CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

A. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO PURPOSE:

1. GENERAL-PURPOSE COMPUTERS

These computers are designed to solve wide variety of problems from different fields. The hardware and
the software of such system are adaptable totally different environments. These Computer are used for
different purpose like inventory Control, Record keeping , Accounting, payroll etc.

2. SPECIAL-PURPOSE COMPUTERS

These computers are designed to handle a specific problem or to perform a specific task.

Examples: collecting highway tolls, airline reservations, satellite tracking control and industrial process
control.

1. Computer used for Process Control in an industry.

2. Bio-medical X-ray instrument used only for X-ray.

3. ECG machine which is used for ECG test

4. CCG machine which is used for CCG test

5. Electronic digital blood pressure instrument

6. Computer system used for desktop publishing

 7. Computer used for air-traffic control.

8. Computer system which is used in Robots.

B. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO TYPE OF DATA HANDLED

1. ANALOG COMPUTER

A computing machine that operates on data in the form of continuously variable physical quantities is
known as analog computer. These computers do not deal directly with the numbers. They measure
continuous physical magnitudes (e.g. temperature, pressure and voltage), which are analogous to the
numbers under consideration. For example, the petrol pump may have an analog computer that
converts the flow of pumped petrol into two measurements: the quantity of petrol and the price of that
quantity.

2. DIGITAL COMPUTER

A computer that operates with information, numerical or otherwise, represented in a digital form is
known as digital computer. Such computers process data (including text, sound, graphics and video) into
a digital value (in 0s and 1s). In digital computers, analog quantities must be converted into digital
quantity before processing. In this case, the output will also be digital. If analog output is desired, the
digital output has to be converted into analog quantity. The components, which perform these
conversions, are the essential parts or peripherals of the digital computer.

 Digital computers can give the results with more accuracy and at a faster rate. The accuracy of
such computers is limited only by the size of their registers and memory. The desktop PC is a
classic example of digital computer.

3. HYBRID COMPUTER

Hybrid computer incorporated the measuring feature of an analog computer and counting
feature of a digital computer. For computational purposes, these computers use the analog
components and for the storage of intermediate results, digital memories are used.

C. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO CAPACITY

1. SUPER COMPUTERS

These are the fastest & most expensive modern computer systems. They are usually not used
for normal data processing, but for intense mathematical calculations such as forecasting the weather,
or super high resolution graphics such as ray-traced
images. Nevertheless, for very large systems such as the
customs-clearance system in the port of a development
country, all the government departments are linked to a
super-computer which is then able To produce all the
necessary documentation for clearance in just a few
minutes, compared to several days under the older
manual systems.

There are also many complex scientific &

engineering applications which require enormous
processing speed & power.

 They are huge computers installed in space

centers, nuclear power stations etc.

 They are used for performing complex mathematical calculations.

 Only scientists and mathematicians can operate them.

 They are having huge memories & tremendous processing speed.

 They are used for weather forecasting, animation graphics etc.

2. MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even

thousands, of users simultaneously. In the hierarchy
that starts with a simple microprocessor (in watches,
for example) at the bottom and moves to
supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below
supercomputers. In some ways, mainframes are more
powerful than supercomputers because they support
more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can
execute a single program faster than a mainframe.
 
They are big computer systems sensitive to temperature, humidity, dust etc.

 Qualified & trained operators are required to operate them.

 They have wide range of peripherals attached.

 They have large storage capacity.

 They can use wide variety of software.

 They are not user friendly.

 They can be used for more mathematical calculations.

 They are installed in large commercial places or government organizations.

3. MINI COMPUTERS

A midsized computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie between workstations and
mainframes. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has
blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstations. But in general,
a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users
simultaneously.

 They have less memory & storage capacity than mainframe computers.

 They offer limited range of peripherals.

 Limited range of software can be used by them.

 The end users can directly operate it.

 
They are not very sensitive to the external environment and hence
are more generalized.

 They are used for data processing.

PDA – Personal Digital Assistant

 Like Mini computer in a general sense

 Smaller than laptops (can be called Palmtops)

 Used to store information used frequently wherever you go

 Nowadays work with smart cards which has all the information of a
user and his/her transactions

C. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO CAPACITY

4. MICRO COMPUTERS

A micro computer is a small, low-cost digital computer, which usually consists of a microprocessor, a
storage unit, an input channel and an output channel, all of which may be on one chip inserted into
one or several PC boards. The addition of a power supply and connecting cables, appropriate
peripherals (keyboard, monitor, printer, disk drives and others), an operating system and other
software programs can provide a complete micro computer system. The micro computer is
generally the smallest of the computer family. Originally, these computers were designed only for
individual users, but nowadays they have become powerful tools for many businesses that, when
networked together, can serve more than one user.

 They brought revolution in the history of computers.

 They are also known as Personal Computers.

 They are cheap and user friendly.

 The main components are Monitor, CPU, Keyboard, Mouse, Speakers, Modem and
Printer.

 They are having limited peripherals attached to them.

 This type of computers can use wide range of software.

 They are used as desktops either in offices or even homes.

 
Their operation can be easily learnt by anyone having logical aptitude.

 Children enjoy playing games & watching movies in these computers.

 Most popular micro computer’s processing chip manufacturing company is Intel.

Desktop Computer or Personal Computer (PC)

 is the most common type of microcomputer. It is a stand-alone machine that can be placed on
the desk. Externally, it consists of three units—keyboard, monitor, and a system unit containing
the CPU, memory, hard disk drive, etc. It is not very expensive and is suited to the needs of a
single user at home, small business units, and organizations. Apple, Microsoft, HP, Dell and
Lenovo are some of the PC manufacturers.

Notebook Computers or Laptop

 They are portable and have all the features of a

desktop computer. The advantage of the laptop is that
it is small in size (can be put inside a briefcase), can be
carried anywhere, has a battery backup and has all the
functionality of the desktop. Laptops can be placed on
the lap while working (hence the name). Laptops are
costlier than the desktop machines.

Netbook

 These are smaller notebooks optimized for low weight

and low cost, and are designed for accessing web-
based applications. Starting with the earliest netbook
in late 2007, they have gained significant popularity
now. Netbooks deliver the performance needed to
enjoy popular activities like streaming videos or music,
emailing, Web surfing or instant messaging. The word
netbook was created as a blend of Internet and
notebook.

Tablet Computer

Has features of the notebook computer but it can accept input from a stylus or a pen instead of
the keyboard or mouse. It is a portable computer. Tablet computer are the new kind of PCs.
 

Handheld Computer or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

 is a small computer that can be held on the top of

the palm. It is small in size. Instead of the
keyboard, PDA uses a pen or a stylus for input.
PDAs do not have a disk drive. They have a limited
memory and are less powerful. PDAs can be
connected to the Internet via a wireless
connection. Casio and Apple are some of the
manufacturers of PDA. Over the last few years,
PDAs have merged into mobile phones to create
smart phones.

