
ŒŒ Kjy;/ ,il/ fil Mfpa Kr;r=;f=;fshy; tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
ŒŒ Ik;bgU=; fhg;gpa=;fis mzpfyd;fshfg; bgw;wJ.
ŒŒ r=;fg;g[ytu;fshy; fhf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; mzp vd;why; vd;d> mjd; ntWbgau; ahJ>
ŒŒ xU brhy;nyh brhw;bwhlnuh ,UbghUs;gl tUtJ ,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzp vdg;gLk;.
ŒŒ ntWbgau; ? rpnyil mzp.
5. rpnyilfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
rpnyilfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit:
ŒŒ brk;bkhHpr; rpnyil
ŒŒ gpupbkhHpr; rpnyil
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 10

1. m) fhiy neuk; xU epfH;r;rpf;fhfj; bjhlu;tz;oapy; te;J ,w=;fpdhu; jkpHwp+u; fp.th.

$fe;ehjd;. mtiu khiyapl;L tuntw;wdu;. mg;nghJ fp.th.$./ ``mlnl- fhiyapnyna

,ay; 1
khiya[k; te;Jtpl;lnj-~~ vd;whu;. vy;nyhUk; me;jr; brhy;ypd; rpnyilr; rpwg;ig
kpft[k; Ritj;jdu;.
M) ,ir tpkuprfu; Rg;g[Ltpd; tpkuprd=;fspy; eakhd rpnyilfs; fhzg;gLk;. xU Kiw
xU bgupa tpj;JthDila ,irepfH;r;rpia tpku;rdk; bra;a[k; nghJ mtu; Fwpg;gpl;lJ:
``md;W fr;nrupapy; mtUila fhjpYk; fk;ky;/ FuypYk; fk;ky;.~~
,) jkpHwp+u; fp.M.bg. tpRtehjd; gy; kUj;Jtj;jpy; rpwg;g[g; gl;lk; bgw;w ez;gu; xUtiu
mwpKfk; bra;J itj;jnghJ ``,tu; gy;Jiw tpj;jfu;~~ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
 itnghd;w gy rpnyilg; ngr;Rfis eP=;fs; nfl;oUg;gPu;fs;. mtw;iwj; bjhFj;Jr;
,
brhy;ea=;fisg; gjpt[ bra;J fye;JiuahLf.
Mrpupau; : ,d;W tFg;gpw;F g[jpjhf te;j khztd; v=;nf>
khztd; : ,njh/ cs;nsd; Iah. (khztd; tFg;gpd; filrp ,Uf;ifapypUe;J TWfpwhd;)
Mrpupau; : cd; bgau; vd;d>
khztd; : ftpaurd;.
Mrpupau; : mg;goahdhy; cdf;F ,Uf;f ntz;oa ePz;l thiya[k; Tu;ikahd
ef=;fisa[k; fhztpy;iyna.
 www.nammakalvi.in
24 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

[khztu;fs;midtUk; fhuzk; g[upahky; rpupf;fpd;wdu;. mjw;F Mrpupau; Twpa tpsf;fk;

gpd;tUkhW mike;jJ.]
`ftp vd;why; Fu=;F vd;W ,d;bdhU bghUSk; cz;L. Mfntjhd; eP Fu=;Ffspd;
murdhdhy; cd; thiya[k;/ Tupa ef=;fisa[k; v=;nf vd;nwd;~ vd tpsf;fpdhu;.

2. 
bkhHpapd; rpwg;g[fisg; ghLk; ftpijfSs; c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;jtw;iw tFg;giwapy;
goj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
thH;f epue;juk;- thH;f jkpH;bkhHp--
thHpa thHpant-
thdk; mse;j
tz;bkhHp thHpant ? thH;f
VH;fly; itg;gpDk;
jd;kzk; tPrp
,irbfhz;L thHpant
vd;bwd;Wk; thHpant ? thH;f
thH;f jkpH;bkhHp
thH;f jkpH;bkhHp
thH;f jkpH;bkhHpna
thdk; mwpe;j
midj;Jk; mwpe;jpLk;
tsu;bkhHp thHpant-

thHpant-
thHpant-
thHpant- ? ghujpahu;
,ay; 1


 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 25

,ay; bkhHp tpupthdk;

ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs;
1 vHpy; Kjy;td;

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh
1. xU gf;f mstpy; ciuahly; vGJf.
NHy; ? btspehl;oypUe;J c=;fs; ,y;yj;jpw;F te;jpUf;Fk; cwtpdupd; kfSf;Fj; jkpH;

bkhHpiag; ngr kl;Lnk bjupa[k;. M=;fpy ,yf;fpak; goj;j mtuplk; jkpH; ciueilapd;
rpwg;g[g; gw;wp ciuahLjy;.
g=;FbgWnthu; ? jkpHd;/ cwtpdu; kfs;
cwtpdu; kfs; : tzf;fk; Iah.
jkpHd; : tzf;fk;
cwtpdu; kfs; : ciuahly;/ ciueil vd;why; vd;d>
jkpHd; : ePa[k; ehDk; ngrpdhy; ciuahly;. mijna vGjpdhy; ciueil.
cwtpdu; kfs; : ciueil tsu;r;rp gw;wp c=;fs; fUj;J ahJ>
jkpHd; : ciueilapy; vJif nkhid nghd;w mzpfnsh ,y;iy. Mdhy;
mLf;F bkhHpfs; cz;L. ftpijahdJ braw;ifj; jd;ik bfhz;lJ.
ciueilnah ,ay;ghd xG=;fpy; mika[k;.
cwtpdu; kfs; : jkpH; ciueilapd; ntW tiffs; cz;lh>

,ay; 1
jkpHd; : cz;L. bghJthf ciueilapid MW gpupt[fshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. tpsf;f
ciueil/ msit ciueil/ vLj;Jiu ciueil/ tUzid ciueil/
ehlf ciueil/ rpe;jid ciueil.
cwtpdu; kfs; : vdf;F tUzid ciueiliag; gw;wp Tw Koa[kh>
jkpHd; : TWfpnwd;. tUzid ciueil vd;gJ g[yDzu;t[ mDgt=;fis
tUzidahf tptupg;gJ. kf;fs;/ capupd=;fs;/ bghUs;fs; Mfpatw;iw
tUzpg;gJ.
cwtpdu; kfs; : ciueilapy; Xir ,d;gk; Vw;gLkh>
jkpHd; : vJif/ nkhidr; brhw;fis kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;jp ciuahrpupau;fs; gyu;
ciubaGjp cs;sdu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,uh. gp. nrJgps;isapd; jkpHpd;gk;
vd;Dk; E}iyf; Twyhk;.
cwtpdu; kfs; : ciueilapy; ,yf;fpa cj;jpfs; cz;lh>
jkpHd; : cz;L. K.t. ciueilapy; ctik/ vJif/ nkhid brhy;yhl;rp nghd;w
ehd;F cyf cj;jpfisf; ifahz;Ls;shu;.
cwtpdu; kfs; : ciueilapy; nkhid eak; cs;sjh>
jkpHd; : cs;sJ. rhd;whf/ ,uh.gp. nrJgps;isapd; `jkpH; tpUe;J~ vd;Dk; E}ypy;
`fiya[k; fw;gida[k;~ vd;w jiyg;gpy; mike;j fl;Liuapy;/
 www.nammakalvi.in
26 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

`kiyapny kiH bghHpe;J bts;sk; bgh=;fp vGfpd;wJ.

mUtpaha; tpGe;J Mwha; gha;fpwJ~ vd;gij mwpa KofpwJ.
cwtpdu; kfs; : nkhida[k;/ ,iag[k; tUtJnghy; ciueil brhy;Y=;fs; Iah-
jkpHd; : brhy;fpnwd;. ,uh.gp.nrJgps;isapd; `ckWg;g[ytu;~ vDk; fl;Liuapy;/
 ghz;oa ehl;oy; gUtkiH bga;ahJ xHpe;jJ/ g+;rk; te;jJ/ grp neha[k;
kpFe;jJ.
cwtpdu; kfs; : Iah filrpahf/ Kuz; eak; gw;wp kl;Lk; TW=;fs; Iah-
jkpHd; : Kuz; vd;gJ Kuz;gl;l ,uz;Lr; brhw;fs; mUfUnf mLf;fp tUjy;.
,uh.gp.nrJgps;isapd; `CUk; ngUk;~ vd;Dk; E}ypy;/ thH;t[k; jhH;t[k; ehL
efu=;fSk; cz;L. rPUk; rpwg;g[k; cw;W tps=;fpa rpy efu=;fs; ,f;fhyj;jpy;
g[ifgoe;j Xtpa=;fs; nghy; bghyptpHe;J cs;sJ.
cwtpdu; kfs; : kpf;f ed;wp Iah. j=;fsplkpUe;J ciueilapd; rpwg;gpid ed;F mwpe;J
bfhz;nld;.
jkpHd; : tzf;fk;-

