Designation: E2428 − 15a

Standard Practice for

Calibration and Verification of Torque Transducers1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2428; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 2.2 ASME Standard:

1.1 The purpose of this practice is to specify the procedure B46.1 Surface Texture4
for the calibration of torque transducers. 2.3 BIPM Standard5
NOTE 1—Verification by deadweight and a lever arm is an acceptable JCGM 200 International vocabulary of metrology–Basic and
method of verifying the torque indication of a testing machine. Tolerances general concepts and associated terms (VIM)
for weights used are tabulated in Practice E2624; methods for calibration
of the weights are given in NIST Technical Note 577, Methods of 3. Terminology
Calibrating Weights for Piston Gages.2
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 3.1.1 primary torque standard—a deadweight force applied
standard. Other metric and inch-pound values are regarded as through a lever arm or wheel, all displaying metrological
equivalent when required. traceability to the International System of Units (SI).
1.3 This practice is intended for the calibration of static 3.1.1.1 Discussion—for further definition of the term met-
torque measuring instruments. The practice is not applicable rological traceability, refer to the latest revision of JCGM:200.
for dynamic or high-speed torque calibrations or 3.1.2 secondary torque standard—an instrument or
measurements, nor can the results of calibrations performed in mechanism, the calibration of which has been established by a
accordance with this practice be assumed valid for dynamic or comparison with a primary torque standard(s).
high speed torque measurements.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2.1 calibration equation—a mathematical relationship be-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the tween deflection and torque established from the calibration
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- data for use with the torque transducer in service, sometimes
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- called the calibration curve.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Torque transducers have torque-to-
2. Referenced Documents deflection relationships that can be fitted to polynomial equa-
tions.
2.1 ASTM Standards:3 3.2.2 continuous-reading device—a class of instruments
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to whose characteristics permit interpolation of torque values
Determine Conformance with Specifications between calibrated torque values.
E2624 Practice for Torque Calibration of Testing Machines 3.2.2.1 Discussion—Such instruments usually have torque-
and Devices to-deflection relationships that can be fitted to polynomial
equations. Departures from the fitted curve are reflected in the
uncertainty (see 8.5).
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical 3.2.3 creep—The change in deflection of the torque trans-
Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on Calibration of
Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus.
ducer under constant applied torque.
Current edition approved May 15, 2015. Published May 2015. Originally
3.2.3.1 Discussion—Creep is expressed as a percentage of
approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E2428–15. DOI:
10.1520/E2428-15A. the output change at a constant applied torque from an initial
2
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
3 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on www.asme.org.
5
the ASTM website. BIPM, Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92312 Sèvres Cedex. http://www.bipm.org

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 E2428 − 15a
time following the achievement of mechanical and electrical 4. Significance and Use
stability and the time at which the test is concluded. Valid creep 4.1 Testing machines that apply and indicate torque are in
tests may require the use of primary torque standards to general use in many industries. Practice E2624 has been
maintain adequate stability of the applied torque during the test written to provide a practice for the torque verification of these
time interval. Creep results from a time dependent, elastic machines. A necessary element in Practice E2624 is the use of
deformation of the instrument mechanical element. In the case devices whose torque characteristics are known to be metro-
of torque transducers, creep is adjusted by strain gage design logically traceable to the International System of Units (SI).
and process modifications to reduce the strain gage response to Practice E2428 describes how these devices are to be cali-
the inherent time-dependent elastic deflection. brated. The procedures are useful to users of testing machines,
3.2.4 creep recovery—The non-return to zero following a manufacturers and providers of torque measuring instruments,
creep test. calibration laboratories that provide calibration services and
documents of metrological traceability, and service organiza-
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Creep Recovery is expressed as a per- tions using devices to verify testing machines.
centage difference of the output change at zero torque follow-
ing a creep test and the initial zero torque output at the 5. Reference Standards
initiation of the creep test divided by the output during the
5.1 Torque-measuring instruments used for the verification
creep test. The zero-torque measurement is taken at a time
of the torque indication systems of testing machines may be
following the achievement of mechanical and electrical stabil-
calibrated by either primary or secondary torque standards.
ity and a time equal to the creep test time. For many torque
transducers, the creep characteristic and the creep recovery 5.2 Torque-measuring instruments used as secondary torque
characteristic are approximate mirror images. standards for the calibration of other torque-measuring instru-
3.2.5 deflection—the difference between the readings of an ments shall be calibrated by primary torque standards.
instrument under applied torque and the reading with no
6. Requirements for Torque Standards
applied torque.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—The definition of deflection applies to 6.1 Primary Torque Standard—Torque, displaying metro-
output readings in electrical units as well as readings in units of logical traceability to the International System of Units (SI) of
torque. length and mass, and of specific measurement uncertainty, that
can be applied to torque measuring devices. Weights used as
3.2.6 lower limit factor, LLF—A statistical estimate of the primary mass standards shall be made of rolled, forged, or cast
limits of error of torque values computed from the calibration metal. Adjustment cavities shall be closed by threaded plugs or
equation of the torque transducer when the torque transducer is suitable seals. External surfaces of weights shall have a surface
calibrated in accordance with this practice. (Roughness Average or Ra) of 3.2µm or less as specified in
3.2.6.1 Discussion—The lower limit factor is used as one ASME B46.1.
factor that may establish the lower limit of the range of torque 6.1.1 The force exerted by a weight in air is calculated as
values over which the torque transducer can be used. Other follows:
factors evaluated in the establishment of the lower limit of the Force 5 ~ Mg/9.80665! ~ 1 2 ~ d/D !! (1)
range of torque values are the resolution of the torque
transducer and the lowest nonzero torque applied in the where:
calibration load sequence. M = mass of the weight,
3.2.6.2 Discussion—The lower limit factor was termed un- g = local acceleration due to gravity, m/s2,
certainty in previous editions of E2428. While the lower limit d = air density (approximately 1.2 kg/m3),
D = density of the weight in the same units as d, and
factor is a component of uncertainty, other appropriate error
9.80665 = the factor converting SI units of force into the
sources should be considered in determining the measurement
customary units of force. For SI units, this factor
uncertainty of the torque transducer in service.
is not used.
3.2.7 specific torque device—an alternative class of instru- 6.1.2 The masses of the weights shall be determined by
ments not amenable to the use of a calibration equation. comparison with reference standards metrologically traceable
3.2.7.1 Discussion—Such instruments, usually those in to the International System of Units (SI) for mass. The local
which the reading is taken from a dial indicator, are used only value of the acceleration due to gravity, calculated within
at the calibrated torque values. These instruments are also 0.0001 m/s2 (10 milligals), may be obtained from the National
called limited-torque devices. Geodetic Information Center, National Oceanic and Atmo-
3.2.8 loading range—a range of torque values within which spheric Administration.6
the lower limit factor is less than the limits of error specified NOTE 2—If M, the mass of the weight, is in pounds, the force will be
for the instrument application. in pound-force units (lbf). If M is in kilograms, the force will be in
3.2.9 torque transducer—a device or system consisting of
an elastic member combined with a sensing device for mea- 6
Available from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
suring the strain or deflection of the elastic member under an 14th St. and Constitution Ave., NW, Room 6217, Washington, DC 20230, http://
applied torque. www.noaa.gov.