Smart Phones

 are cellular phones that function both as a phone and as a small PC. They may use a stylus or a
pen, or may have a small keyboard. They can be connected to the Internet wirelessly. They are
used to access the electronic-mail, download music, play games, etc. Blackberry, Apple, HTC,
Nokia and LG are some of the manufacturers of smart phones.
 PARTS OF COMPUTER

Primary parts

SYSTEM UNIT

• SYSTEM UNIT is the part of a computer that houses the

primary devices that perform operations and produce
results for complex calculations. It includes the
motherboard, CPU, RAM and other components, as well
as the case in which these devices are housed.

• It performs the majority of the functions that a

computer is required to do.

MONITOR

• MONITOR is the main output component used on a PC.

It’s where the computer is able to show you what you
are doing.

MOUSE

• MOUSE is a pointing device that controls the movement

of a pointer/cursor on the screen.

KEYBOARD

• KEYBOARD is the set of typewriter-like keys that enables

you to enter data into a computer.

Other Parts/Peripheral Devices

SPEAKER

• SPEAKER are used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected with
cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer.

• It is an output device which gives the user auditory feedback regarding the state of the
computer.

PRINTER

• PRINTER It is a device that helps you to print what you see on monitor on a paper.

• a printer is a peripheral which produces a hard copy (permanent readable text and/or graphics)
of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or
transparencies.

SCANNER

• SCANNER is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages,
and similar sources for computer editing and display.

Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)

• AVR is a hardware device used to maintain a voltage to electronic devices.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

• UPS is a device that allows your computer to keep running for at least a short time when the
primary power source is lost. It also provides protection from power surges. A UPS contains a
battery that "kicks in" when the device senses a loss of power from the primary source.

BACK PANEL CONNECTORS AND PORTS

CONNECTORS

• a device for keeping two parts of an electric circuit in contact.

PORTS

A computer port is a physical docking point using which an external device can be connected to the
computer.
A computer port can also be programmatic docking point through which information flows
from a program to computer or over the internet.

CHARACTERISTIC

• External devices are connected to a computer using cables and ports.

• Ports are slots on the motherboard into which a cable of external device is plugged in.

• Examples of external devices attached via ports are mouse, keyboard, monitor, microphone ,
speakers etc.
Port connectors may be male or female, but female connectors are much more common. Bent pins are
easier to replace on a cable than on a connector attached to a computer, so it was common to use
female connectors for the fixed side of an interface.

PS/2 P0RT

Used to connect mouse and Keyboards to the computer.

PS/2 Port

• Used for old computer keyboard and mouse

• Also called mouse port.

• Most of the old computers provide two PS/2 port, each for mouse and keyboard.

• Also known as IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port.

KB-AT Port

Used to connect older style Keyboards to the computer.

SERIAL PORT

Used to connect older mouse to the computer

Also used for Network connections and for connecting

devices such as Digital Cameras or PALM HostSyncs.

Serial Port

• Used for external modems and older computer mouse.

• Two versions: 9 pin, 25 pin model.

Data travels at 115 kilobits per second.

RGB DISPLAY PORT/VGA PORT Used to the Monitor to

the computer

(RGB stands for Red/Green/Blue).

VGA Port

• Connects monitor to a computer's video card.

• Has 15 holes.

• Similar to serial port connector but serial port connector has pins, it has holes.

AUXILLARY PORT

Used to connect Joysticks, Game

Controllers, and MIDIs (Musical Instrument Data
Interface) to the computer.

PARALLEL PORT

Used to connect Printers and Scanners to the computer.

Parallel Port

• Used for scanners and printers

• Also called printer port.

• 25 pin model.

• Also known as IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port.

USB PORT

Universal Serial Bus

Used to connect any type of device to the computer - Printer, Scanner, Mouse, Keyboard, MP3 Player,….

Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port

• Can connect all kind of external USB devices such as external hard disk, printer, scanner, mouse,
 • keyboard etc.

• Introduced in 1997.

• Most of the computers provide two USB port as minimum.

• Data travels at 12 meg abits per seconds

• USB compliant devices can g et power from a USB port

Power Connector

• Three-pronged plug

• Connects to the computer's power cable that plug s into a power bar or wall socket.

Firewire Port

• Transfer large amounts of data at very fast speed.

• Connects camcorders and video equipment to the

computer

• Data travels at 400 to 800 mega bits per seconds

• Invented by Apple

• Three variants: 4-Pin FireWire 400 connector, 6-Pin

FireWire 400 connector and 9-Pin FireWire 800 connector

Ethernet Port

• Connects to a network and high speed Internet

• Connect network cable to a computer.

• This port resides on an Eternet Card.

• Data travels at 10 meg abits to 1000 meg abits per seconds depending upon the network
bandwidth
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)

• is a compact audio/video interface for transferring uncompressed video data and

compressed or uncompressed digital audio data from a HDMI-compliant source device
to a compatible computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital
audiodevice. HDMI is a digital replacement for existing analog video standards.

Digital Video Interface , DVI port

• Connect a Flat panel LCD monitors to the computer's high end video graphic cards.

• Very popular among video card manufacturers.

MOTHERBOARD AND ITS CLASSIFICATION

WHAT IS MOTHERBOARD?

The most important part of a PC is the motherboard.

It holds:

• the processor chip

• memory chips

• chips that handle input/output (I/O)

• the expansion slots for connecting peripherals

Some chips are soldered onto the motherboard(permanent), and some are removable (so they can be
upgraded).
FUNCTION OF MOTHERBOARD

 It integrates all Hardware components into one

system

 Allows all parts of your computer to receive

power and communicate with one another.

HOW TO CHOOSE MOTHERBOARD?

1. SPEED
2. UPGRADE CAPABILITIES

3. SIZE AND SHAPE (FORM FACTOR)

INTEGRATED MOTHERBOARD

 Components are in built in the motherboard.

 Designed for simplicity.

 When one component in the board is broken or stops working you have to replace the whole
board

 Cheaper to produce but mor expensive to repair.

NON INTEGRATED MOTHERBOARD

 The major assemblies like Video circuitry, disk controllers, and accessories are installed on the

Computer as expansion cards.

 Can easily Identify the Non-integrated motherboards by their expansion slots usually

occupied by one of the components.

STORAGE DEVICES

Primary storage: is the storage provided by memory in a computer system

e.g. ROM/RAM.

Secondary storage: is storage provided by peripheral devices other than memory

Secondary storage: is required in a computer system for three reasons

1. The content of memory is usually volatile, which means that if power is disconnected the data is
lost.

2. The capacity in megabytes of memory is limited.

3. Memory is more expensive than secondary storage.

Several types of disks may be used for Secondary storage.

• Floppy disks

• Hard disks

• Optical disks (including CD-ROM, writeable CD, DVD

• Backup Storage Devices e.g. tape

READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)

When a computer is first switched on, it needs to load up the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and
basic instructions for the hardware.

These are stored in ROM (Read Only Memory).

This type of memory is called non-volatile because it retains the data.

Data stored in ROM remains there even when the computer is switched off.

ROM can be found on the motherboard.

RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

Computers store temporary data in the RAM. These could be operating instructions, loose bits of
data or content from programs that are running.

The contents of RAM are constantly rewritten as the data is processed.

When the computer is switched off, all the data is cleared from the RAM.

This type of memory is called volatile because it only stores the data whilst the computer is switched
on.

RAM sticks are found on the motherboard.