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;

gyt[s; bjupf

1. Kjy; jkpH;f;fzpdp cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L

m) 1983 M) 1938
,) 1893 <) 1980 [tpil: m) 1983]
2. Kjy; jkpH;f; fzpdpf;Fr; Nl;lg;gl;l bgau;
m) jpUts;Stu; M) bjhy;fhg;gpau;
,) mfj;jpau; <) fk;gu; [tpil: m) jpUts;Stu;]
,ay; 1

3. g[jpa ciueil vd;Dk; E}ypid vGjpatu;

m) f. mg;ghJiu M) vHpy; Kjy;td;
,) ghthzu; <) ,s=;Fkudhu; [tpil: M) vHpy; Kjy;td;]
4. vHpy; Kjy;tdpd; ,aw;bgau;
m) kh. ,uhkyp=;fk; M) f. mg;ghJiu
,) ghthzu; <) ,s=;Fkudhu; [tpil: m) kh. ,uhkyp=;fk;]
5. vHpy; Kjy;tdpd; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp gupR bgw;w E}y;
m) g[jpa ciueil M) ,dpf;Fk; epidt[fs;
,) ahJkhfp epd;wha; <) v=;bf=;F fhzpDk; [tpil: m) g[jpa ciueil]
6. vHpy; Kjy;td; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; gzpia nkw;bfhz;l fy;Y}up
m) g[Jf;fy;Y}up M) khepyf; fy;Y}up
,) ,uhzp nkupf;fy;Y}up <) Fle;ij muR Mltu; fy;Y}up
[tpil: M) khepyf; fy;Y}up]
7. r=;fg; g[ytuplk; ,izaj; jkpHd; vt;tpyf;fpa=;fisf; Fwpj;J ciuahof; bfhz;oUe;jhd;>
m) r=;f ,yf;fpak; M) gf;jp ,yf;fpak;
,) ciueil ,yf;fpak; <) rpw;wpyf;fpak;  [tpil: ,) ciueil ,yf;fpak;]
 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 27

8. ``ctika[k; bghUSk; ntw;Wik xHptpj;J xd;bwd khl;od; mJ cUtfkhFk;~~ ? vd;wtu;

m) bjhy;fhg;gpau; M) gtzj;jpahu;
,) jz;o <) mfj;jpau; [tpil: ,) jz;o]
9. ``,aw;if gjpj;J itj;j ,uz;L bgupa epiyf; fz;zhofisg; nghy; tlg[wKk; bjd;g[wKk;
ePu; epiwe;j fz;kha;fs;~~ vd;W Fwp+;rpkyu; E}ypy; eh. ghu;j;jrhujp gad;gLj;jpa eak;
m) ctik M) cUtfk;
,) vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp <) rpw;wpyf;fpak; [tpil: m) ctik]
10. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazpia ciueilapy; gad;gLj;Jifapy; mjid vg;go miHg;gu;>
m) ,yf;fiz M) ,iz xg;g[
,) Kuz;gL bka;k;ik <) brhy;Kuz; [tpil: M) ,iz xg;g][
11. Foirapd; xUgf;fk; nfhg[u=;fs; kWgf;fk;" grpj;j tapWfs; xU gf;fk; g[spr; nrg;gf;fhuu;fs;
kWgf;fk;" bkype;j vYk;g[f; TLfs; xUgf;fk; gUj;j bjhe;jpfs; kWgf;fk; ? njhHu; g.
$Pthde;jk; ciueil vjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L>
m) vjpupiz ,iag[ M) Kuz;gL bka;k;ik
,) ,yf;fiz <) brhy;Kuz; [tpil: m) vjpupiz ,iag[]
12. czu;t[fisj; J}z;o vGg;g[tjpy; btw;wpbgWtd>
m) ctikia tpl cUtfnk M) cUtfj;ij tpl ctikna
,) vJifia tpl nkhidna <) nfs;tpapny gjpy; ,Ug;gJ nghy
 [tpil: m) ctikia tpl cUtfnk]
beLtpdh
1. czu;r;rpfisf; fhl;l ctik bfhz;l bkhHpeilna Vw;w fUtp vd;gij epWt[f:
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
Fwp+;rpkyu; vd;Dk; E}ypy; eh. ghu;j;jrhujp

,ay; 1
mwp+u; mz;zhtpd; ciueil
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpa[k; ,iz xg;g[k;
kiHa[k; g[aYk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; t. uhkrhkp
Kd;Diu:
czu;r;rpfisf; fhl;l ctik bfhz;l bkhHpeilna Vw;w fUtpahf tps=;Ftjhy;
jw;fhyj;jpYk; ,jidg; gad;gLj;Jtijg; gy ,yf;fpa=;fspy; fhz KofpwJ.
Fwp+;rpkyu; vd;Dk; E}ypy; eh. ghu;j;jrhujp:
`jpUg;gu=;Fd;wj;jpd; mHifg; ghu;g;gjw;bfd;nw ,aw;if gjpj;J itj;j ,uz;L bgupa
epiyf; fz;zhofisg; nghy; tlg[wKk; bjd;g[wKk; ePu; epiwe;j fz;kha;fs;~ vd;W/ `Fwp+;rp
kyu;~ vd;Dk; E}ypy; eh. ghu;j;jrhujp ctikiag; gad;gLj;jpa[s;shu;.
,f;fhy ,yf;fpa=;fspy; ctikia tpl cUtfnk czu;t[fisj; J}z;o
vGg;g[tjpy; btw;wp bgWfpd;wJ. `Kfepytpy; tpau;it Kj;Jfs; Jspu;j;jd~ vd;W cUtfkhf
vGJfpwhu;fs;.
mwp+u; mz;zhtpd; ciueil:
`fsk;g[fj; Joj;J epd;w cdf;F/ btw;wpr;rhW fpilj;Jtpl;lJ/ cz;L kfpH;e;jha;; cd;
g[d;dif jhd; mjw;Fr; rhd;W~ vd;gJ ,f;fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j mwp+u; mz;zhtpd; ciueil MFk;.
 www.nammakalvi.in
28 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpa[k; ,iz xg;g[k;:

``g[we;J}a;ik ePuhd; mika[k; mfe;J}a;ik
tha;ikahy; fhzg; gLk;~~
vd;Dk; Fwl;ghtpy; ctk cUg[ kiwe;J tUtjhy; vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp
vd;gu;. ,t;tzpia ciueilapy; gad;gLj;Jifapy; `,iz xg;g[~ vd;W TWtu;.
kiHa[k; g[aYk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; t. uhkrhkp:
`Cu; Tor; brf;Fj; js;s Koa[kh> vd;W nfl;fpwhu;fs;. Cu; Tod gpwF jhd;
brf;Fj; js;s ntz;Lk; vd;W fhj;jpUg;gtu;fspd; fhupak; if TlhJ/ g[nuhfpjUf;fhf
mkhthir fhj;jpUg;gjpy;iy~ vd;W vGj;jhsu; t. uhkrhkp `kiHa[k; g[aYk;~ vd;Dk; E}ypy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
Kot[iu:
xd;iw tpsf;Ftjw;F mjndhL bjhlu;g[ila gpwpbjhd;iwf; Twp tpsf;Ftnj ctik
vd;gu;. me;j tifapy; mf;fhyj;jpy; bra;a[s;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ctik/ ,f;fhyj;jpy;
ciueilapYk; bgUkstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J czu;;r;rpfisf; fhl;l Vw;w
fUtpahft[k; tps=;FfpwJ.
2. gpd;tUk; Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz;L fl;Liu totpy; tpil jUf.
r=;fg; ghly;fSf;Fg; gpd; njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa tot=;fs; ? ,yf;fpa=;fspd; fw;gida[k;
,yf;fiza[k; ? nkhida[k; vJifa[k; ? brhw;fspd; mst[k; mHFk; ? Kuz;ghL bka;k;ika[k;/
vjpupiz ,irt[k; ? nfs;tpnyna gjpy; ? brhy;iya[k; fUj;ija[k; itf;Fk; Kiw.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
r=;fg; ghly;fSf;Fg; gpd; njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa tot=;fs;
,yf;fpa=;fspy; fw;gida[k; ,yf;fiza[k;
,yf;fpa=;fspy; nkhida[k; vJifa[k;
brhw;fspd; mst[k; mHFk;
,ay; 1