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 E2428 − 15a
kilogram-force units (kgf). These customary force units are related to the of the instrument. This characteristic curve is a stable property
newton (N), the SI unit of force, by the following relationships: of the instrument that is changed only by a severe overload or
1 lbf = 4.44822 N other similar cause.
1 kgf = 9.80665 N (exact)
7.1.1 Superposed on this curve are local variations of
The newton (N) is defined as the force applied to a 1-kg mass that instrument readings introduced by imperfections in the torque
produces an acceleration of 1 m/s/s. transducer. Examples of imperfections include instabilities in
The pound-force (lbf) is defined as the force applied to a 1-lb mass that excitation voltage, voltage measurement, or ratio-metric volt-
produces an acceleration of 9.80665 m/s/s. age measurement in a torque transducer. Some of these
The kilogram-force (kgf) is defined as the force applied to a 1-kg mass that
produces an acceleration of 9.80665 m/s/s. imperfections are less stable than the characteristic curve and
may change significantly from one calibration to another.
6.1.3 The lever arm or wheel shall be calibrated to deter- 7.1.2 Curve Fitting—To determine the torque-deflection
mine the length or radius with a known uncertainty, that is curve of the torque transducer, known torque values are applied
metrologically traceable to the International System of Units and the resulting deflections are measured throughout the range
(SI) for length. The expanded uncertainty with a confidence of the torque transducer. A polynomial equation is fitted to the
factor of 95 % (K=2) for the torque calibrator shall not exceed calibration data by the least squares method to predict deflec-
0.012 % . tion values throughout the loading range. Such an equation
6.2 Secondary Torque Standards—Secondary torque stan- compensates effectively for the nonlinearity of the calibration
dard is typically a torque transducer used with a machine for curve. The standard deviation determined from the difference
applying torque, or a mechanical or hydraulic mechanism to of each measured deflection value from the value derived from
apply or multiply a force. the polynomial curve at that torque provides a measure of the
6.2.1 The multiplying ratio of a force multiplying system error of the data to the curve fit equation. A statistical estimate,
used as a secondary torque standard shall be measured at not called the Lower Limit Factor, LLF, is derived from the
less than ten points over its range with an accuracy of 0.06 % calculated standard deviation and represents the width of the
of ratio or better. Some systems may show a systematic change band of these deviations about the basic curve with a probabil-
in ratio with increasing force. For these cases the ratio at ity of 95%. The LLF is, therefore, an estimate of one source of
intermediate points may be obtained by linear interpolation uncertainty contributed by the torque transducer when torque
between measured values. Deadweights used with multiplying- values measured in service are calculated by means of the
type secondary torque standards shall meet the requirements of calibration equation. Actual errors in service are likely to be
6.1 and 6.1.2. The force exerted on the system shall be different if torque values are applied under mechanical and
calculated from the relationships given in 6.1.1. The force environmental conditions differing from those of calibration.
multiplying system shall be checked annually by elastic force Other sources of uncertainty could increase the uncertainty of
measuring instruments used within their class AA loading measurement of the torque transducer in service.
ranges to verify the forces applied by the system are within NOTE 3—While it is the responsibility of the calibration laboratory to
acceptable ranges defined by this standard. Changes exceeding calibrate the torque transducer in accordance with the requirements of this
0.06 % of applied force shall be cause for re-verification of the practice it is the responsibility of the user to determine the uncertainty of
the torque transducer in service.
force multiplying system.
7.1.3 Curve Fitting using polynomials of greater than 2nd
LLF c 5 =LLF 21 1LLF 22 1...1LLF 2n (2) degree—The use of calibration equations of the 3rd, 4th, or 5th
where: degree is restricted to devices having a resolution of 1
LLFC = Lower limit factor of the combination, and increment of count per 50000 or greater active counts at the
LLF1, 2, ... n = Lower limit factor of the individual maximum calibration torque. Annex A1 specifies the procedure
instruments for obtaining the degree of the best fit calibration equation for
these devices. Equations of greater than 5th degree shall not be
6.2.2 Torque transducers used as secondary torque standards used.
shall be calibrated by primary torque standards and used only
over the Class AA loading range (see 8.6.2.1). NOTE 4—For some torque transducers, use of a polynomial fit higher
than the second degree may result in a lower LLF. Over-fitting should be
6.2.3 Other types of torque standards may be used and shall avoided. Equations of greater than 5th degree cannot be justified due to the
be calibrated. The expanded uncertainty with a confidence limited number of increments in the calibration protocol. Errors caused by
factor of 95% (K=2) shall not exceed 0.06% of the applied round-off may occur if calculations are performed with insufficient
torque. precision. A torque transducer not subjected to repair, overloading,
modifications, or other significant influence factors that alter its elastic
properties or its sensing characteristics will likely exhibit the same degree
7. Calibration of best fit on each succeeding calibration as was determined during its
initial calibration using this procedure. A torque transducer not subjected
7.1 Basic Principles—The relationship between the applied to the influence factors outlined above which exhibits continued change of
torque and the deflection of a torque transducer is, in general, degree of best fit with several successive calibrations may not have
not linear. As the torque is applied, the shape of the elastic sufficient performance stability to allow application of the curve fitting
element changes, progressively altering its resistance to defor- procedure of Annex A1.
mation. The result is that the slope of the torque-deflection 7.2 Selection of Calibration Torque Values—A careful se-
curve changes gradually and continuously over the entire range lection of the different torque values to be applied in a