PRIMARY STORAGE

HARD DISK DRIVES

✓ The Hard Drive is the DEVICE which reads & writes to the Hard Disk

✓ The Hard Disk is the STORAGE MEDIA

✓ It’s Magnetic media

✓ Data is stored magnetically onto tracks on the disk

✓ Disk rotates at high speed – passing under the read/write heads

✓ Read/write heads READ the data into main memory and WRITE data back to the disk after it has
been dealt with

✓ Uses

✓ Stores software

✓ Stores your data files

✓ Advantages

✓ Large storage capacity

✓ Stored items are not lost when the computer is switched off.

✓ Usually fixed inside the computer, so can’t get lost.

✓ Disadvantages

✓ Slower than IAS

✓ If the hard disk crashes the computer will not work & you have lost your work!!!

SECONDARY STORAGE

FLOPPY DISK

A floppy disk is a low capacity disk which may be removed from the computer.

There are two types:

1. Those holding a small amount of data (typically 1.44 Mb

2. And ‘Super floppies’ known as ZIP disks (typically 100 Mb

Data may be written to and read from a floppy. A small notch can be used to make the disk read-
only

FLOPPY DISKS AND DRIVES

✓ Uses

✓ To keep personal data

 ✓ Keep extra copies of data

✓ Advantages

✓ Can be carried with you

✓ Disadvantages

✓ Limited capacity (typically 1.44Mb)

✓ Unlikely to store your ICT coursework on one disk

FLOPPY DISK

They are small lightweight and easy to transport.

Ideal for backups of small amounts of data or for transfer of data from one machine to another.

Floppy Drives are common to most if not all computers.

OPTICAL DISK DRIVES

✓ CD Rom

✓ Compact Disk Read Only Memory

✓ Known as WORM devices Write Once Read Many times.

✓ Uses

✓ Storing software

✓ Reference material (multimedia)

✓ Advantages

✓ Data cannot be erased

✓ Portable

✓ Much larger capacity than floppy disks (about 650Mb)

 ✓ Disadvantages

✓ Can get lost

✓ Can’t write data to a CD Rom

✓ Data access can be slower than a hard drive.

✓ CD Rewriter

✓ Uses

✓ Back up software & data files

✓ Copy music files

✓ Advantages

✓ Portable

✓ Can store much larger files than floppy disks

✓ Disadvantages

✓ Can get lost

✓ Can’t always be read in some Optical drives

CD-R and CD-RW Discs and Recorders

CD-R

✓ Discs can be read and written to

✓ Discs can only be written to “once”

✓ CD-R drives are capable of reading and writing data

CD-RW

✓ Discs can be read and written to

 ✓ Discs are erasable

✓ Discs can be written to many times

✓ CD-RW drives are capable of reading, writing, and erasing data

SOLID STATE STORAGE DEVICES

✓ Solid state storage devices use nonvolatile memory chips to retain data.

✓ They do not have moving parts.

✓ They are small, lightweight, reliable, and portable.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

WHAT IS A NETWORK COMPUTER?

A computer network is an interconnected group of computers.

In general, the term network can refer to any interconnected group or system. More specifically, a network is
any method of sharing information between two systems (human or mechanical).

BENEFITS OF SHARING INFORMATION VIA NETWORK

In addition to reducing hardware costs by sharing expensive printers and other peripherals among multiple
users, networks provide additional benefits to the users.

• Software and data files can be shared for access by multiple users
• Electronic mail or e-mail can be sent and received
• Collaboration features allow contributions by multiple users to a single document
• Remote-control programs can be used to troubleshoot problems or show new users how to perform
a task

SHARED HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Virtually, any storage or output device can be shared over a network, but the most common devices to be
used over a network include:

• Printers
• Disk drives
• CD-ROM and optical drives
• Modems
• Fax
• Tape backup units

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

 Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer
network. Essentially, it is the topological structure of a network, and may be depicted physically or
 logically. Physical topology refers to the placement of the network's various components,
including device location and cable installation, while logical topology shows how data flows within
a network, regardless of its physical design

TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY

TYPES OF PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY

BUS TOPOLOGY
  In local area networks where bus topology is used, each node is connected to a single cable. Each
computer or server is connected to the single bus cable. A
signal from the source travels in both directions to all machines connected on the bus cable until it finds
the intended recipient. If the machine address does not match the intended address for the data,
the machine ignores the data. Alternatively, if the data matches the machine address, the data is
accepted. Since the bus topology consists of only one wire, it is rather inexpensive to implement.
Terminators stop signals after reaching end of wire

Advantages-

 Relatively inexpensive to implement  Easy

to install and use.

 Cables are less used then star or ring topology.

Disadvantages-

 Disorder in any node may lead to failure of entire data transmission.

 It is difficult to add a new node to the structure.

STAR TOPOLOGY

 In local area networks with a star topology, each

network host is connected to a central hub with a point- to-point connection. In Star topology every node
(computer workstation or any other peripheral) is connected to central node called hub or switch. The
switch is the server and the peripherals are the clients. The network does not necessarily have to resemble a
star to be classified as a star network, but all of the nodes on the network must be connected to one central
device. All traffic that traverses the network passes through the central hub. The hub acts as a signal
repeater. The star topology is considered the easiest topology to design and implement.

Advantages-

 An advantage of the star topology is the simplicity of adding additional nodes.

 Good option for modern networks
 Low startup costs
 Easy to maopportunities nage
 Offers for expansion
 Most popular topology in use; wide variety of equipment available
Disadvantages-

 Hub is a single point of failure

 Requires more cable than the bus

RING TOPOLOGY

 A network topology that is set up in a circular fashion in which data travels around the ring in one
direction and each device on the ring acts as a repeater to keep the signal strong as it travels. Each
device incorporates a receiver for the incoming signal and a transmitter to send the data on to the
next device in the ring. The network is dependent on the ability of the signal to travel around the
 ring. When a device sends data, it must travel through each device on the ring until it reaches its
destination. Every node is a critical link.

Advantages-

 Easier to manage; easier to locate a defective node or cable problem

 Handles high-volume network traffic
 Enables reliable communication
Disadvantage-

 Expensive
 Requires more cable and network equipment at the start
 Not used as widely as bus topology
 Fewer equipment options
 TREE TOPOLOGY

 This particular type of network topology is based on a hierarchy of nodes. The highest level of any
tree network consists of a single, 'root' node, this node connected either a single (or, more
commonly, multiple) node(s) in the level below by (a) point-to-point link(s). These lower level nodes
are also connected to a single or multiple nodes in the next level down. Each node in the network
has a specific, fixed number of nodes connected to it at the next lower level in the hierarchy, this
number referred to as the 'branching factor' of the tree

Advantages –

 It is scalable. Secondary nodes allow more devices to be connected to a central node.