Kuz;ghL bka;k;ik
nfs;tpnyna gjpy;
brhy;iya[k; fUj;ija[k; itf;Fk; Kiw
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
r=;f ,yf;fpak; ek; ghl;ldhu; njhg;ghft[k;/ ,ilf;fhy ,yf;fpak; ek; je;ijahu;
njhl;lkhft[k;/ ,f;fhy ,yf;fpak; ek; g{=;fhthft[k; tps=;FfpwJ. njhg;g[ <e;j gad;fisa[k;
njhl;lk; je;j ea=;fisa[k; g{=;fhtpd; mHfpida[k; xd;W nru;j;J ciueilapd;
mzpeyd;fshf mit tps=;Ftijf; fhz;nghk;.
r=;fg; ghly;fSf;Fg; gpd; njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa tot=;fs;:
r=;fg; ghly;fSf;Fg; gpd;/ jkpH; ,yf;fpak; mw ,yf;fpa=;fshfp/ fhg;gpa=;fshfp/
rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fshfp/ re;jf; ftpijfshfp/ g[Jf;ftpijfshfp/ ,d;iwa epiyapy; etPd
ftpijfspy; te;J epw;fpwJ. ciueilapd; tsu;r;rpapy; rpWfij/ fl;Liu/ g[jpdk; vd;w
tot=;fs; cUthfpa[s;sd.
,yf;fpa=;fspy; fw;gida[k; ,yf;fiza[k;:
mBwpizg; bghUs;fisa[k; cau;jpizahff; fUjpf; fw;gid bra;J vGJtJ
,yf;fzj;jpy; cz;L. bjhy;fhg;gpau;/ `+hapW/ jp=;fs;/ be+;rk; nghd;w mBwpizg;
 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 29

bghUs;fs;. brhy;Ye nghyt[k;/ nfl;Fe nghyt[k; brhy;ypah=;F mika[k;~ (bra;a[spay;/

192) vd;W vGJk; jpwj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;oUf;fpwhu;. capu; ,y;yhj bghUl;fis capu; cs;sd
nghyt[k;/ czu;t[ ,y;yhj bghUs;fis czu;t[ilad nghyt[k; fw;gid bra;tJz;L
vd;W vLj;Jf;fhl;oapUf;fpwhu;. ,jid ciueilapy; `,yf;fiz~ vd;W TWtu;.
rhd;W:
``nrhiyapy; g[Fntd;;" ku=;fs; Tg;gpLk;: tpGe;J itf;Fk;/ Myku epHypy; mku;ntd;;~/
My;/ vd; tpGijg; ghu;. me;j muRf;F ,BJ cz;lh> vd;Dk;. muR fz;zpw;gLk;. `ahd;
tpGjpd;wp thDw X=;fp epw;fpnwd;/ vd;id kf;fs; Rw;wpr; bry;fpwhu;fs;/ fhz;~ vd;Dk;. `ntk;g[
vd; epHy; ey+;bra;a[k;. vd; g{tpd; Fz=;fisr; brhy;fpnwd; th~ vd;Dk;. mj;jp/ ehif/
tpsh/ kh/ tpy;tk; Kjypa ku=;fs; tpspahkypUf;Fnkh> rpe;jidapy; mitfspd; El;g=;fs;
tps=;Fk;. kiy vd;id mof;fo miHf;Fk;. kiykPJ ,tu;ntd;; xuplj;jpy; mku;ntd; ;
nkYk; fPGk; ghu;g;ngd; Rw;WKw;Wk; ghu;g;ngd;. kdk; mikjp va;Jk;.
vd;w jkpH;j;bjd;wy; jpU.tp. fy;ahz Re;judhupd; vGj;Jfs; mBwpizg;
bghUs;fis cau;jpizahff; fUjp vGjg;gl;oUg;gjw;Fr; rhd;whfpwJ.
,yf;fpa=;fspy; nkhida[k; vJifa[k;.
nkhida[k; vJifa[k; bra;a[spy; tUkhapd; ,dpa Xirapd;gk; tpisa[k;. ,tw;wpid
ciueilapYk; gad;gLj;Jtu;.
`rhd;whf/ `bjd;wy; mire;JtUk; bjd;jkpH; ehl;oy; mike;j jpUf;Fw;whyk;/
kiytsk; gilj;j gHk;gjpahFk;. mk;kiyapny/ nfh=;Fk; nt=;ifa[k; X=;fp tsUk;
FutKk; Ky;iya[k; eWkz=; fkGk;- nfhykhkapy; njhif tpupj;jhLk;;" njDz;l
tz;Lfs; jkpH;g; ghl;oirf;Fk;;" ,j;jifa kiyapdpd;W tpiue;J tHpj;jpw=;Fk; bts;sUtp
tl;lr; rhiyapny tPH;e;J bgh=;Fk; bghGJ rpjWk; ePu;j;jptiyfs; ghyhtpnahw; gue;bjGe;J
k+;rpndhL nru;e;J bfh+;rpf; Fyht[k;~ vd;W brhy;ypd; bry;tu; ,uh.gp. nr. jkpHd;gk; vd;Dk;
E}ypy; vGjpa[s;sikiaf; Twyhk;.
brhw;fspd; mst[k; mHFk;:
btspg;ghl;ow;Fk; brhy;yg;gLk; fUj;jpw;F mGj;jk; jut[k; ciueilapy; brhy;iynah

,ay; 1
fUj;ijnah jpUk;gj; jpUk;gr; brhy;tJz;L. brhw;fis msthfg; gad;gLj;jp ciueilia
mHF bra;a K. tujuhrdhu;/ jk; ehl;Lg;gw;W vd;Dk; fl;Liuj; bjhFg;gpy;/ `thH;f;if
elj;Jtjw;Fg; bghUs;fs; gy ntz;Lk;. muprp/ fha;/ fdp Kjypait ntz;Lk;. cil/ tPL
Kjypait ntz;Lk;. fhRk; fhfpj nehl;Lk; ntz;Lk;/ ,d;Dk; gy ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iw
MSk; mwpt[k; ntz;Lk;~ vd;W vGjpapUf;fpwhu;.
Kuz;ghL bka;k;ik:
gog;gtUf;F Kuz;gLtJ nghy ,Ug;gpDk; cz;ikapy; Kuz;glhj ?
bka;k;ikiar; brhy;YtJ `Kuz;ghL bka;k;ik~ MFk;.
rhd;W:
`,e;j cyfj;;jpy; gak; vd;w xd;wpw;Fj; jtpu ntW vjw;F ehk; gag;gl ntz;Lk;>~
brhy;Yk; Kiwapy; mGj;jk; bfhLg;gjw;fhf vjpUk; g[jpUkhd Kuz;gLk; fUj;Jfis
mikj;J vGJtij `vjpupiz ,irt[~ vd;gu;.
`Foirfs; xU gf;fk;;" nfhg[u=;fs; kWgf;fk;" grpj;j tapWfs; xU gf;fk;;"
g[spr;nrg;gf;fhhu;fs; kWgf;fk;" bkype;j vYk;g[f;TLfs; xU gf;fk;;" gGj;j bjhe;jpfs;
kWgf;fk;" nfL bfl;l ,e;jr; rKjhaj;jpw;F vd;iwf;F tpnkhrdk;> njhHu;fns/ rpe;jpa[=;fs;-
vd;W njhHu; g. $Pthde;jk; vGjpapUg;gJ ,jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mikfpwJ.
 www.nammakalvi.in
30 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

nfs;tpnyna gjpy;:
tpilj;ju ntz;oa njit ,y;yhky; nfs;tpnyna gjpy; ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k;
vGJtJ czu;r;rp btspg;ghl;Lf;F cjtf; Toajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rhd;whf/ `mtu;
(bgupahu; <. bt. uh) ngrhj ehs; cz;lh> Fuy; nfl;fhj Cu; cz;lh> mtuplk; rpf;fpj; jpzwhj
gHik cz;lh> vijf; fz;L mtu; jpifj;jhu;> ve;jg; g[uhzk; mtuplk; jhf;Fjiyg;
bgwhjJ> ........ vdnt jhd; bgupahUila bgUk; gzpia ehd; xU jdp kdpjdpd; tuyhW
vd;wy;y xU rfhg;jk;. xU fhy fl;lk;? xU jpUg;gk; ? vd;W TWfpnwd;~ vd;Dk; bgupahiug;
gw;wpa mwp+u; mz;zhtpd; Tw;wpidf; Twyhk;.
brhy;iya[k; fUj;ija[k; itf;Fk; Kiw:
ciueilapy; brhy;iynah fUj;ijnah mLj;jLj;J itf;Fk; Kiwapny cs;s
rpwg;gpid `cr;repiy~ vd;gu;.
`,e;jpah jhd; vd;Dila nkhl;rk;- ,e;jpahtpd; ed;ikjhd; vd; ed;ik. ,e;jpah
jhd; vd; ,sikapd; bkj;ij vd; bastdj;jpd; ee;j tdk; vd; fpHf;fhyj;jpd; fhrp~ vd;W
ghujp vd;Dk; jkpH;f;ftp+u; ek; ehl;il cau;j;jpf; TWtijr; rhd;whff; Twyhk;.
Kot[iu:
<uhapuk; Mz;Lfl;F nkyhf vy;yh tsj;JlDk; fhykhw;wj;jpw;F Vw;wthW
jftikj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;w ek; jha;bkhHpahfpa jkpH;/ jw;fhy ciueil totj;jpYk; kpFe;j
brGika[ld; tps=;Ftij mwpa KofpwJ.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 15