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 E2428 − 15a
calibration is essential to provide an adequate and unbiased recommended that the test temperature not change more than
sample of the full range of the deviations discussed in 7.1 and 61°C during calibration, but in no case shall it change more
7.1.1. For this reason, the selection of the calibration torque than 62°C.
values is made by the standardizing laboratory. An exception to 7.4 Procedural Order in Calibration—Immediately before
this, and to the recommendations of 7.2.1 and 7.2.4, is made for starting the calibration, pre-load the torque-measuring instru-
specific torque measurement devices, where the selection of ment to the maximum torque to be applied at least two times.
the torque values is dictated by the needs of the user. Pre-loading is necessary to reestablish a stable minimum
7.2.1 Distribution of Calibration Torque Values—Distribute torque output value and to condition the transducer for stable
the calibration torque values over the full range of the torque performance. This is particularly necessary following a change
transducer, providing, if possible, at least one calibration in the mode of loading, as from clockwise to counter clock-
torque for every 10 % interval throughout the range. It is not wise. Some instruments may require more than two pre-loads
necessary, however that these torques be equally spaced. to achieve stability in zero- torque indication.
Calibration torque values at less than one tenth of capacity are
permissible and tend to give added assurance to the fitting of NOTE 5—Overload or proof load tests are not required by this practice.
An essential part of the manufacturing process for a torque transducer
the calibration equation. If the lower limit of the loading range should be the application of a series of overloads to at least 10 % in excess
of the device (see 8.6.1) is anticipated to be less than one tenth of rated capacity. This should be done before the instrument is released for
of the maximum torque applied during calibration, then torque calibration or service. For performance verification following overload
values should be applied at or below this lower limit. The within the safe overload range of the instrument, it is recommended that
smallest torque applied shall be equal to or below the theoreti- an overload test encompassing the anticipated range of overload be
conducted.
cal lower limit of the instrument as defined by the values: 400
× resolution for Class A loading range and 1667 × resolution 7.4.1 After pre-loading, apply the calibration torque value,
for Class AA loading range. In torque transducer calibration approaching each torque value from a lesser value of torque.
with electrical instruments capable of linearizing the output Torque values shall be applied and removed slowly and
signal, whenever possible, select calibration torques other than smoothly, without inducing shock or vibration to the torque-
those at which the linearity corrections were made. measuring instrument. The time interval between successive
7.2.2 Resolution Determination—The resolution of a digital applications or removals of torque values, and in obtaining
instrument is considered to be one increment of the last active readings from the torque-measuring instrument, shall be as
number on the numerical indicator, provided that the reading uniform as possible. If a calibration torque is to be followed by
does not fluctuate by more than plus or minus one increment another calibration torque of lesser magnitude, reduce the
when no torque is applied to the instrument. If the readings applied torque on the instrument to zero before applying the
fluctuate by more than plus or minus one increment, the second calibration torque.
resolution will be equal to half the range of fluctuation. 7.4.2 For any torque transducer, the errors observed at
7.2.3 Number of Calibration Torque Values—A total of at corresponding torque values taken first by increasing the torque
least 30 torque applications per mode, clockwise or counter to any given test torque and then by decreasing the torque to
clockwise, is required for a calibration and, of these, at least 10 that test torque may not agree. Torque transducers are usually
must be at different torque values. Apply each torque value at used under increasing torque, but if a torque transducer is to be
least twice during the calibration in both the clockwise and used under decreasing torque, it shall be calibrated under
counter clockwise direction, as applies. decreasing torque with decreasing torque values. Use the
7.2.4 Specific Torque Devices (Limited Torque Devices)— procedures for calibration and analysis of data given in
Because these devices are used only at the calibrated torque Sections 7 and 8 except where otherwise noted. When a torque
values, select those torque values which would be most useful transducer is calibrated with both increasing and decreasing
in the service function of the instrument. Coordinate the torque, it is recommended that the same torque increments be
selection of the calibration torque values with the submitting applied, but required that separate calibration equations are
organization. Apply each calibration torque at least three times developed.
in order to provide sufficient data for the calculation of the 7.4.3 The calibration laboratory shall decide whether or not
standard deviation of the observed deflections about their a zero-torque reading is to be taken after each calibration
average values. torque value. Factors such as the stability of the zero-torque
reading, the presence of noticeable creep following the appli-
7.3 Temperature Equalization: cation of torque loads, and the expected use are factors to be
7.3.1 Allow the torque measurement system sufficient time considered. It is pointed out, however, that a lengthy series of
to adjust to the ambient temperature in the calibration machine incremental torque values applied without returning to zero
prior to calibration in order to assure stable instrument re- reduces the amount of sampling of the torque transducer
sponse. performance. The operation of removing all torque from the
7.3.2 The recommended value for room temperature cali- instrument permits small readjustments at the torque reacting
brations is 23°C. surfaces, increasing the amount of random sampling and thus
7.3.3 During the calibration, monitor and record the tem- potentially producing a better appraisal of the performance of
perature as close to the torque transducer as possible. It is the torque transducer. It is recommended that not more than