 Point to point connection of devices.
 Having different levels of the network makes it more manageable hence easier fault identification
and isolation.
Disadvantages-

 Maintenance of the network may be an issue when the network spans a great area.
 Since it is a variation of bus topology, if the backbone fails, the entire network is crippled.
 MESH TOPOLOGY

 It is also known as graph topology. In this topology each node is connected in another node
“Directly". So there is a mesh in the network as there are so many wires that are
connected to each and every node.
 Fully Connected- A fully connected network is a communication network in which each of the nodes
is connected to each other. A fully connected network doesn't need to use switching nor
broadcasting.
 Partially Connected- The type of network topology in which some of the nodes of the network are
connected to more than one other node in the network with a point-to-point link.
Fully ConnectedMeshTopology
 Partially ConnectedMesh
Topology

NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

 Network operating systems co-ordinate the activities of multiple computers across a network
 The two major types of network OS are:
 Peer-to-peer
 Client/server
 PEER TO PEER NETWORK OS

 In peer to peer network OS, there is no file server or central

management source; all computers are considered equal
 Peer to peer networks are design primarily for small to
medium LANS
 AppleShare and Windows for Workgroups are examples of
programs that can function as peer to peer

CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK OS

 Client/server network OS centralize functions and applications

in one or more dedicated file servers.
 The file server provides access to resources and provides
security.
 Novel Netware and Windows NT Server are examples of
client/server network operating systems.

Types of Networks css

PESONAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

• A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer
devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that may be used in a PAN are printers, fax
machines, telephones, PDA’s or scanners. The reach of a PAN is typically within about 20-30
feet (approximately 6-9 meters).

• Personal area networks may be wired with computer buses such as and FireWire. A wireless personal
area network (WPAN) can also be made possible with network technologies such as Bluetooth. USB]

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

 • A network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or building. Current LANs are most
likely to be based on Ethernet technology. For example, a library will have a wired or wireless LAN for
users to interconnect local devices (e.g., printers and servers) and to connect to the internet.
• All of the PCs in the library are connected by category 5 (Cat5) cable, running the IEEE 802.3 protocol
through a system of interconnection devices and eventually connect to the internet. The cables to
the servers are on Cat 5e enhanced cable, which will support IEEE 802.3 at 1 GB/s.

CLIENT SERVER VS. PEER TO PEER NETWORK

Although every computer on a LAN is connected to every other, they do not necessarily mean all
communicate with each other. There are two basic types of LAN, based on communication patterns between
the machines, called client/server networks and peer-to-peer networks

CLIENT SERVER NETWORK

Every computer has a distinct role, that of either a client or a server. A server is designed to share its
resources among client computers on the network. The Client/Server is composed of:

 Servers

 Clients

SERVERS

These are located in secured areas, such as locked closets and data centers, because they hold the
organization's most valuable data and do not have the accessed by operators on a continuous basis.

The server runs a special network operating system such as: Windows NT Server, Windows
2000 or Novell Netware.
CLIENTS

The rest of the computers on the network functions as client. A client standard PC that is running an
operating system such as DOS or Windows.

PEER TO PEER NETWORK

In a peer-to-peer network, every computer is equal and can communicate with other computer on a network
to which it has been granted access rights. Essentially, every computer in this network functions as both
server and client. Peer-to-peer network can be as small as two computers as many as hundreds of units.

There is no theoretical limit to the size of a peer-to-peer network, performance drops significantly and
security becomes a major headache on peer -based network with more than 10 computers.

Also, Microsoft imposes a 10-station limit on computers running Windows 2000 Professional who are sharing
resources with other system. For this reason, it is better you switch to a client/server network when your
network climbs to 10 stations.

CAMPUS AREA NETWORK (CAN)

A network that connects two or more LANs but that is limited to a specific and contiguous
geographical area such as a college campus, industrial complex, or a military base.
A CAN may be considered a type of MAN (metropolitan area network), but is generally limited to an
area that is smaller than a typical MAN.
This term is most often used to discuss the implementation of networks for a contiguous area. This
should not be confused with a Controller Area Network.
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

• A Metropolitan Area Network is a network that connects two or more Local Area Networks or
Campus Area Networks together but does not extend beyond the boundaries of the immediate town,
city, or metropolitan area. Multiple routers, switches & hubs are connected to create a MAN.

Example of Metropolitan
GLOBAL AREA NETWORK

• Global area networks (GAN) specifications are in development by several groups, and there is no
common definition. In general, however, a GAN is a model for supporting mobile communications
across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc.
 • The key challenge in mobile communications is "handing off" the user communications from one
local coverage area to the next. In IEEE Project 802, this involves a succession of terrestrial Wireless
Local Area Network

INTERNET

• A specific internetwork, consisting of a worldwide interconnection of governmental, academic,

public, and private networks based upon the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
(ARPANET) developed by
ARPA of the U.S. Department of Defense – also home to the World Wide

Web (WWW) and referred to as the 'Internet' with a capital 'I' to distinguish it from other generic
internetworks.

• Participants in the Internet, or their service providers, use IP Addresses obtained from
address registries that control assignments. Service providers and large enterprises also exchange
information on the reach ability of their address ranges through the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).
MATERIALS AND TOOLS NEEDED IN CONFIGURATION TASKS

CONNECTORS

• It is used to connect external devices to the computer system

 ADAPTER

• A piece of
hardware that
plugs into an
expansion slot
your computer.
in

WIRES AND CABLES

• It is used to connect computers for network.
•

computer.
APPROPRIATE SOFTWARE

-this software packages are

used to install new drivers
needed in setting up your
COMPUTER STORAGE MEDIA

• These help you in saving data and providing

backup for your files such as diskette, compact
disc, flash drives and memory cards.
 REFERENCE BOOK
• These are books that will provide topics about networking or related books on computer.

MANUALS

• These provide instructions for certain operation or task

CABLE TIE

• - It is used to organized wires and cables used in connecting computers to avoid tangling.

Tools/ testing devices needed in the configuration task:

 Screw drivers
• Flat screw driver is used to fasten negative slotted screws.

• Philips Screw driver is used to fasten positive slotted screws

 Pliers
• Side Cutter pliers is used for cutting and trimming of connecting wires or terminal
leads in the circuit board.
 • Long nose pliers is used for holding, bending and stretching the lead of electronics
component and connecting wire

 Soldering iron/gun
It is used to join two or more metal conductors with the support of soldering lead melted
around it

 Multi-tester
It is used by technician for measuring current, voltage and resistance.

 Magnifying glass
It is a device made of glass with handle. It exaggerates or
increase the apparent size of an object

 Safety apparel suit (coverall)

It is used by the person for body protection.

• Anti-static wrist strap

It absorbs the static electricity of the material when being hold by
the hands

 Tweezers
It is used to hold the small sensitive part of the computer.
  Mini-vacuum cleaner
It is used for cleaning sensitive parts of the computer. “Network Tools,
Equipment, Materials & Testing Devices

Network Tools

• Crimping tool

- A crimping tool is a tool designed to crimp or connect

a connector to the end of a cable. For example,
network cables and phone cables are created using
a crimping tool to connect the RJ45 and RJ-11
connectors to the end of the cable.

- Wire stripper

- A tool designed to remove the protective

covering off of a cable to expose the inner
wires.
• Electric Hand Drill with Drill bit

- Is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment or

driving tool attachment, usually a
drill bit or driver bit, used for boring holes in various
materials or fastening various materials
together with the use of fasteners.
-
-
Network Equipment

• Patch panel

- A patch panel, patch bay, patch field or

jack field is a device or unit featuring a
number of jacks, usually of the same or
similar type, for the use of connecting and
routing circuits for monitoring,
interconnecting, and testing circuits in a
convenient, flexible manner.
Patch panels are commonly used in computer networking, recording studios, and
radio and television.
• Network Hub

- When referring to a network, a hub is the most basic networking device that
connects multiple computers or other network
devices together. Unlike a network switch or router,
a network hub has no routing tables or intelligence
on where to send information and broadcasts all
network data across each connection.