1. eP=;fs; goj;jtw;Ws; epidtpy; eP=;fh ,lk; bgw;w ,yf;fpaj; bjhlu;fs;/ ea=;fis vGJf.
,yf;fpaj; bjhlu; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s eak;
cs;s=;if bey;ypf;fdp nghy. ctik
Kfepytpy; tpau;it Kj;Jf;fs; Jspu;j;jd. cUtfk;

2. bfhLj;j jiyg;gpy; ngRnthk;.

,ay; 1

jiyg;g[ : neuk;
jtpu;f;f ntz;oa brhy; : fofhuk;
Fwpg;g[ : xU epkplk; ngr ntz;Lk;. jkpH;r;brhw;fis kl;Lk; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. Ie;J
tpdhofSf;F nky; ,ilbtsp ,Uj;jy; TlhJ.
,J nghd;W ntW ntW jiyg;g[fspy; tFg;giwapy; ngrpg; gHFf.
``fhyj;nj flikiar; bra;
fhyk; bghd; nghd;wJ.~~
vd;gu; jkpH;r; rhd;nwhu;. fhyk; ekf;fhf fhj;jpUg;gjpy;iy. ehd; brytHpj;j kzpj;Jspfs;
kPz;Lk; fpilg;gjpy;iy. Fwpj;j neuj;jpy; Fwpj;j braiyr; bra;gtd; gpwuhy; kjpf;fg;glj;
jf;ftd;. fhe;jpaofsplk; fhzg;gLk; rpwe;j gz;g[fspy; xd;W fhyk; jtwhik. Fwpj;j
neuj;jpy; Fwpj;j braiyr; bra;tjw;fhfnt fhe;jpaofs; jd; ,ilapy; (,Lg;g[) vg;bghGJk;
neuk; ghu;f;Fk; fUtpiaj; bjh=;ftpl;oUg;ghu;.
fhyk; jtwhikiaf; filgpog;gPu;-
fhyj;ij tPz; bra;ahjPu;--
fhyk; ek;ik thH;j;Jk;.

 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 31

,ay; bkhHp fw;fz;L

vGj;J/ brhy;
1
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf

1. 
`nfl;ltu; kfpHg; ghoa ghly; ,J~ ? bjhlupy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s bjhHpw;bgaUk;
tpidahyiza[k; bgaUk; Kiwna
m) ghoa" nfl;ltu; M) ghly;" ghoa
,) nfl;ltu;" ghoa <) ghly;" nfl;ltu; [tpil: <) ghly;" nfl;ltu;]

FWtpdh

1. `nt=;if~ vd;gijj; bjhlu;bkhHpahft[k;/ bghJbkhHpahft[k; ntWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

nt=;if : nt=;if vd;Dk; kuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; (jdpbkhHp)
ntk; + if : ntfpd;w if vdt[k; bghUs; jUfpwJ (bjhlu;bkhHp)
2. ``cLg;gJ}ck; cz;gJ}ck; fhzpd; gpwu;nky;
t  Lf;fhz; tw;whFk; fPH;~~
? ,f;Fwspy; mike;Js;s msbgilapd; tifiar; Rl;o/ mjd; ,yf;fzk; jUf.
ŒŒ cLg;gJ}ck; cz;gJ}ck; : ,d;dpir msbgil te;Js;sJ.
ŒŒ 
bra;a[spy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;Jk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf msbgLg;gJ ,d;dpir

,ay; 1
msbgilahFk;.

rpWtpdh

1. `mwpe;jJ/ mwpahjJ/ g[upe;jJ/ g[upahjJ/ bjupe;jJ/ bjupahjJ/ gpwe;jJ/ gpwthjJ~ ,it

midj;ija[k; ahk; mwpnthk;. mJgw;wp ckJ mwpt[iu vkf;Fj; njit ,y;iy. vy;yhk;
vkf;Fj; bjupa[k;.
,f;Tw;wpy; tz;z vGj;Jfspy; cs;s tpidKw;Wfisj; bjhHpw;bgau;fshf khw;wp vGJf.
bjhHpw;bgau; vjpu;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgau;
mwpjy; mwpahik
g[upjy; g[upahik
bjupjy; bjupahik
gpwj;jy; gpwthik
 www.nammakalvi.in
32 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. FWf;f=;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
m) @d;W M) ehd;F
,) Ie;J <) ,uz;L [tpil: M) ehd;F]
2. vBB fpy=;fpa/ cudir, ? ,r;brhw;fspy; cs;s msbgilfs;
m) xw;wsbgil/ brhy;ypir msbgil
M) ,d;dpir msbgil/ brhy;ypir msbgil
,) brhy;ypir msbgil/ xw;wsbgil
<) xw;wsbgil/ ,d;dpir msbgil [tpil: m) xw;wsbgil/ brhy;ypir msbgil]
3. xw;wsbgilapy; msbgLf;Fk; xw;bwGj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid>
m) 11 M) 13
,) 15 <) 12 [tpil: m) 11]
4. bghUj;Jf.
i) X xjy; ntz;Lk; ? 1. ,d;dpir msbgil
ii) bfLg;gJ}ck; ? 2. bra;a[spir msbgil
iii) cudir, ? 3. xw;wsbgil
iv) vBB fpy=;fpa ? 4. brhy;ypir msbgil
m) i.2 ii.1 iii.4 iv.3 M) i.4 ii.3 iii.2 iv.1
,) i.2 ii.3 iii.4 iv.1 <) i.3 ii.4 iii.1 iv.2 [tpil: m) i.2 ii.1 iii.4 iv.3]
5. ntWgl;l xd;wpidj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) cwhmu; M) bfLg;gJ}ck;
,ay; 1

,) tudir, <) vBB fpy=;fpa [tpil: <) vBB fpy=;fpa]

6. bghUj;jkw;w xd;wpidj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) Xxjy; M) cwhmu;f;F
,) glhmgiw <) jk;gP, [tpil: <) jk;gP,]
7. bghJbkhHpf;Fupa rhd;wpidj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) go M) nt=;if
,) fz;zd; <) fz;zd; te;jhd; [tpil: M) nt=;if]
8. vl;L = vs; + J vdg; gpupe;J jUk; bghUs;
m) vl;L M) vs;is cz;
,) ntfpd;w if <) vs;is vL [tpil: M) vs;is cz;]
9. bghUj;Jf.
1. elj;jy; ? m) vjpu;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgau;
2. bfhy;yhik ? M) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
3. nfL ? ,) bjhHpw;bgau;
4. te;jtu; ? <) Kjdpiyj; jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgau;
 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 33

m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1., 2.m 3.< 4.M

,) 1., 2.M 3.< 4.m <) 1., 2.m 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1., 2.m 3.< 4.M]
10. vjpu;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgau; rhd;wpidj; nju;e;bjLf;f.
m) bfhy;yhik M) thH;f;if
,) elj;jy; <) NL [tpil: m) bfhy;yhik]
11. bkhHpapd; rpwg;g[fis mwpa Jiz bra;tJ
m) ftpij M) ,yf;fzk;
,) ciueil <) vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: M) ,yf;fzk;]
12. rhu;bgGj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if
m) Kg;gJ M) gd;dpuz;L
,) gj;J <) xd;gJ [tpil: ,) gj;J]
13. capusbgil vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W
,) Ie;J <) MW [tpil: M) @d;W]
14. bel;blGj;J msbgLg;gJ vd;gJ vd;d>
m) bra;a[spir msbgil M) ,d;dpir msbgil
,) brhy;ypir msbgil <) vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m) bra;a[spir msbgil]
15. brhy; jpupe;J msbgLg;gJ vd;gJ ahJ>
m) bra;a[spir msbgil M) brhy;ypir msbgil
,) ,d;dpir msbgil <) vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: M) brhy;ypir msbgil]
16. bkhHp vd;gJ vj;jid tif>
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W
,) Ie;J <) MW [tpil: M) @d;W]