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 E2428 − 15a
five incremental torque values be applied without return to 8.2 Determination of Creep Recovery—Creep affects the
zero. This is not necessary when the instrument is calibrated deflection calculation. Excessive creep is indicated if large
with decreasing torque; however, any return to zero prior to non-return to zero is observed following torque application
application of all the individual torque increments must be during calibration. Perform a creep recovery test to ensure that
followed by application of the maximum torque before con- the creep characteristic of the device does not have a significant
tinuing the sequence. effect on calculated deflections when method (a) is used to
7.5 Randomization of Loading Conditions—Shift the posi- determine deflections. Perform the creep recovery test for new
tion of the instrument in the calibration machine before devices or existing devices that have not had a creep test
repeating any series of torque values. Rotate the torque performed, and for devices that have had major repairs, devices
transducer in the mounting fixtures by amounts such as suspected of having been overloaded, or devices that show
one-third, one quarter, or one-half turn, and shift and realign excessive non-return to zero following calibration. Creep and
any keyed connectors. If the calibration is done in both creep recovery are generally stable properties of a torque
clockwise and counter clockwise directions, perform a part of transducer unless the transducer is overloaded, has experienced
the counter clockwise calibration, do the clockwise calibration, moisture or other contaminant incursion, or is experiencing
then finish the counter clockwise calibration afterward. Intro- fatigue failure. If method (b) is used to determine deflections
duce variations in any other factors that normally are encoun- on a device both during calibration and subsequent use, the
tered in service, as for example, disconnecting and reconnect- creep recovery test is not required. The creep recovery test is
ing electrical cables. Allow sufficient time for the instrument to performed as follows:
reach temperature stability if power is removed or cabling is 8.2.1 Exercise the device to the maximum applied torque in
removed and then reconnected. calibration at least two times. Allow the zero reading to
stabilize and record the value. Apply the maximum applied
NOTE 6—A situation to be avoided is rotating the torque-measuring torque used in calibration of the device and hold as constant as
instrument from 0° to 180° to 0° during calibration, since the final position
duplicates the first, and reduces the randomization of loading conditions.
possible for 5 min. Remove the applied torque as quickly as
NOTE 7—Depending on their design, torque transducers vary in possible and record device output at 30 s and 5 min. Creep
sensitivity to mounting conditions, parasitic forces or moments due to recovery error is calculated as follows:
misalignment. A measure of this sensitivity may be to simulate these 8.2.1.1 Creep Recovery Error, % of Output at Maximum
factors such as (a) using fixtures of varying stiffness or hardness, (b) Applied Torque = 100 × (Output 30 seconds after zero torque
applying the appropriate torque for bolting fixtures with different torque
ratings, or (c) mounting in various orientations with angular or eccentric is achieved – Initial zero reading) /Output at Maximum
misalignment, and so forth. Such factors can sometimes be significant Applied Torque
contributors to measurement uncertainty and should be reflected in 8.2.2 A zero return error shall be calculated as follows:
comprehensive measurement uncertainty analyses.
NOTE 8—It is recommended that during the calibration of torque
8.2.2.1 Zero Return Error, % of output at applied torque =
transducers that use a square drive, four rotations of the torque transducer 100 × (Initial zero reading – final zero reading 5 min. after the
should occur resulting in four calibration runs per mode. applied torque is removed) /Output at applied torque. The
creep test shall be repeated if the zero return error exceeds 50%
8. Calculation and Analysis of Data of the creep recovery error limits.
8.1 Deflection—Calculate the deflection values for the 8.2.3 Creep Recovery Error Limits—Class AA Devices 6
torque transducer as the differences between the readings of the 0.02% Class A Devices 6 0.05%.
torque transducer under applied torque and the reading with no 8.3 Calibration Equation—Fit a polynomial equation of the
applied torque. The method selected for treatment of zero following form to the torque and deflection values obtained in
should reflect anticipated usage of the torque transducer. The the calibration using the method of least squares:
deflection calculation shall (a) use the initial zero value only or
Deflection 5 A 0 1A 1 τ1A 2 τ 2 1… A 5 τ 5 (3)
(b) a value derived from readings taken before and after the
application of a torque or series of torque values. For method where:
(a), the deflection is calculated as the difference between the τ = torque, and
deflection at the applied torque and the initial deflection at zero A0 through A5 = coefficients.
torque. For method (b), when it is elected to return-to-zero after A 2nd degree equation is recommended with coefficients A3,
each applied torque, the average of the two zero values shall be A4, and A5, equal to zero. Other degree equations may be used.
used to determine the deflection. For method (b) when a series For example the coefficients A2 through A5 would be set equal
of applied torque values are applied before return-to-zero to zero for a linearized torque transducer.
torque, a series of interpolated zero-torque readings may be
8.3.1 For high resolution devices (see 7.1.3), the procedure
used for the calculations. In calculating the average zero-torque
of Annex A1 may be used to obtain the best fit calibration
readings and deflections, express the values to the nearest unit
equation. After determination of the best fit polynomial
in the same number of places as estimated in reading the
equation, fit the polynomial equation of that degree to the
instrument scale. Follow the instructions for the rounding
calibration data per 8.3, and proceed to analyze the data per 8.4
method given in Practice E29. If method (a) is elected, a creep
– 8.6.2.2.
recovery test is required per the criteria of 8.2 to ensure that the
zero return characteristic of the torque transducer does not 8.4 Standard Deviation—Calculate a standard deviation
result in excessive error. from the differences between the individual values observed in

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 E2428 − 15a
the calibration and the corresponding values taken from the limit of 60.25 % of torque for torque values greater than this lower torque
calibration equation. Calculate the standard deviation as fol- limit up to the capacity of the instrument. It is recommended that the lower
limit be not less than 2 % (1/50) of the capacity of the torque transducer.
lows: NOTE 12—The term “loading range” used in this practice is parallel in