• Network Switch
 - A network switch (also called switching
hub, bridging hub, officially MAC Bridge) is
a computer networking device that
connects devices together on a computer
network, by using packet switching to
receive, process and forward data to the
destination device. Unlike less
advanced network hubs, a network switch
forwards data only to one or multiple devices that need to receive it, rather than
broadcasting the same data out of each of its ports.

• Network Controller/Network Interface Card

- A network interface controller (NIC, also known

as a network interface card, network adapter,
LAN adapter or physical network interface
and by similar terms) is a
computer hardware component that
connects a computer to a computer
network.

• Wireless Router

- A wireless router is a device that performs the functions of

a router and also includes the functions of a wireless
access point. It is used to provide access to the Internet or
a private computer network. It can function in a wired LAN
(local area network), in a wireless-only LAN (WLAN),
or in a mixed wired/wireless network,
depending on the manufacturer and model.

• Wireless Access point

 - In computer networking, a wireless access point(AP) is a
device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired
network using Wi-Fi, or related standards. The AP usually
connects to a router (via a wired network) as a standalone
device, but it can also be an integral component of the
router itself.

• Printer

• In computing, a printer is a peripheral which makes a

persistent human readable representation of graphics or
text on paper or similar physical media. Cable

• Tester/Network Tester

- A cable tester is a device that is used to test the strength and connectivity of a
particular type of cable or other wired assemblies. There are a number of different
types of cable testers, each able to test a specific type of cable or wire (some may
be able to test different types of cables or wires). The cable
tester can test whether a cable or wire is set up properly,
connected to the appropriate source points, and if the
communication strength between the source and destination
is strong enough to serve its intended purpose. The picture is
an example of a cable tester from TRENDnet.

Network Materials

• RJ 45
 - Short for Registered Jack-45, an eight-wire connector
used commonly to connect computers onto local-area
networks (LAN), especially Ethernets. RJ45
connectors look similar to the ubiquitous RJ-11
connectors used for connecting telephone equipment, but
they are somewhat wider.

• Modular Box

- Use to in a large building, usually place on the wall to

connect telephone lines or network cable easily.

• Raceway

• A raceway (sometimes referred to as a raceway system) is an

enclosed conduit that forms a physical pathway for electrical
wiring. Raceways protect wires and cables from heat,
humidity, corrosion, water intrusion and general physical
threats.

• UTP Cable

- Unshielded Twisted Pair cable is most certainly by far the

most popular cable around the world. UTP cable is used not
only for networking but also for the traditional telephone.

Network Personal Protective Equipment

• Protective eyewear

- is protective gear for the eyes, which comes in many types

depending upon the threat that is to be reduced. The
threats can be particles, light, wind blast, heat, sea
spray or some type of ball or puck used in sports.
 • Gloves

A glove is a garment covering the whole hand. Gloves have separate

sheaths or openings for each finger and the thumb; if there is an
opening but no covering sheath for each finger they are called
"fingerless gloves".

• Working clothes

- is clothing worn for work, especially work that involves manual

labour. Often those employed within trade industries elect
to be outfitted in workwear because it is built to provide
durability and safety.
- NETWORK CABLING CONFIGURATION

UTP Cable

A UTP cable (category 5) is one of the most popular LAN cables. This cable
consists of 4 twisted pairs of metal wires (that means there are 8 wires in the cable). Adding RJ45 connectors
at both ends of the UTP cable it becomes a LAN cable they usually use. Preparation

You need a UTP Cable, Crimping Tool, RJ45, and Cutter

Making Cable

Follow the steps below:

1. Remove the outmost vinyl shield for 12mm at one end of the cable (we call this side A-side).
2. Arrange the metal wires in parallel (refer the each section's wire arrangement table). Don't remove the
shield of each metal line.

3. Insert the metal wires into RJ45 connector on keeping the metal wire arrangement.
4. Set the RJ45 connector (with the cable) on the pliers, and squeeze it tightly.
5. Make the other side of the cable (we call this side B-side) in the same way.
6. After you made it, you don't need to take care of the direction of the cable. (Any cable in this page is
directionless --- that means you can set either end of the cable to either device.)

How to see the wire arrangement

Take the UTP cable with your left hand and a RJ45 connector with your right hand. Hold the RJ45
connector in the way you can see the contact metal face of the RJ45 connector.

The tables below are for the case where the UTP cable consists of green/green-white, orange/orange-white,
blue/blue-white, brown/brown-white twisted pairs.

10 Base T / 100 Base T Straight

10BaseT and 100BaseT are most common mode of LAN. You can use UTP category-5 cable for both
mode. (You can use UTP category-3 cable for 10BaseT, in which there are only 3 wires inside the cable.)

A straight cable is used to connect a computer to a hub. You can use it to connect 2 hubs in the case one of
the hubs has an uplink port (and you use normal port on the other hub).
 Pin ID side A side B
1 orange-white orange-white
2 orange green- orange green-
3 white blue white blue
4 blue-white blue-white
5 green brown- green brown-
6 white brown white brown
7
8
10 Base T / 100 Base T Cross
A cross cable for 10BaseT and 100BaseT is used to connect 2 computers directly (with ONLY the UTP
cable). It is also used when you connect 2 hubs with a normal port on both hubs. (In other words, the cross
cable is used relatively in a rare case.)
Pin ID side A side B
1 orange-white green-white
2 orange green
3 green-white orange-white
4 blue blue
5 blue-white blue-white
6 green orange
7 brown-white brown-white
8 brown brown

Configure Computer Network

How to Configure a Static IP Address in Windows 7

Sometimes in order to gain connectivity in certain

networks where a DHCP server is not running, the
configuration of a static IP address is required.

The steps required to setup up a static IP address

are rather straightforward, but the process is a bit
different from Windows Vista and XP.

Let’s go through the steps now and configure

a static IPv4 address in Windows 7.
Static IPv4 Configuration in Windows 7

The first thing that must be done is to gain access to the

Network and Sharing Center in Windows 7. This can be
done in one of two ways; the first way to access it is via
the control panel.

Select the Windows 7 or on the bottom left-hand corner

and select the control panel option as shown below:

There are several views which are available for the control panel;
by default the category view is used. When using the category
view the option that you need to select is called View network
status and Tasks, as highlighted below. This will bring you to the
Network and Sharing Center.

The second way to gain access to the Network and

Sharing Center is to utilize the network icon which is
displayed in the system tray when a network interface
has been enabled.

When this icon is right-clicked the option to open the

Network and Sharing Center is given as shown below:

Once the Network and Sharing Center is open there is an option which allows the change of adapter settings
which is shown in the upper left hand corner of the window. This is shown highlighted in the following figure
(click on the image to enlarge):
Once in the Network Connections window, an interface must be selected which is going to be configured
with the static IP address. In the following example, both a wired and wireless interface is shown as
examples.