,ay; 1
17. ``me;jkhd;~~ vd;gJ vt;tif bkhHp>
m) bjhlu; bkhHp M) jdp bkhHp
,) bghJ bkhHp <) vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: ,) bghJ bkhHp]

18. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

1. me;jkhd; ? m) bjhlu;bkhHp
2. fz; ? M) bjhHpw;bgau;
3. elj;ij ? ,) bghJbkhHp
4. fz;zd; te;jhd; ? <) jdpbkhHp
m) 1.M 2.< 3.m 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,
,) 1., 2.< 3.M 4.m <) 1., 2.M 3.< 4.m [tpil: ,) 1., 2.< 3.M 4.m]
19. cwhmu;f;F/ tudir, ? msbgil tif
m) brhy;ypir/ ,d;dpir
M) xw;wsbgil/ brhy;ypir
,) bra;a[spir/ brhy;ypir
<) ,d;dpir/ brhy;ypir  [tpil: ,) bra;a[spir/ brhy;ypir]
 www.nammakalvi.in
34 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

20. bjhHpiyr; bra;a[k; fUj;jhitf; Fwpg;gJ

m) bjhHpw;bgau; M) Kjdpiy jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgau;
,) Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgau; <) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
 [tpil: <) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;]
21. @tplj;jpw;Fk; cupaJ ............." glu;f;iff;nf cupaJ .............
m) bjhHpw;bgau;/ tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
M) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;/ bjhHpw;bgau;
,) cupr;brhw;bwhlu;/ tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy  [tpil: M) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;/ bjhHpw;bgau;]
22. `elj;jy;~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypy; `el~ vd;gJ
m) tpidao M) tpFjp
,) bjhHpw;bgau; <) ,ilepiy [tpil: m) tpidao]
23. `ntk; + if~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) ntl;if M) nt=;if
,) ntfpd;w if <) ntfhj if [tpil: <) ntfhj if]
24. `thH;f;if~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpFjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
m) thH; M) f;
,) if <) I [tpil: ,) if]
25. msbgLj;jy; vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) ePz;L xypj;jy; M) FWfp[ xypj;jy;
,) msthf xypj;jy; <) xypj;jy; ,y;iy [tpil: m) ePz;L xypj;jy;]
26. `eir,~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) tpUg;gk; M) tpUk;gp
,) Jd;gk; <) ftdpj;J [tpil: M) tpUk;gp]
,ay; 1

FWtpdh
1. rhu;bgGj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
rhu;bgGj;Jfs; gj;J tifg;gLk;. mit:
ŒŒ capu;bka;  Fw;wpaypfuk;
ŒŒ Ma;jk;  Ifhuf;FWf;fk;
ŒŒ capusbgil  xsfhuf;FWf;fk;
ŒŒ xw;wsbgil  kfuf;FWf;fk;
ŒŒ Fw;wpaYfuk;  Ma;jf; FWf;fk;
2. FWf;f=;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
FWf;f=;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit:
ŒŒ Ifhuf;FWf;fk;  kfuf;FWf;fk;
ŒŒ xsfhuf; FWf;fk;  Ma;jf; FWf;fk;
3. msbgil vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
msbgil ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit: capusbgil/ xw;wsbgil.
 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 35

4. capusbgil vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>

capusbgil @d;W tifg;gLk;.
mit: bra;a[spir msbgil/ ,d;dpir msbgil/ brhy;ypir msbgil.
5. capusbgil vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
ŒŒ bra;a[spy; Xir Fiwa[k; nghJ me;j Xiria epiwt[ bra;a capu; beoy; vGj;Jfs; VGk;
msbgLf;Fk;.
ŒŒ msbgLf;Fk; nghJ mtw;Wf;F ,dkhd Fwpy; vGj;Jfs; gf;fj;jpy; tUk;.
ŒŒ rhd;W: cHhmu;.
6. bra;a[spir msbgil ' ,irepiw msbgil vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
ŒŒ bra;a[spd; Xir Fiwa[k; nghJ mjid epiwt[ bra;a bel;blGj;Jfs; msbgLf;Fk;.
(<uir bfhz;l rPu;fspy; kl;Lk; tUk;)
ŒŒ rhd;W: cHhmu; (cHh'mu;)
7. bra;a[spir msbgilf;F @d;W rhd;W jUf.
ŒŒ Xxjy; ntz;Lk; ? bkhHp Kjy;
ŒŒ cwhmu;f;F cWneha; ? bkhHp ,il
ŒŒ ey;y glhm giw ? bkhHp ,Wjp
8. ,d;dpir msbgil vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
ŒŒ bra;a[spy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf msbgLg;gJ ,d;dpir msbgil
vdg;gLk;.
ŒŒ rhd;W: bfLg;gJ}ck; (bfLg;'gJ}'ck;)
(@tir bfhz;l rPu;fspy; kl;Lk; tUk;)
9. brhy;ypir msbgil vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
ŒŒ bra;a[spy; xU bgau;r;brhy; vr;rr;brhy;yhfj; jpupe;J msbgLg;gJ brhy;ypirasbgil
MFk;.

,ay; 1
ŒŒ rhd;W: tudir,/ cudir,.
10. xw;wsbgil vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
ŒŒ bra;a[spy; Xir Fiwa[k; nghJ mjid epiwt[ bra;a rpy bka;baGj;JfSk;/ Ma;j
vGj;Jk; msbgLg;gJ xw;wsbgilahFk;.
ŒŒ rhd;W: vBB fpy=;fpa/ v=;=;fpiwtd;.
11. xw;wsbgilapy; msbgLf;Fk; bka;baGj;Jfs; kw;Wk; Ma;j vGj;J Mfpatw;iw vGJf.
ŒŒ bka; vGj;Jfs; ? =;/ +;/ z;/ e;/ k;/ d;/ t;/ a;/ y;/ s; (gj;J)
ŒŒ Ma;j vGj;J ? B (xd;W)
ŒŒ bkhj;j vGj;Jfs; ? 11
12. brhy; vd;why; vd;d>
Xu; vGj;J jdpj;njh/ gy vGj;Jfs; nru;e;njh bghUs; jUkhapd; mJ brhy; vdg;gLk;.
(brhy;;ypd; ntWbgau;fs; ? gjk;/ bkhHp/ fpstp)
13. bkhHp vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
bkhHp @d;W tifg;gLk;.
mit: jdpbkhHp/ bjhlu;bkhHp/ bghJbkhHp.
 www.nammakalvi.in
36 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

14. jdpbkhHp vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.

ŒŒ xU brhy; jdpj;J epd;W bghUs; jUtJ jdpbkhHp vdg;gLk;.
ŒŒ rhd;W: fz;/ go.
15. bjhlu;bkhHp vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
ŒŒ 
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l jdpbkhHpfs; bjhlu;e;J te;J bghUs; jUtJ
bjhlu;bkhHp MFk;.
ŒŒ rhd;W: fz;zd; te;jhd;.
16. bghJbkhHp vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
ŒŒ xU brhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU bghUisa[k; mr;brhy;ny gpupe;J epd;W ntW bghUisa[k;
jUtJ bghJbkhHp MFk;.
ŒŒ jdpbkhHpf;Fk; bjhlu;bkhHpf;Fk; bghJtha; mika[k;.
ŒŒ rhd;W: vl;L.
vl;L ? vz;izf; Fwpf;fpwJ. vs; + J ? vs;is cz;.
17. bjhHpw;bgau; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
ŒŒ xU tpid my;yJ braiyf; Fwpf;Fk; bgauhdJ vz;/ ,lk;/ ghy;/ fhyk; Mfpatw;iwf;
Fwpg;ghfnth btspg;gilahfnth czu;j;jhky; tUtJ bjhHpw;bgau; vdg;gLk;.
ŒŒ v.fh: <jy;/ thH;f;if.
18. tpFjp bgw;w bjhHpw;bgau; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
ŒŒ tpidaoa[ld; tpFjp nru;tjhy; cUthFk; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp bgw;w bjhHpw;bgau; MFk;.
ŒŒ rhd;W: elj;jy;. el ? tpidao/ jy; ? tpFjp.
19. vjpu;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgau; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
ŒŒ vjpu;kiwg; bghUspy; tUtJ vjpu;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgau; vdg;gLk;.
ŒŒ rhd;W: elthik/ bfhy;yhik.
,ay; 1

20. bjhHpw;bgau; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>

bjhHpw;bgau; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit:
ŒŒ Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgau;
ŒŒ Kjdpiy jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgau;
21. Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgau; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.
ŒŒ tpFjp bgwhky; tpidg; gFjpna bjhHpw;bgauhjy; Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw; bgauhFk;.
ŒŒ rhd;W: jl;L/ ciu/ mo.
,r;brhw;fs; Kiwna jl;Ljy;/ ciuj;jy;/ moj;jy; vd;W bghUs;gLk; nghJ
Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgau;fshfpd;wd.