Standard Deviation s m 5 Œ d 1 2 1d 2 2 1…1d n 2

n2m21
(4)
meaning to the same term in Practice E2624. It is the range of torque
values over which it is permissible to use the instrument in a calibrating
testing machine or other similar device. When a loading range other than
the two standard ranges given in 8.6.1 is desirable, the appropriate error
where: limit should be specified in the applicable method of test.
d1, d2, etc. = differences between the fitted curve and the n
8.7 Specific Torque Devices—Any torque-measuring device
observed values from the calibration data,
n = number of deflection values, and may be calibrated as a specific torque device. These instru-
m = the degree of polynomial fit. ments shall be used only at the calibrated torque values and the
NOTE 9—The departures of the observed deflections from the calibra- curve-fitting and analytical procedures of 8.3 – 8.5 are replaced
tion equation values are not random but arise partly from the localized by the following procedures:
non-linearities, discussed in 7.1.1. As a consequence, the distributions of 8.7.1 Calculation of Nominal Torque Deflection—From the
the residuals from the least squares fit may not follow the normal curve of calibration data, calculate the average value of the deflections
error and the customary estimates based on the statistics of random corresponding to the nominal torque. If the calibration torque
variables may not be strictly applicable.
values applied differ from the nominal value of the torque
8.5 Determination of Lower Limit Factor, LLF—LLF is values, as may occur in the case of a calibration by secondary
calculated as 2.0 times the standard deviation. If the calculated torque standards, adjust the observed deflections to values
LLF is less than the instrument resolution, the LLF is then corresponding to the nominal torque values by linear
defined as that value equal to the resolution. Express the LLF interpolation, provided that the torque differences do not
in torque units, using the average ratio of torque to deflection exceed 61 % of the torque capacity. The average value of the
from the calibration data. nominal torque deflection is the calibrated value for that
8.6 Loading Range—The range of torque values within torque.
which the LLF of a torque transducer does not exceed the 8.7.2 Standard Deviation for a Specific Torque Device—
maximum permissible error limit specified as a fraction or Calculate the range of the nominal torque deflections for each
percentage of torque. Since the LLF for the torque transducer calibration torque as the difference between the largest and
is of constant torque value throughout the entire range of the smallest deflections for the torque value. Multiply the average
torque transducer, it will characteristically be less than the value of the ranges for all the calibration torques by the
specified percentage of torque at the torque transducer capacity appropriate factor from Table 1 to obtain the estimated stan-
but will begin to exceed the specified percentage at some point dard deviation of an individual deflection about the mean
in the lower range of the torque transducer. The loading range value.
thus extends from the lower limit up to the instrument capacity. 8.7.3 Determination of LLF for Specific Torque Devices—
The loading range shall not include torque values outside the The LLF for a specific torque device is defined as 2.0 times the
range of torque values applied during the calibration. standard deviation, plus the resolution. Convert this quantity
8.6.1 Lower Limit of the Loading Range—Calculate the into torque units by means of a suitable factor and round to the
lower end of the loading range for a specified percentage limit number of significant figures appropriate to the resolution. The
of error, P, as follows: LLF is expressed as follows:
100 3 LLF LLF 5 ~ 2s1r ! τ 1 (6)
Lower Limit 5 (5)
P where:
8.6.2 Standard Loading Ranges—Two standard loading s = standard deviation,
ranges are listed as follows, but others may be used where r = resolution, and
special needs exist: τ1 = average ratio of torque to deflection from the calibra-
8.6.2.1 Class AA—The lower limit of the instrument is 1667 tion data.
times the LLF, in torque units, obtained from the calibration 8.7.4 Restrictions of Specific Torque Devices—A specific
data. torque device does not have a loading range as specified in 8.6,
NOTE 10—For example, an instrument calibrated using primary torque since it can be used only at the specific torque value(s) for
standards applied on a lever arm at a known distance had a calculated LLF which it was calibrated. The use is restricted, however, to those
of 0.338 N-m. The lower limit for use as a Class AA device is therefore
0.338 × 1667.0 = 563 N-m. The LLF will be less than the error limit of
60.06 % of torque for torques greater than this lower limit to the capacity
of the instrument. It is recommended that the lower limit be not less than TABLE 1 Estimates of Standard Deviation from the Range of
2 % (1/50) of the capacity of the torque transducer. Small Samples
Number of Observations Multiplying Factor
8.6.2.2 Class A—The lower torque limit of the instrument is at Each Torque for Range
400 times the LLF, in torque units, obtained from the calibra- 3 0.591
tion data. 4 0.486
5 0.430
NOTE 11—In the example of Note 10, the lower limit for use as a Class 6 0.395
A device is 0.338 × 400.0 = 136 Nm. The LLF will be less than the error