For the purposes of this article the wired interface will be used as the interface being given a static IP
Address.
By right-clicking on the correct interface a sub-menu is shown; from this menu select the properties option.

Once the properties option is selected the interface properties windows will be displayed. This screen gives
the option to configure a number of different network parameters.

Since we want to change the interface

IPv4 IP address this option must be
selected from the window. Once this
option is selected the properties button
will be enabled; press the properties
button.
Once the properties button is pressed the IPv4 properties
window is displayed which shows that the interface is currently
configured to obtain both its IP address and its DNS server
information automatically.

In order to change to a static IP address the option to Use the following IP address must be selected; once
this is done the option to enter the IP address parameters is enabled and the Use the following DNS server
addresses option is selected.

For the purpose of this article the IP address

192.168.1.100 is used with a subnet mask of
255.255.255.0 and a default gateway of
192.168.1.1. The DNS server which will be
configured is 4.2.2.2.

Once these options have been entered on the screen simply press Ok on both property screens and the
configuration of a static IP is complete.
The knowledge of static IP configuration is vital in modern organizational environments as many do not
completely utilize automatic IP assignment; it is also vital knowledge when trying to troubleshoot IPv4.

Telecom OSP and Subscriber Installation (Cooper/Cable/POTS and DSL) Installing Pole Hardware, Cable
Terminal, Line Wire and Accessories

Glossary of Terms

• Ascending- Moving or progressing toward a higher level on poles by ladder or climbers

• Descending - Extending or directed downward on pole by ladder or climber First class

condition Explanation of the first-class condition is a simple logical connection between protasis
and apodosis, simplified as good and nothing to worry about.

• Line wire-Two copper wires (tip and ring) for each telephone line run from a home or other
small building to a local telephone exchange.

• Non-metallic construction - Minimizes potential wire abrasion and reduces the possibility of
magnetic interference with communication sign.

• OSP (Outside Plant) - Refers to all of the physical cabling and supporting infrastructure (such
as conduit, cabinets, tower or poles), and any associated hardware (such as repeaters) located
between a demarcation point in a switching facility and a demarcation point in another
switching center or customer premises.

• Personal protective equipment (PPE) - Refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or

other garment or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury by blunt impacts,
electrical hazards, heat, chemicals, and infection, for job-related occupational safety and health
purposes

• Pre-cautions - A measure taken in advance to avert possible evil or to secure good results

LIST OF MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT.

ADJUSTABLE WRENCH
 Used for tightening and loosening various cable equipment like clamps, bolts & screws.

STEEL TAPE
Used for measuring short distances on cable or in lead sheath available in standard reel

SCREWDRIVER - Used for driving screw available in many sizes, 6”, 12”, 16”

CABLE PUNCHER - Used to punch hole on cable of polyethylene jacket to permit placement of bullet
bond clip.
LINEMANS’S KNIFE- Same as polyethylene knife but a smaller version and is folding knife.

LONG NOSE PLIERS - Have long slender jaws that are flat on the inside used for such purposes as
gripping small particles reaching places not accessible by hand

DIAGONAL SIDE CUTTER - Equipped with cutting jaws that are cut at an angle of about 15 degrees
used for wire cutting and in general of any work of this type.

BRIDLE RING- Reduces potential wire abrasion, minimizes magnetic interference to communication
signals, and is easier to install. The shape and flexibility of the improved bridle ring enable it to be
opened wider than existing metallic bridle rings, allowing easier insertion of wires. Non-metallic
construction minimizes potential wire abrasion and reduces the possibility of magnetic interference with
communication sign
CABLE CLAMP - Provide a means of securing the end of an outside plant (OSP) or
Intra Facility Cable (IFC) to a cable plate. Cable diameters must be between 0.4 and 1.2 inches (1.02 to
3.05 cm). Additional components are included with the OSP clamp kit for grounding metallic parts of the
cable such as metallic strength members or metallic sheaths.

CABLE DISTRIBUTION POINT DP (distribution point) or cable terminal serves as the point
for connection of line wire from the main cable to subscriber premise

. CABLE SUPPORT/TIES - thin plastic or nylon fastening device that locks when the point on one end
is threaded through the loop on the other.
COLLAPSIBLE SIGNS Early warning device or signage to Protect worker from accident.

EXTENSION LADDER.- Is on the most important cable splicers equipment made of fiber glass on a
strap attached on a messenger wire on an aerial operations and place on a pole when testing on
terminals.

CRIMPING TOOL Is a splicing tool especially made for crimping connectors [UY, UR, UG]
HARD HAT - Protect worker from falling object or debris

SAFETY BELT AND STRAP - Used to support workman while working ladders or any location when
it affords safely to the wearer and at the same time it allows freedom of the arms, hands and feet in the
performance of the required task.

Rules for Hand Tools

1. Use your Personal Protective Equipment

2. Choose the right tool for the job.
3. Make sure the tools you select for the job are in first-class condition
4. Use tools properly
GUIDES IN CLIMBING AND WORKING ON POLE

1. The hard hat must be worn all the time while working aloft. It is protective equipment designed
to protect the head from being struck by falling objects or from striking against objects that may
cause head injuries.

2. Where there is an existing hazard against high tension voltages, the rubber gloves must be
worn. This equipment resists sparks, moderate heat and high voltages. For heavy duty work, the
leather gloves must be worn. Like the rubber gloves, it can also resist spark and heat to a
moderate degree and protects the hands against chips and rough objects.

3. Due to a high percentage of working time spent aloft, the lineman’s boots must be worn
for proper support of the feet and ankle.

4. 4. For good safety and procedure, and to prevent severe abrasions creosoted burns, and
lacerations together with painful slivers, use gloves and never roll up sleeves or remove shirts.

5. 5. Climbers should be worn only for ascending working aloft and descending with a gaff poles.
6. 6. At least, gaffs should be measured and gauged once a week with a gaff gauge.
7. 7. For a properly fitted body belt, the d-ring should be located directly in front of the lineman’s
hip bones when fastened.

8. 8. Body belts and safety straps must be worn at all times when working aloft.
9. 9. To ascend, the lineman raises the right knee up, outward maintaining 30 degree angle
between gaff and pole and drives the leg down inward so the gaff enters pole at point originally
contracted.

10. 10. To descend, the hands are lowered first, each leg released and straightened before
lowering. When straightened and relaxed leg is “Lined Up” with pole center and body
weight has been shifted above gaff drop gaff into pole.

11. 11. The climbers (installer or lineman) should work from position on the high side of the pole,
level with and close to work as practicable because they cause less amount of fatigue.

12. 12. Before going aloft, a lineman/installer should inspect climber’s body belt and safety
strap to be sure they are in good condition.

13. 13. Before climbing a jointly used pole carrying power circuits, the lineman should ask
permission or approved from the supervisor.

14. 14. When climbing stepped poles obtain a secure grip in one step before releasing hold on the
other step.

15. 15. When working on pole is finished, snap loose of safety strap in its proper place in the d-ring
and descend pole by sliding the lineman’s climbers.
 16. 16. The first man climbs to his working position and places his safety strap around the pole
before the second man begins to climb.