22. Kjdpiy jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgau; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.

ŒŒ Kjdpiy jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgau; vd;gJ tpFjp bgwhky; Kjdpiy jpupe;J tUtJ. Kjdpiy
jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgauhFk;.
ŒŒ rhd;W: bfL ? nfL/ RL ? NL.
nfL/ NL (bfL/ RL vd;Dk; Kjdpiyfs; nfL/ NL vdj; jpupe;J te;Js;sJ)
 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 37

23. tpidahyiza[k; bgau; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf.

ŒŒ tpidiaf; Fwpf;fhky; tpid bra;jtiuf; Fwpf;Fk;.
ŒŒ 
xU tpidKw;W bgaupd; jd;ikia mile;J ntw;Wik cUg[ Vw;Wk; Vw;fhkYk;
ntbwhU gadpiyiaf; bfhz;L Koa[k;.
ŒŒ jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy/ glu;f;if Mfpa @tpl=;fspYk; tUk;.
ŒŒ @d;W fhy=;fspYk; tUk;.
ŒŒ rhd;W: te;jtu;.
24. bjhHpw;bgaUf;Fk; tpidahyiza[k; bgaUf;Fk; cs;s ntWghLfisf; TW.
bjhHpw;bgau; tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
bjhHpiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. bjhHpy; bra;a[k; fUj;jhitf; Fwpf;Fk;.
fhyk; fhl;lhJ. fhyk; fhl;Lk;.
glu;f;if ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; tUk;. @tplj;jpYk; tUk;.
v.fh: ghLjy;/ goj;jy;. v.fh: ghoats;/ goj;jtu;.

rpWtpdh

1. bkhHpapd; tiffis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

bkhHptiffs;:
@d;W tifg;gLk;.
mit: jdpbkhHp/ bjhlu;bkhHp/ bghJbkhHp vd;gd.
jdpbkhHp:
ŒŒ xU brhy; jdpj;J epd;W bghUs; jUtJ jdpbkhHp vdg;gLk;.
ŒŒ v.fh: fz;/ kuk;.

,ay; 1
bjhlu;bkhHp:
ŒŒ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l jdpbkhHpfs; bjhlu;e;J te;J bghUs; jUtJ
bjhlu;bkhHp MFk;.
ŒŒ v.fh: fz;zd; te;jhd;.
bghJbkhHp:
ŒŒ xU brhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU bghUisa[k; mr;brhy;ny gpupe;J epd;W ntW bghUisa[k;
jUtJ bghJbkhHp MFk;.
ŒŒ jdpbkhHpf;Fk; bjhlu;bkhHpf;Fk; bghJtha; mika[k;.
ŒŒ rhd;W: vl;L
vl;L ? vz;izf; Fwpf;fpwJ. vs; + J ? vs;is cz;.
2. brhy;ypd; bray;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
ŒŒ ,U jpizfisa[k; Ie;J ghy;fisa[k; Fwpf;Fk;.
ŒŒ @tif ,l=;fspYk; tUk;.
ŒŒ cyf tHf;fpYk; bra;a[s; tHf;fpYk; tUk;.
ŒŒ btspg;gilahft[k; Fwpg;ghft[k; tps=;Fk;.
 www.nammakalvi.in
38 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 18

1. njd;/ E}y;/ ig/ kyu;/ th ? ,j; jdpbkhHpfSld; brhw;fisr; nru;j;Jj; bjhlu;bkhHpfshf;Ff.

njd; ? njd; kUe;Jg; bghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
E}y; ? E}y; gy fy;.
ig ? ig epiwa gzk; ,Ue;jJ.
kyu; ? kyu; gwpj;J te;njd;.
th ? tpiue;J th.
2. tpid moia tpFjpfSld; ,izj;Jj; bjhHpw;bgau;fis cUthf;Ff.
fhz;/ rpup/ go/ jL.
v.fh: fhz; ? fhl;rp/ fhQjy;/ fhzy;/ fhzhik
rpup ? rpupg;g[/ rpupj;jy;/ rpupf;fhik
go ? gog;g[/ goj;jy;/ gof;fhik
jL ? jLg;g[/ jLj;jy;/ jLf;fhik
3. jdpbkhHp/ bjhlu;bkhHp Mfpatw;iwf; bfhz;L ciuahliyj; bjhlu;f.
mz;zd; : v=;nf bry;fpwha;> (bjhlu;bkhHp)
jk;gp : filf;F (jdpbkhHp)
mz;zd; : ,g;bghGJ vd;d th=;Ffpwha;> (bjhlu;bkhHp)
jk;gp : gUg;g[ th=;Ffpnwd;. (bjhlu;bkhHp)
mz;zd; : vjw;F> (jdpbkhHp)
jk;gp : gUg;g[ nrhW bra;a mk;kh th=;fp tur; brhd;dhu;fs; (bjhlu;bkhHp)
mz;zd; : ,d;W gUg;g[ nrhW ntz;lhbkd;W mk;khtplk; brhy;nthk;
,ay; 1

(bjhlu;bkhHp)
jk;gp : rup ,d;W mk;khitg; gpupahzp bra;J jur;brhy;nthk;. (bjhlu;bkhHp)
4. kiy vd;id mof;fo miHf;Fk;. kiy kPJ VWntd;" Xuplj;jpy; mku;ntd;" nkYk; fPGk;
ghu;g;ngd;" Rw;WKw;Wk; ghu;g;ngd;. kdk; mikjp va;Jk;.
,j;bjhlu;fspy; cs;s tpidKw;Wfisj; jdpna vLj;bjGjpj; bjhHpw;bgau;fshf khw;Wf.
ŒŒ miHf;Fk; ? miHj;jy;  ghu;g;ngd; ? ghu;j;jy;
ŒŒ VWntd; ? VWjy;  va;Jk; ? va;jy;
ŒŒ mku;ntd; ? mku;jy;
5. fl;L/ brhl;L/ tHpghL/ nfL/ nfhwy; ? ,j;bjhHpw;bgau;fis tifg;gLj;Jf.
fl;L : Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgau;
brhl;L : Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgau;
tHpghL : tpFjp bgw;w bjhHpw;bgau;
nfL : Kjdpiy jpupe;j bjhHpw;bgau;
nfhwy; : tpFjp bgw;w bjhHpw;bgau;
 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 39

bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk;: 21

goj;Jr; Ritf;f.
ghlypy;/ kuk; vd;Dk; brhy;/ ,lj;jpw;nfw;g bghUs; jUtjha; 11 ,l=;fspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs;fisg; bghUj;jpg; goj;J Ritf;f.
ghlypd; bghUs;:
``murd; Fjpiuapy; Vwp
ntiyj; njhspy; itj;J
murd; g[ypiaf; fz;L
ntypdhy; g[ypiaf; Fj;jp
fhl;L tHpna brd;W
tskidf; nfl;Fk; nghJ
muridf; fz;l khju;
MykuKld; Muj;jp vLj;jhu;.~~
bkhHpbgau;g;g[:
1. If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his own
language that goes to his heart. – Nelson Mandela
eP=;fs; xU kdpjdplk; VjhtJ xU bkhHpapy; ngrpdhy; mij mtd; g[upe;J bfhz;L mtd;
@isf;Fr; bry;fpwJ. Mdhy; mtDila bkhHpapy; ngrpdhy; mJ mtd; be+;rj;ijj;
bjhLk;. ? bey;rd; kz;nlyh
2. Language is the road map of a culture. It tells you where its people come from and where they are going. –
Rita Mae Brown
bkhHpna fyhr;rhuj;jpd; tHpfhl;o. mJnt kf;fs; v=;fpUe;J te;jhu;fs; kw;Wk; v=;Fg;
nghfpwhu;fs; vd;gijr; brhy;Yk;. ? upl;lh nk gput[z;

,ay; 1
re;jf; ftpijapy; te;j gpiHfisj; jpUj;Jf.
``njzpny Cupa bre;jkpHpd; ? Rit
njUk; rpyg;gjp fhwkij
Cdpny vk;Kapu; cy;yyt[k; ? epjk;
Xjp a[du;e;jpd; g[Unthnk~~ ? ftpkzp njrpf tpehafdhu;.
jpUj;jk;:
``njdpny Cwpa bre;jkpHpd; ? Rit
njWk; rpyg;gjp fhukij
Cdpny vk;Kapu; cs;sst[k; ? epjk;
Xjp a[zu;e;jpd; g[W[nthnk~~
fPH;f;fhQk; brhw;fspd; Tl;lg;bgau;fisf; fz;Lgpoj;J vGJf.
(Ftpay;/ Fiy/ ke;ij/ fl;L)
ŒŒ fy; ? Ftpay; (fw;Ftpay;)
ŒŒ gHk; ? Fiy (gHf;Fiy)
ŒŒ g[y; ? fl;L (g[w;fl;L)
ŒŒ ML ? ke;ij (Ml;Lke;ij)
 www.nammakalvi.in
40 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

tpidKw;iw tpidahyiza[k; bgauhf khw;wpj; bjhlu;fis ,izj;J vGJf.