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 E2428 − 15a
calibrated torque value(s) that would be included in a loading reading for those torque transducers used over the Class A
range calculated in 8.6 – 8.6.2.2. loading range. See Note 14.
10.2.2 Devices not meeting the stability criteria of 10.2.1
9. Temperature Corrections for Torque Transducer shall be recalibrated at intervals that shall ensure the stability
During Use criteria are not exceeded during the recalibration interval. See
9.1 Temperature Effect on the Sensitivity of Temperature- Note 14.
Compensated Devices—Torque transducers may have tempera- NOTE 14—The above stability criteria provide minimum requirements
ture compensation built in by the manufacturer. For devices for establishing calibration intervals for torque transducers. Users speci-
with such compensation, the effect of temperature on the fying percentage error limits other than Class AA or Class A should
determine stability criteria appropriate to the instruments employed. For
sensitivity of the device shall not exceed the following values: secondary torque standards, it is recommended that cross-checking be
9.1.1 Class AA—For devices used as Class AA standards, performed at periodic intervals using other standards to help ensure that
the error due to temperature on the sensitivity of the device standards are performing as expected.
shall not exceed 0.01%. (See Note 13). 10.3 Calibration Following Repairs or Overloads—A
9.1.2 Class A—For devices used as Class A standards, the torque-measuring instrument or force multiplying system shall
error due to temperature on the sensitivity of the device shall be calibrated whenever the calibration of the device might be
not exceed 0.05%. (See Note 13). suspect. Any instrument sustaining an overload that produces a
9.1.3 If a torque transducer is used at temperatures other permanent shift in the zero torque or force reading amounting
than the temperature at which it was calibrated, it is the users to 1 % or more of the instrument capacity shall be calibrated
responsibility to insure that the performance of the device does before further use.
not exceed the limits of paragraphs 9.1.1 or 9.1.2, or if such NOTE 15—A means of establishing a true zero reference is recom-
limits would be exceeded, that the device is calibrated at the mended in order to assure that the zero balance of calibration has not been
expected temperature of use, or over a range of the expected shifted by an amount greater than 1 % of the transducer capacity.
temperatures of use and corrected accordingly.
11. Substitution of Electronic Torque Indicating Devices
NOTE 13—There is a negligible effect on the maximum values for Class Used with Elastic Members
AA, LLF (0.05% of applied torque) and Class A, LLF (0.25% of applied
torque) when these values are added as root-sum-squares with the values 11.1 It may be desirable to treat the calibration of the torque
for temperature error given in 9.1.1 and 9.1.2. Such a combination of error transducer and the torque indicating device separately, thus
sources is valid in the case of independent error sources. It should be noted allowing for the substitution or repair of the torque indicating
the temperature differences between conditions of calibration and use may device without the necessity for repeating a system calibration.
result in significant errors. This error source should be evaluated by users
to assure compliance with these requirements, when such usage occurs.
When such substitution or repair is made, the user assumes the
Adequate stabilization times are required to insure that thermal gradients responsibility to assure that the accuracy of the torque mea-
or transients in the torque transducers have equilibrated with the environ- surement system is maintained. Substitution of the torque
ment in which testing is to be performed. Otherwise, thermal gradients indication device shall not extend the system calibration/
may cause significant errors in both temperature compensated devices and verification date. The following conditions shall be satisfied
uncompensated devices.
It is recommended that the effect of temperature on the sensitivity of when substituting a metrologically significant element of the
Class AA devices not exceed 0.0030% /°C and for Class A devices, that torque indicating measurement system.
the effect of temperature on the sensitivity not exceed 0.010% /°C. 11.2 The indicating device used in the initial calibration and
As an example, for the case of torque transducers that have temperature
coefficients equal to the maximum recommended values, the error due to the device to be substituted shall each have been calibrated and
the temperature is negligible within 6 3°C for class AA devices and 6 their measurement uncertainties determined. The indicator to
5°C for class A devices referenced to the temperature at which those be substituted shall be calibrated over the full range of its
devices were calibrated. intended use including both positive and negative values if the
system is used in clockwise and counter clockwise mode. The
10. Time Interval Between Calibration and Stability calibrated range shall include a point less than or equal to the
Criteria output of the torque transducer at the lower torque limit and a
10.1 All torque-measuring instruments and systems shall point equal to or greater than the output of the torque
meet the range, accuracy, resolution, and stability requirements transducer at the maximum applied torque. A minimum of five
of this standard, and shall be suitable for their intended use. points shall be taken within this range. The measurement
10.2 Torque measuring instruments and systems used as uncertainty of each device shall be less than or equal to one
secondary torque standards or for the verification of torque third of the uncertainty for the torque measurement system
indication of testing machines shall be calibrated at intervals over the range from the lower torque limit to the maximum
not exceeding two years after demonstration of stability torque.
supporting the adopted recalibration interval. New devices 11.3 The measurement uncertainty of the torque indicating
shall be calibrated at an interval not exceeding 1 year to device shall be determined by one of the methods outlined in
determine stability per 10.2.1. Appendix X1. It is recommended that a transducer simulator
10.2.1 Torque transducers shall demonstrate changes in the capable of providing a series of input mV/V steps over the
calibration values over the range of use during the recalibration range of measurement and with impedance characteristics
interval of less than 0.032 % of reading for torque transducers similar to that of the torque transducer be employed as a check
used over the Class AA loading range and less than 0.16 % of standard to verify calibration of the torque indicating device

7
 E2428 − 15a
and in establishing the measurement uncertainty. The measure- calibration be performed in accordance with the latest pub-
ment uncertainty of the transducer simulator shall be less than lished version of Practice E2428.
or equal to one tenth of the uncertainty for the torque 12.1.2 The manufacturer and identifying serial numbers of
measurement system. the instrument calibrated,
12.1.3 The name of the laboratory performing the
11.4 Excitation voltage amplitude, frequency, and wave-
calibration,
form shall be maintained in the substitution within limits to
12.1.4 The date of the calibration,
assure that the effect on the calibration is negligible. It is a user
12.1.5 The type of reference standard used in the calibration
responsibility to determine limits on these parameters through
with a statement of the limiting errors or uncertainty,
measurement uncertainty analysis and appropriate tests to
12.1.6 The temperature at which the calibration was
assure that this requirement is met. Substitution of an intercon-
referenced,
nect cable can have a significant effect on calibration. If an
12.1.7 A listing of the calibration torque values applied and
interconnect cable is to be substituted, see Note 16.
the corresponding deflections, including the initial and return-
11.5 A report of calibration for the original and substitute to-zero torque values and measured deflections.
torque indicating devices shall be generated. The report shall 12.1.8 Treatment of zero in determining deflections (method
include the identification of the item calibrated, date of (a) or (b) as described in 8.1). If method (b) is elected, also
calibration, calibration technician, test readings, the identifica- specify whether zero was determined by the average or
tion of the test equipment used to verify the performance of the interpolated method.
torque indicating device, and the measurement uncertainty and 12.1.9 The coefficients for any fitted calibration equation
metrological traceability. The report shall be available for and the deviations of the experimental data from the fitted
reference as required. curve,
NOTE 16—If an interconnect cable is substituted, care should be taken 12.1.10 The Lower Limit of the loading range expressed in
to assure that the new cable matches the original in all aspects significant this report applies only when the calibration equation is used to
to the measurement. (Such factors as the point of excitation voltage
sensing and the impedance between the point of excitation voltage sensing
determine the torque value.
and the elastic torque transducer may affect the sensitivity of the device to NOTE 17—For torque transducers in which deflections are displayed in
changes in applied torque.) It is recommended that the electronic torque engineering units (that is, N-m, lbf-in) users are cautioned that the lower
indicator/cable performance be verified using a transducer simulator or limit expressed in the calibration report applies only when the calibration
other appropriate laboratory instruments. equation is used to determine the torque value, that is, the direct reading
11.6 Metrologically insignificant elements of torque mea- should be incorporated into the calibration equation to determine the
applied torque.
suring devices such as printers, computer monitors, etc., may
be substituted following confirmation of proper function. 12.1.11 The uncertainty associated with the calibration re-
sults and the limits of the loading range, and
12. Report 12.1.12 The tabulation of values from the fitted calibration
equation for each torque applied during calibration and, if
12.1 The report issued by the standardizing laboratory on available and suitable for comparison, a tabulation of the
the calibration of a torque-measuring instrument shall be change in calibrated values since the last calibration for other
error-free and contain no alteration of dates, data, etc. The than new instruments.
report shall contain the following information:
12.1.1 A statement that the calibration has been performed 13. Keywords
in accordance with Practice E2428. It is recommended that the 13.1 torque transducer; torque standard; testing machine