17. 17. After the lineman’s has secured his footing on the pole, he must be sure that the snap
hook and the d-ring are properly engaged when attaching the safety strap around the pole.

18. 18. When wearing body belt and safety strap, both ends of the safety strap when not in use
should be snapped into the same d-ring.

19. 19. Keep gaffs properly sharpened and in approximately the same condition on each climber,
because dull or improperly sharpened gaffs will penetrate, deep enough into the hole when in a
30-degree angle.

20. 20. Ladders shall be placed so that the bottom is positioned a distance equaling ¼ its extended
length from the object.

ASCENDING

1. Before climbing, circle the pole and inspect it for soundness; also note the location of wide
weather crack and soft or hard spots in the wood.

2. Look for any cables and cross-arms, or other obstruction that may interfere with climbing.
3. If the pole leans, face the direction in which the pole is leaning and climb on the high side.
4. Grasp the pole and raise the left foot about 10 inches from the pole. With a downward thrust;
jet the gaff of the climber into the face of the pole a point about 8 inches from the ground.

5. Lift the weight of the body of the gaff by straightening leg.

6. 6. While the weight of the body is on one leg, keep knee straight and away from the pole.
7. 7. Raise the other leg and corresponding arm and drive gaff downward and inward the seat it
firmly.

8. 8. The gaff is disengaged by sharp upward and outward motion of the leg.
9. 9. When taking the next step, raise the left leg and left arm together. The body should not sway
excessively.

10. 10. Reengage the free gaff firmly and continue climbing the desired height.
11. 11. While climbing always look up and avoid any possible obstruction.
12. 12. Whether ascending and descending, the gaff should travel in a path on the face of the pole
approximately 4 ½ inches apart.
DESCENDING

1. Disengage the right staff, stiffen the right leg, and keep the toes pointing upward.
2. Take a long downward and inward step, and drive the gaff into the pole.
3. The right knee should now be approximately opposite the left heel.
4. Disengage the gaff in the same manner, take a downward step, and drive the gaff into the pole.
5. The right arm is moved with the right leg, and the left arm is moved with the left leg whether
ascending or descending

6. Continue to descend, looking down to avoid any obstruction or defect on the pole.

Precautions on Body Belts

A. Do not fasten handlines to body belts or safety strap unless such lines are coiled for carrying.
B. Do not unbuckle the body belts whole aloft.
C. Do not punch additional holes in belts or straps.
D. Do not throw belts or straps to the ground while working aloft.
E. Do not use body belts to assist in piking poles.
F. Be sure hooks are properly engaged in d-rings.

Performing Main Cable Installation

Glossary of Terms:
Core Competencies - are the specific skills and knowledge needed in a particular area of work -
industry sector/occupation/job role

Aerial Cable – suspended and attached on telephone pole for distribution purposes.

Communication Cable – is used for the distribution and small copper wires for voice and data signals

Copper cable -- Electric power cables made from twisted pair copper wire.

Environment - The area surrounding the work site which can be directly or indirectly affected by
occurrences at the work site. It includes the atmosphere, soils, drains, underground water tables, and
the ecosystem. Protection of the environment would require the proper disposal of waste materials,
restriction of burning off, the correct handling of toxic substances, the containment of CFCs and the like.

Hazardous Materials - Flammable gases and vapors and combustible dusts.

Pre-cautions - A measure taken in advance to avert possible evil or to secure good results
LIST OF TOOLS, MATERIALS and EQUIPMENT

POLYETHYLENE KNIFE OR SLITTING KNIFE is used for cutting polyethylene cable sheath so as
to make cable openings, also for cutting lead sheath.

TABBING SHEARS Used for cutting tabs in the ends of the polyethylene jacket to permit placement
of bullet bond clip

ELECTRICIAN SCISSORS Is a nickel plate finish tool used for stripping and cutting small wires.
TARPAULIN OR MANHOLE tent 10’ x 15’ lightweight or black with canvass, used on
underground works or trenches especially during inclement weather.

LEATHER TOOL POUCH - Used as side pouch of light tools such as a side cutters, pliers,
screwdrivers etc. and is supported by a leather belt.

AERIAL HANDLINE - Consist of 60 ft. of ½” rope. A one sleeve block, a ring spliced in one end
of the rope and a hook in the hand end, used on aerial cable work to raise and lower tools and materials.
7. CANVASS BUCKET OR TOOL BAG- used for conveniently transporting all necessary tools and
equipment used by cable splicer is mad of canvass materials and pocket on its sides for small tools.
Outside Plant Cable Types

COMMUNICATION CABLE Are small copper wires, properly insulated, twisted together placed in a
casing to provide communication channels.

1. AERIAL CABLE - Cable suspended in the air usually in utility poles.

2. BURIED CABLES A cable that is buried directly in the ground without being placed in under
ground conduits.

3. DISTRIBUTION CABLE A cable used for distribution of telephone service to subscribers.

4. EXCHANGE CABLE Used to provide service in the local area around an exchange.
5. 5. STUB CABLE A short length of cable attached at the factory to a set of terminal block,
loading coil case, and other apparatus.

6. 6. SWITCHBOARD - Used for connection central office equipment.

7. 7. TERMINATING CABLE - A multi-paired cable usually with thin conductors and always with
fire resistant insulator that is used primarily between the cable vault and the main distribution
frames. 8. TRUNKING CABLE Used to connect or link central offices.

CABLE TYPES ACCORDING TO CONDUCTOR INSULATION

1. PAPER INSULATED CABLE - Cable in which the conductors are insulated with paper ribbon
either spirally or longitudinally applied.

2. PLASTIC INSULATED CABLE - Cable wherein the conductors are insulated with plastic.
3. FOAM SKIN INSULATED CABLE - A cable is which the conductors are insulated directly
with foam skin
Installing Public Old Telephone System (POTS) Subscriber Line

Glossary of Terms:
Drop wire - Wire suitable for extending an open wire or cable pair from a pole or cable terminal to a
building

Ground Rod - Ground rods can be made from steel with a copper clad surface. These are driven
vertically into the ground and bonded together with bare copper wire.

First class condition - is a simple logical connection between protasis and apodosis, simplified as
good and nothing to worry about.

Line wire - Two copper wires (tip and ring) for each telephone line run from a home or other small
building to a local telephone exchange.

Non-metallic construction - Minimizes potential wire abrasion and reduces the possibility of
magnetic interference with communication sign.

OSP(Outside Plant) - Refers to all of the physical cabling and supporting infrastructure (such as
conduit, cabinets, tower or poles), and any associated hardware (such as repeaters) located between a
demarcation point in a switching facility and a demarcation point in another switching center or
customer premises.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) - Refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other
garment or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury by blunt impacts, electrical
hazards, heat, chemicals, and infection, for job-related occupational safety and health purposes

Pre-cautions - A measure taken in advance to avert possible evil or to secure good results

LIST OF TOOLS AND MATERIALS

SCREWDRIVER Is used for driving screw available in many sizes, 6”, 12”

2) Tool 216 – B/C – Used for tightening /loosening of terminal covers and Protector nuts.
LONG NOSE PLIERS Have long slender jaws that are flat on the inside used for such purposes as
gripping small particles reaching places not accessible by hand.