1. fiyau=;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fpwhu;. mtiu miHj;J thU=;fs;.
v.fh: fiyau=;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fpwtiu miHj;J thU=;fs;.
2. Cl;lkpF czt[ cz;lhu;. mtu; ePz;l thH;ehs; bgw;whu;.
Cl;lkpF czt[ cz;ltu; ePz;l thH;ehs; bgw;whu;.
3. new;W vd;idr; re;jpj;jhu;. mtu; vd; ez;gu;.
new;W vd;idr; re;jpj;jtu; vd; ez;gu;.
4. bghJ mwpt[ E}y;fisj; njog; goj;jhu;. nghl;oj; nju;tpy; btd;whu;.
bghJ mwpt[ E}y;fisj; njog; goj;jtu; nghl;oj; nju;tpy; btd;whu;.

bjhlu;fspy; cs;s tz;zr; brhw;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf mnj bghUSila ntW brhw;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp bjhlu;fis kPs vGJf.
1. cyfpy; thGk; kf;fspy; rpyu; fdpapUf;ff; fha; g[rpj;jiyg;nghy/ ,d;brhy; ,Uf;f td;brhy;
ngrp ,d;dw;gLfpd;wdu;.
g[tpapy; thGk; khDlu;fs; rpyu; gHkpUf;ff; fha; cz;gijg;nghy ,d;brhy; ,Uf;f td;brhy;
ngrp Jd;gg;gLfpd;wdu;.
2. ts;sy; Fkzd; tWikahy; thote;j g[ytDf;Fj; jdJ jiyiaf; bfhLj;J k=;fhg; g[fH;
bgw;whd;.
ts;sy; Fkzd; Jd;gj;jhy; thote;j mwp+u;fSf;Fj;; jdJ jiyia <e;J k=;fhg; bgUik
bgw;whd;.
3. esDk; mtdJ Jiztpa[k; epljehl;Lf;F te;jijf; fz;L/ me;ehl;L kf;fs; kiHKfpy;
fz;l k+;i+ nghyf; fsp bfhz;ldu;.
esDk; mtdJ kidtpa[k; epljehl;Lf;F te;jijf; fz;L/ me;ehl;L kf;fs; kiHnkfk;
,ay; 1

fz;l kapiyg; nghy kfpH;r;rp bfhz;ldu;.

4. nrhiyapw; g{j;j kzkyu;fspy; RUk;g[fs; bkha;j;Jg; gz;gho kJt[z;ld.
ee;jtdj;jpy; g{j;j kzkyu;fspy; tz;Lfs; bkha;j;Jg; gz;gho njid cz;ld.
5. gRg;nghy; rhe;jKk; g[ypnghy; jPuKk; ahid nghy ciHg;g[k; kdpjDf;F ntz;Lk;.
Mg;nghy; mikjpa[k; nt=;if nghy; tPuKk; fspW nghy ciHg;g[k; kdpjDf;F ntz;Lk;.
fl;Liu vGJf.
Fkupf; fly;Kidiaa[k; nt=;fl kiyKfl;ila[k; vy;iyahff; bfhz;l bjd;dtu;
jpUehl;ow;Fg; g[fH; njoj;je;j bgUik/ jifrhy; jkpHd;idiar; rhUk;. vHpy;nru; fd;dpaha;
vd;Wk; jpfGk; mt;td;idf;F/ gps;isj; jkpH; ngrp/ rjfk; rikj;J/ guzp gho/ fyk;gfk;
fz;L/ cyhte;J/ me;jhjp Twp/ nfhit ahj;J/ mzpahfg; g{l;o mHTl;o mfk;kpf kfpH;e;jdu;
bre;ehg; g[ytu;fs;.
 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 41

,f;fUj;ijf; fUthff; bfhz;L `rhd;nwhu; tsu;j;j jkpH;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vGJf.
jiyg;g[ : rhd;nwhu; tsu;j;j jkpH;
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
r=;fj;jkpH;
mwj;jkpH;
fhg;gpaj;jkpH;
rpw;wpyf;fpak;
rkaj;jkpH;
Kot[iu

Kd;Diu:
``brhy;ypy; cau;t[ jkpH;r;brhy;ny ?mijj;
bjhGJ goj;jplo ghg;gh~~
?ghujpahu;
cyfpy; kdpj ,dk; vd;W njhd;wpanjh/ md;nw jkpH; bkhHpa[k; njhd;wpaJ. md;W Kjy;
,d;W tiu jkpH;bkhHp ,sikahfnt ,Ue;JtUfpd;wJ. xt;bthU fhyf;fl;lj;jpYk;
thH;e;j rhd;nwhu;fshy; jkpH; rpwg;g[w;W epw;fpd;wJ.
r=;fj;jkpH;:
`jkpH;~ vd;w brhy; bjhy;fhg;gpag; ghapuj;jpy; ,lk;bgWfpd;wJ. fpgp. 2 Mk; E}w;whz;ow;F
Kd; njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa=;fs; r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; MFk;. mitna r=;fj;jkpH; jUk; fs+;rpak;
MFk;. fgpyu;/ guzu;/ xsitahu;/ ef;fPuu;/ ey;ye;Jtdhu; Kjypa vz;zw;wj; jkpH;r;
rhd;nwhu;fshy; ghl;Lk; bjhifa[k; cUthf;fg;gl;L r=;fj;jkpH; tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
mwj;jkpH;:
r=;ffhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd; njhd;wpa fhyj;jpy; bgha;a[k; Fw;wKk; njhd;w Muk;gpj;jJ. mjidg;
nghf;f jpUts;Stu;/ rkz Kdptu;fs;/ tpsk;gpehfdhu;/ fgpyu;/ fzpnkjhtpahu; Mfpa gy

,ay; 1
rhd;nwhu; bgUkf;fs; mwE}y;fisg; gilj;J/ mwj;jkpiH tsu;j;jdu;.
fhg;gpaj;jkpH;:
Ik;bgU=;fhg;gpa=;fSk;/ I+;rpWfhg;gpa=;fSk; fhg;gpaj; jkpiH tsu;j;jd. ,s=;nfhtofs;/
rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhu;/ jpUj;jf;fj;njtu; Mfpa rhd;nwhu;fs; fhg;gpaj; jkpiHj; jiHf;fr; bra;jdu;.
rpw;wpyf;fpak;:
(guzp/ rjfk;/ gps;isj;jkpH;)
rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fs; 96 tifg;gLk;. mit tHp rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffs; bgUfp rpw;wpyf;fpaj;
jkpiH tsu;j;jdu;. xUtiuf; FHe;ijahfg; ghtpj;J/ 10 gUt=;fspy; tshr;rp epiyiag;
ghLtJ gps;isj;jkpH; MFk;. xl;lf;Tj;ju;/ FkuFUguu; Mfpnahu; gps;isj;jkpH; gho
tsu;j;jdu;. rjfk; (100) ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ rjfk;. Mj;kehj njrpfu;/ fhu;nkff; ftp+u;
Mfpnahu; rjfk; ghodhu;. xl;lf;Tj;ju;/ bra=;bfhz;lhu; guzp ,yf;fpaj;ij tsu;j;jdu;.
rkaj;jkpH;:
irtk;/ itztk;/ fpwpj;jtk;/ ,!;yhk;/ rkzk;/ bgsj;jk; Mfpa rka=;fSk; jkpH; tsu;f;Fk;
gzpapy; <Lgl;L rkaj;jkpiH tsu;j;jdu;. jpUeht[f;furu;/ tPukhKdptu;/ ckWg;g[ytu;
Mfpnahu; rkaj;jkpiH tsu;j;jdu;. ,jw;F gd;dpU jpUKiwfs;/ ehyhapuj;jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk;/
rPwhg;g[uhzk;/ njk;ghtzp rhd;whFk;.
 www.nammakalvi.in
42 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