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 E2428 − 15a

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING DEGREE OF BEST FITTING POLYNOMIAL

A1.1 This procedure may be used to determine the degree of TABLE A1.1 Factors C(n1, m1) = (1 + [F.975 (1, n1 – m1 – 1) – 1]/
best fitting polynomial for high resolution torque-measuring (n1 – m1))1/2 for Determining the Best Degree of Polynomial Fit
instruments (see 7.1.3). n1 m1 = 2 m1 = 3 m1 = 4 m1 = 5
10 1.373 1.455 1.582 1.801
A1.2 The procedure assumes that a torque-measuring in- 11 1.315 1.373 1.455 1.582
12 1.273 1.315 1.373 1.455
strument has been measured at n distinct, non-zero torques, and 15 1.195 1.215 1.241 1.273
that the series of n measurements has been replicated k times at 20 1.131 1.141 1.151 1.163
the same torques. At each torque, the mean of k measurements
is computed. (The value k is not otherwise used here.) These n
values are referred to as the mean data. The following analysis A1.5 Compute s4/s5 and compare it to C(n1 , 5). If s4/s5 >
is to be applied only to the mean data, and is used only to C(n1, 5) then the coefficient of the 5th-degree term is signifi-
determine the degree of best fitting polynomial. cant and the 5th-degree fit is determined to be best. Otherwise,
compute s3/s4 and compare it to C(n1, 4). Continue the
A1.3 Fit separate polynomials of degree 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 to procedure in the same manner until the coefficient of the
the mean data. Denote the computed residual standard devia- highest-degree term in the current fit is determined to be
tions by s1, s2, s3, s4, and s5, respectively. The residual standard significant. To state the rule generally, if sm1– 1 ⁄sm1 > C(n1, m1)
deviation from an m1-degree fit is: then the coefficient of the m1th degree term is significant and
the m1 degree fit is determined to be best. Otherwise, reduce m1
s m1 5 Œ d 1 2 1d 2 2 1…1d n 2
n1 2 m1 2 1
(A1.1) by one and repeat the test (m1 = 5, 4, 3, 2).
A1.5.1 To illustrate the procedure, let n1 = 11, s1 = 1.484,
where: s2 = 0.7544, s3 = 0.2044, s4 = 0.1460, and s5 = 0.1020 (see
d1, d2, etc. = differences between the fitted curve and the n NIST Technical Note 1246, A New Statistical Model for Force
observed mean values from the calibration Sensors). Compute s4/ s5 = 1.431 < 1.582 = C(11, 5). This
data, indicates the 5th degree term is not significant, therefore
n1 = number of distinct non-zero torque increments, compute s3/ s4 = 1.400 < 1.455 = C(11, 4). This indicates the
and 4th degree term is not significant, therefore compute s2/ s3 =
m1 = degree of polynomial fit. 3.691 > 1.373 = C(11, 3). This indicates the 3rd degree term is
significant, and the 3rd degree fit is determined to be the best
A1.4 These values for residual standard deviation are used degree of polynomial fit.
in a sequential procedure to test whether the coefficient of the
highest order term in the current fit is significant. Use will be A1.6 After the determination of the degree of best fit, return
made of the constants C(n1, m1) in Table A1.1. Quantities of to 8.3.1 of this practice and continue calculation and analysis of
the F distribution were used in computing these constants. the calibration data.

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 E2428 − 15a

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

SAMPLE PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING TORQUE INDICATING INSTRUMENT UNCERTAINTY

X1. UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS FOR AN ELECTRONIC TORQUE INDICATING INSTRUMENT FOR CLASS A LOAD
RANGE USING A TRANSDUCER SIMULATOR AND THE METHOD OF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY DETERMINA-
TION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROCEDURES OF ASTM E2428

X1.1 The torque transducer in the system for which it is X1.3 The electronic torque indicator to be used as a substi-
desired to substitute the electronic torque indicator has a 2 tute is evaluated to ensure that the electrical characteristics are
mV/V output at full capacity. The torque measurement system the same, and that the interconnect cable is the same with
is a Class A system with a lower limit equal to 10 % of the respect to wiring, and wire types, sizes, and lengths.
torque transducer’s capacity. The expanded uncertainty of the
system is 0.25 %. The standard uncertainty is 0.125 %. X1.4 A transducer simulator capable of providing 0.2 mV/V
steps is selected.
X1.2 A transducer simulator with a measurement uncer-
tainty equal to or less than one tenth of the allowable standard X1.5 The transducer simulator is connected to the original
uncertainty for the torque measurement system is used to torque indicator and the reading at 0.2 mV/V and each 0.4
provide a series of discrete mV/V steps over the range of mV/V step between 0.4 and 2.0 mV/V are recorded. After the
measurement (see 8.6.2.1 and 8.6.2.2 for allowable uncer- first run of readings, a second and third run are taken. This
tainty). The instrument and transducer simulator should be
process is repeated for the opposite polarity. This process is
connected and allowed to warm up according to manufactur-
repeated on the indicator to be used as a substitute. It is not
er’s recommendations. At least five readings taken three times
required that the verification of the two indicators occur at the
for each polarity should be acquired over the calibrated range
for the original torque indicating instrument and the device to same time, provided the transducer simulator stability is
be substituted. The readings should include a point less than or evaluated over the relevant time period in the determination of
equal to the lower torque limit for the system, and another its measurement uncertainty.
point equal to or greater than the maximum torque for the
system. The transducer simulator settings should provide at X1.6 A linear least squares curve fit is performed on the data
least one point for every 20 % interval throughout this range. set according to the procedure set forth in 8.1 – 8.5. The
Care should be taken that environmental conditions do not standard deviation is determined to be 0.00005 mV/V, and the
significantly affect the accuracy of measurements taken. uncertainty is 0.00010 mV/V (2.0 times the standard devia-
NOTE X1.1—It is desirable to use the same transducer simulator for tion). This value should be less than or equal to one third of the
determining the readings of both indicators; however, different simulators system uncertainty at the lower torque limit in electrical units,
may be used provided their outputs for a given input are identical within or less than:
one tenth of the allowable standard uncertainty for the torque measure-
ment system. (0.25 % × 0.2 mV/V) / 3 = 0.000167 mV/V