DIAGONAL SIDE CUTTER Are equipped with cutting jaws that are cut at an angle of about 15
degrees used for wire cutting and in general of any work of this type.

Bridle Ring reduces potential wire abrasion, minimizes magnetic interference to communication
signals, and is easier to install. The shape and flexibility of the improved bridle ring enable it to be
opened wider than existing metallic bridle rings, allowing easier insertion of wires. Non-metallic
construction minimizes potential wire abrasion and reduces the possibility of magnetic interference with
communication sign

EXTENSION LADDER. Is on the most important cable splicers equipment made of fiber glass on a
strap attached on a messenger wire on a aerial operations and place on a pole when testing on
terminals.

Hard Hat Protect worker from falling object or debris

Safety Belt and Strap Used to support workman while working ladders or any location when it
affords safely to the wearer and at the same time it allows freedom of the arms, hands and feet in the
performance of the required task.
 Distribution Point or Cable TerminalsConventional Binding-Post Type Cable Terminals
Marconi Communications WP (formerly Reliable and Reltec) Marconi terminals can be
identified with its light green color metal housing.

Screw-Type Cable Terminals Schiederwerk Terminal Distribution Box from Alcatel

Schiederwerk terminals can be identified with its off-white color housing.
B. Ericsson Terminal Box
Ercisson terminals can be identified with its black color dome-type housing.
C. Sealed IDC (Insulation Displacement Connection) Cable Terminals
• Raychem DTerminator 1 terminals can be identified with its light gray color housing for the
10-pair type and anodized aluminum housing for the 25-pair type.

D. Raychem D Terminator
2 terminals can be identified with its light gray color housing for the 10-pair type and anodized
aluminum housing for the 25-pair type

E. Marconi Insealator terminals can be identified with its light green color

metal housing

LIST OF TOOLS AND MATERIALS

Dropwires – There are two types of dropwires used in PLDT SIM plant. These are:
Single-Pair #18 AWG Copper-Clad Steel Dropwire – The conductors of this dropwire is made of
steel with copper cladding. The jacket is made of polyethylene (PE) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Single-Pair #22 AWG Copper Fiber-Reinforced Dropwire – The conductors are made of soft-
annealed copper and insulated with polyethylene (PE). The outer jacket is made of polyvinyl chloride
(PVC).

POLE ATTACHMENTS FOR POLE TO POLE and POLE TO BUILDING RUNS

Pole Clamp with Hook Nuts on Wooden Poles Power utilities may not allow the use of drive
hooks on their wooden poles. Pole clamp with hook nuts can be used as shown in Figure A. Pole
clamp with hook nut installations on concrete pole with dropwires on pole-to-pole and pole-to-building
runs is shown in Figure B.
Placing Additional Pole Clamp with Hook Nuts on Concrete Poles Additional pole clamps
with hook nuts can be installed to accommodate additional dropwires.

Additional pole clamps with hook nuts can be installed to accommodate additional
dropwires.

Placing Pole Clamp with Hook Nuts on Concrete Poles without Existing
Attachments (i.e., messenger wire and pole clamp)
Placing Drive Hooks (“J” Hooks) on Wooden Poles
Drive hook can be used only on wooden poles owned by PLDT. Pole clamps with hook nuts shall
be used on wooden poles not owned by PLDT.
• Capacity of Drive Hooks (“J” Hooks) or Hook Nuts The maximum number of P-
clamps, dropwires, or spans that may be attached to one drive hook or hook nut is five (5),
regardless of direction of spans.
Dropwire There are two types of dropwire clamps used in PLDT SIM plant. These are:

Stainless Steel Dropwire Clamp ― The clamp consists of a stainless steel shell, wedge, wire
bail (or tail wire), and a plastic (polyethylene) shim.

Two sizes are available to accommodate the #18 AWG copper-clad, single-line #22 AWG fiber-
reinforced and 6-line #18 AWG fiber-reinforced dropwire. The clamp can be used in corrosive and
non-corrosive areas.

Plastic Dropwire Clamp ― The clamp consists of a stainless steel wire bail integrally molded within a
plastic wedge clamp.

A joining plastic member contains a corresponding wedge with serrations for gripping the dropwire. The
clamps can only accommodate #18 AWG copper-clad and singleline #22 AWG fiber-
reinforced dropwires. The clamp can be used in corrosive and non-corrosive areas.
Maximum Number of Pole-to-Pole (Span) Runs and Pole-to-Building (Drop)
Runs
1) Regular Installation ― From the cable terminal or last communication pole, four
(4) pole-to-pole runs and one (1) pole-tobuilding run is allowed.

2) ver-Span Installation ― From the cable terminal or last communication pole, six (6) pole-to-
pole runs and one (1) pole-tobuilding run or 304.8 meters (1000 feet) is allowed. This, however,
will require clearance from the Exchange Head and over-span installation cost (OIC) shall be paid
for by the subscriber.

Building Attachment, Station Protector, and Station Protector Grounding

House Bracket ― It is used for the first building attachment where the dropwire clamps are attached.
Installation Requirements:
For wood surfaces ― House bracket can be mounted directly using wood screws.
For concrete walls ― House bracket can be mounted using plastic anchors and wood screws.

IMPORTANT NOTES:

a. One shape of drip loop is allowed (down position). The purpose is to prevent water from going
through the C-knob, thus preventing the surface – particularly wood – from rotting.

b. If there are several dropwires to be installed, use bridle rings.

c. Never use dropwire clamp to dropwire clamp on house bracket to protector dropwire installation.

STATION PROTECTOR

Fuseless Type – No fused but Gas tube inserted between ground side and Line side. It has three
terminals/ port, one for parallel wire, the other one for Jacketed wire and the third terminal is for
ground connection. Primary use is to protect Life and Property
GROUND ROD
Driven to the soil to make an electrical contact to earth. To discharge high voltages / high current.

Mechanical Ground Rod Driver Use to drive ground rod

Gun Heller stapling - use to secure (jacketed ) inside wire on wood surfaces

Inside Wire (Jacketed Wire) - used as a medium to connect the station protector and connecting
block. These wires were typically copper, although aluminum has also been used, and were carried in
pairs
Connecting block - Use to terminate interior wire as final attachment. It provides point of connection
between instrument line cord and interior wire
Telephone Instrument
is defined as “an apparatus for reproducing sound, especially that of the human voice (speech) at
a great distance, by means of electricity, consisting of transmitting and receiving instruments
connected by a line or wire which conveys the electric current”.
Do’s and Don’ts after Installation
1) Be always neat about your appearance and work.
2) Make your work permanent.
3) Be sure all tools are all accounted and excess materials are removed within the customer’s
premises.

4) Do test telephone instrument after the installation for correct dial speed, transmission,
reception and low level noise.

5) Always leave the new customer with the thought that you have done your work properly.
6) 6) Don’t leave customer’s premises unless customer is familiar with the operation of the
particular telephone set .
7) 7) Don’t drop a hint to the customer that you are hungry or thirsty.
8) 8) Do not tell customers or people who question you about additional lines, etc. that lots of
facilities are available you could be wrong.

9) 9) Don’t tell customer or people who question you about facilities to call executive of a
company. you represent the company. Make note and give it to your supervisor