Kot[iu:
fhye;njhWk; jkpH;/ jd;id tsu;g;gtu;fshy; jd;idg; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhz;L tsu;e;Jk;
rpwe;Jk; tUfpd;wJ vd;gij ,yf;fpa tuyhWfs; ekf;F czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
``jkpGauj; jkpHd; cau;thd;
jkpHauj; jkpHd; mau;thd;~~
?ghthzu;
eak; ghuhl;Lf.
njdpDk; ,dpaew; bre;jkpH; bkhHpna
bjd;dhL tps=;Fwj; jpfGe;bjd; bkhHpna
CdpDk; xspu;t[Wk; xz;lkpH; bkhHpna
czu;tpDf; Fzu;tjha; xspu;jkpH; bkhHpna
thdpDk; X=;fpa tz;lkpH; bkhHpna
khe;jUf; fpUfzh ta=;Fed; bkhHpna
jhddp rpwg;g[We; jdpj;jkpH; bkhHpna
jiHj;jpdp njh=;Ftha; jz;lkpH; bkhHpna ? fh. ekr;rpthau;
jpuz;l fUj;J:
`thiHf;F mHF FUj;J
bra;a[Sf;F mHF jpuz;l fUj;J~
``njdpDk; ,dpikahd brk;ik bgw;w bkhHp jkpH; bkhHp. bjd;dhl;oy; rpwe;J
tps=;Ffpd;w bkhHp jkpH;bkhHp. xsp tPrp mwpt[k;/ brwpt[k; El;gKk; bfhz;l bkhHp jkpH;bkhHp
czu;nthL czu;thd bkhHp/ thdpDk; cau;e;j tsk;kpf;f bkhHp jkpH;. jiHj;J X=;Ftha;
Fspu;r;rp j=;fpa jkpH; bkhHpna~~ vd jkpH;bkhHpiar; rpwg;gpj;Jf; Twpa[s;shu; f. ekr;rpthau;.
bjhil eak;:
`bjhilaw;w ghl;L
eilaw;Wg; nghFk;~
,ay; 1

bra;a[shdJ vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[/ Kuz; Kjypatw;why; bjhFf;fg;gLtJ bjhil

vdg;gLk;. ,g;ghlypy; bjhil ea=;fs; rpwg;ghff; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd.
`nkhid eak;:
`nkhidaw;w ghl;L
nridaw;w ehL~
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPu;njhWk; Kjyhk; vGj;J xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ nkhidj;
bjhil.
xz;lkpH;/ xspu;jkpH;/ xspu;t[Wk;/
jdpj;jkpH;/ jz;lkpH; Mfpa nkhidr; brhw;fs; ghlypy; rpwg;ghf mike;Js;sJ.
vJif eak;:
`tPuj;Jf;F mHF nt=;if
bra;a[Sf;F mHF vJif~
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPu;njhWk; ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ vJifj;
bjhil.
njdpDk;/ CdpDk;/ thdpDk; Mfpa vJifr; brhw;fs; ghlypy; rpwg;ghf mike;Js;sJ.
 www.nammakalvi.in
Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 43

,iag[ eak;:
`ghlypd; ,iag[
gog;nghu;f;F tpag;g[~
bra;a[spy; filrp vGj;njh rPnuh mirnah xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ ,iag[j; bjhil MFk;.
`bkhHpna~ vd;Dk; brhy; monjhWk; te;J ,iaghf mike;Js;sJ. monjhWk; @d;whk;
rPupy; bre;jkpH;/ xz;lkpH;/ xspu;jkpH;/ tz;lkpH;/ jdpj;jkpH;/ jz;lkpH; vd;Dk; brhw;fs; te;J
ghlYf;F ,iaghf mike;Js;sd.
mzp eak;:
`nfhtpYf;F mHF kzp
bra;a[Sf;F mHF mzp~
,g;ghlypy; `bkhHp~ vd;w brhy; xnu bghUspy; gyKiw te;J brhw;bghUl; gpd;tU
epiyazpiaf; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
ghtif : vz;rPu; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;.
bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk;: 23

brhw;fis ,izj;Jg; g[jpa brhw;fis cUthf;Ff.

njd;/ tpsf;F/ kiH/ tpz;/ kzp/ tpy=;F/ bra;/ nkfiy/ thd;/ bghd;/ g{.
v.fh: g{kzp
g[jpa brhw;fs;:
bghd;tpy=;F bghd;kzp bra;thd; tpz;kzp
kzpnkfiy bghd; tpsf;F njd;g{ njd;kiH
thd;kiH bra;njd; tpsf;Fthd; g{tpy=;F
g{kiH

Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz;L tpdhtpnyna tpil ,Ug;gJ nghd;W tpdhj;bjhlu;fs; mikf;f.

,ay; 1
Fwspd;gk;/ Ritf;fhj ,sePu;/ fhg;gpar; Rit/ kdpjFy nkd;ik/ tpLKiwehs;
v.fh: Fwspd;gj;jpy; jpisf;fhj jkpHd; cz;lh>
Ritf;fhj ,sePu; : kd;dd; Ritf;fhj ,sePu; cz;nlh>
fhg;gpar; Rit : fk;gu; fhyj;jpy; fhg;gpar; Rit cr;repiyapy; ,Ue;jnjh>
kdpjFy nkd;ik : ,e;E}w;whz;oy; kdpjFy nkd;ik rpwg;g[w;W tps=;Ffpwnjh>
tpLKiwehs; : njnuhl;lk; md;W tpLKiw ehs; vd mwptpf;fg;gLkh>
vz;Qg;bgau;fisf; fz;L/ jkpH; vz;fspy; vGJf.
bra;a[s; mo vz;Qg; bgau; jkpH; vz;
ehw;wpira[k; bry;yhj ehoy;iy ehd;F ௪
vWk;g[e;jd; ifahy; vz;rhz; vl;L ௮
Ie;Jrhy;g[ Cd;wpa J}z; Ie;J ௫
ehYk; ,uz;Lk; brhy;Yf;F cWjp ehd;F/ ,uz;L ௪௨
Mid Mapuk; mkupil btd;w khztDf;F tFg;gJ guzp Mapuk; ௧௦௦௦
 www.nammakalvi.in
44 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[

mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
mltp/ mty;/ Rty;/ brW/ gHdk;/ g[wt[.
mltp ? fhL/ jpus;/ bjhFjp/ nrhiy
mty; ? gs;sk;/ tpisepyk;/ Fsk;/ bey; ,oay;
Rty; ? gplup/ KJF/ nkL/ bjhy;iy
brW ? tay;/ Fsk;/ ghj;jp/ nfhgk;
gHdk; ? tay;/ kUjepyk;/ bgha;if
g[wt[ ? g[wh/ rpWfhL/ Ky;iyf;bfho/ gapupLk; epyk;

fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vGJf.

Fu=;F kuj;jpw;F kuk; jht[tJ nghy
ehs;njhWk; vij vijnah vz;zp
cdJ bgUikfis ,Hf;fpwha;.
fhuzk; cd; mwpt[g;g{l;L
,d;Dk; jpwf;fg;glhjnj-
cd; mwpt[g;g{l;ilj; jpw
thH;f;ifapy; btw;wp bgWtjw;fhd
bray;fspy; <LgL
cd; clYk; cs;sKk; brHpf;Fk;
thH;tpd; cau;tplj;jpy; ,Ug;gha; eP-

epw;f mjw;Fj; jf gf;fk;: 24

,d;brhy; tHp jPabrhy; tHp

,ay; 1

gpwu; kdk; kfpGk; gpwu; kdk; thLk;

mwk; tsUk; mwk; nja[k;
g[fH; bgUFk; ,fH; bgUFk;
ey;y ez;gu;fs; nrUtu; ey;y ez;gu;fs; tpyFtu;
md;g[ epiwa[k; gifik epiwa[k;

,jpy; eP=;fs; bry;Yk; tHp ahJ> c=;fs; ez;gUf;Ff; fhl;Lk; tHp ahJ>
eh=;fs; ,d;brhy; tHpiana gpd;gw;Wnthk;. v=;fs; ez;gUf;Fk; mt;tHpiana fhl;o
mtu;fisa[k; mt;tHpapd; go elf;fr; bra;nthk;.

fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
ŒŒ Vowel ? capbuGj;J  Monolingual ? xU bkhHp
ŒŒ Consonant ? bka;baGj;J  Conversation ? ciuahly;
ŒŒ Homograph ? xg;bgGj;J  Discussion ? fye;Jiuahly;