X2. UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS FOR AN ELECTRONIC TORQUE INDICATING INSTRUMENT FOR CLASS A LOAD
RANGE USING A MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY DETERMINATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE METHOD OF
NIST TECH NOTE 1297

X2.1 Using the same example from Appendix X1, the Calibration Uncertainty (Gain Error) Non-linearity
method of NIST TN 1297 is employed. Zero Offset Temperature Effect on Zero
Temperature Effect on Sensitivity Gain and Zero Stability
Quantization Error Common Mode Voltage
X2.2 The first step in a measurement uncertainty analysis of
Normal Mode Voltage Noise
an electronic torque indicator is to identify the sources of error. Excitation Voltage Error Electrical Loading
The following are potential sources of measurement error in Power Line Voltage Variation Error signals due to thermal
EMF
strain gage based torque transducer indicators:

10
 E2428 − 15a
X2.3 Each of these potential error sources, and any others of X2.5 Errors from the other potential sources are found to be
significance, should be evaluated for the conditions in which negligible for this indicator (less than 1⁄5 of the largest error
the indicator will operate. It is recommended that a transducer source). For DC indicators, the thermal emf error source can be
simulator or equivalent laboratory test instrumentation be used significant and should be evaluated experimentally.
to verify indicator performance and assess errors. The same
requirements for number and distribution of test points as given X2.6 The Combined Uncertainty based on the error sources
in the previous example apply. evaluated is:
Combined Uncertainty u = (uc2 + unl2 + ut2 )0.5 = 131 ppm of Rdg.
X2.4 A typical analysis of the major error sources as
determined for an indicator is given below: and the Expanded Uncertainty is:
Simulator uc = 20 Includes the ratio uncertainty. Expanded Uncertainty U = ± 0.026 % of Reading in the range of
Uncertainty ppm 0.2–2.0 mV/V

Indicator unl = 116 For 0.01 % non-linearity and an assumed X2.6.1 Expressed in mV/V units, the uncertainty is
Non- ppm rectangular probability distribution, 0.01/(3)0.5 ×
linearity 2.0. Where a factor of 2 is specific to a particular
0.000052 mV/V at the 0.2 mV/V level.
indicator and should be determined by test to
reflect the error over the full range of indicator X2.6.2 The expanded uncertainty defines an interval within
use. Non-linearity is evaluated by test using a which the true value is expected to be contained with 95 %
transducer simulator or other suitable instrument.
probability based on a coverage factor of 2.
Temperature ut = 57 For temperature coef. of 20 ppm/°C, ± 5°C;
Effect on ppm Assumed rectangular probability distribution.
X2.6.3 The allowable uncertainty for this Class A device, is
Gain 0.25 % of 0.2 mV/V, or expressed in electrical units, 0.0005
mV/V. Allowable uncertainty for the torque indicating instru-
Gain Negligible Gain stability is not a factor if calibrated on a
Stability simulator at the time of substitution as the gain ment is equal to or less than one third of this limit, or 0.000167
error is incorporated in the transducer simulator mV/V. If the uncertainty is less than 0.000167 mV/V as in this
uncertainty.
example, the substitution is permitted.
Noise Evaluated Noise is already incorporated in the uncertainty
that determines the lower limit. It is only
necessary to adjust for noise if the noise exhibited
by the substitute indicator exceeds that for the
original indicator. The quantization error is often
smaller than the noise and is included in the
experimental determination of the noise. Noise for
each indicator should be determined by test.

X3. UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS FOR AN ELECTRONIC TORQUE INDICATING INSTRUMENT FOR CLASS AA LOAD
RANGE USING A MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY DETERMINATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH NIST TECH NOTE 1297

X3.1 Following the method in Appendix X2, an analysis is Combined Uncertainty u = (uc2 + unl2 + ut2 )0.5 = 60 ppm of Rdg.
performed for a Class AA electronic torque indicator for a
system with a 10 % lower torque limit and a 2 mV/V sensitivity and the Expanded Uncertainty is:
at maximum torque. Expanded Uncertainty U = ± 0.012 % of Reading in the range of
0.2–2.0 mV/V
Simulator uc = 10 Includes the ratio uncertainty.
Uncertainty ppm X3.3.1 Expressed in mV/V units the uncertainty is 0.000024
Indicator unl = 58 For 0.005 % non-linearity and an assumed
mV/V at the 0.2 mV/V level.
Non- ppm rectangular probability distribution, 0.005/(3)0.5 ×
linearity 2.0. Where a factor of 2 is specific to a particular X3.3.2 The expanded uncertainty defines an interval within
indicator and should be determined by test to which the true value is expected to be contained with 95 %
reflect the error over the full range of indicator
use.
probability based on a coverage factor of 2.

Temperature ut = 12 For temperature coef. of 5 ppm/°C, ± 2°C;

X3.3.3 The allowable uncertainty for this Class AA device
Effect on ppm Assumed rectangular probability distribution. is 0.05 % of 0.2 mV/V expressed in electrical units, or 0.0001
Gain mV/V. Allowable uncertainty for the torque indicating instru-
X3.2 Errors from the other potential sources are found to be ment is one third of this limit, or 0.000033 mV/V. If the
negligible for this indicator (less than 1⁄5 of the largest error uncertainty is less than 0.000033 mV/V, as in this example, the
source). substitution is permitted.
X3.3 The Combined Uncertainty based on the error sources
evaluated is:

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 E2428 − 15a
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